This is an appeal from an order setting aside the judgment and default entered in favor of the plaintiff.
The action is for unlawful detainer, and was instituted on the twenty-third day of November, 1909, for the purpose of securing restitution of certain premises, situated in the city of Petaluma, Sonoma county, which were, by an instrument in writing, leased by the plaintiff to N. L. Meads, one of the defendants herein, for the term of one year from the first day of July, 1908, at the monthly rental of $75, payable in advance on the first day of each and every month during said term, and for judgment, for treble the amount of rent found by the court to be due. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1174.)
The complaint alleges that said Meads "assigned said written agreement and lease to the Petaluma Transportation Company"; that "said defendants, N. L. Meads, Chas. P. Doe, G. L. Ray, and H. G. Cox, or some of said defendants, or others to this plaintiff unknown, constituted, and, at the time of said assignment of said lease constituted, the Petaluma Transportation Company," and that said defendants, or some of them, or others unknown to the plaintiff, "acting and assuming to act under the name and style of Petaluma Transportation Company, continue to hold possession of said premises as tenants of this plaintiff." It is further alleged that, although the right of said defendants to the possession of the premises expired, under the terms of said lease, on the thirtieth day of June, 1909, they "have continued and are now in the possession of said premises, as tenants of this plaintiff."
The complaint further declares that, "on the twenty-seventh day of September, 1909, and more than thirty days before the expiration of the month of October, 1909, the plaintiff gave notice in writing to the defendants, changing the terms of said tenancy, to take effect at the expiration of the month of October, 1909, increasing the rental of said premises to the sum of Three Hundred Dollars for the month of November, 1909, payable on the first day of November, 1909."
The defendants, so the complaint further avers, failed and refused to pay to the plaintiff the said sum of $300 on the
first day of November, 1909, then due for rent of said premises, "pursuant to the lease from month to month between the plaintiff and defendants, as hereinbefore alleged, and pursuant to the said notice in writing changing the terms thereof," and that by reason of the said default in the payment of said rent, there is due plaintiff from defendants the sum of $300, etc.
The ninth paragraph of the complaint reads as follows: "That the premises hereinbefore described and leased by the plaintiff to the defendants as aforesaid, at all the times hereinbefore mentioned, have been used by the steamer 'Resolute' and the owners thereof for wharfage purposes; said steamer 'Resolute' and the owners thereof so acting and using said premises for wharfage purposes, either as agents of the defendants, N. L. Meads, Charles P. Doe, G. L. Ray and H. G. Cox or some of them, or others unknown to the plaintiff constituting Petaluma Transportation Company, or as members of said partnership under the firm name and style of Petaluma Transportation Company."
Immediately upon the filing of the complaint a summons, addressed to all the defendants named in the title of the action, was caused to be issued and on the same day said summons was served on the defendants, Meads and Ray. There also appears in the record before us an affidavit of a purported service of said summons on the Petaluma Transportation Company. This affidavit was by one Reuben G. Hunt, who alleged therein that, on the twenty-third day of November, 1909, he "personally served a summons in the above-entitled action hereto annexed and made part hereof, on the Petaluma Transportation Company, one of the defendants therein named, by delivering to N. L. Meads, personally known to me to be a member of said partnership, a copy of said summons," etc.
The summons, as the statute requires to be done in such case (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1167), commanded the defendants to appear and answer the complaint within three days after the service of said summons upon them, and notified them that unless they did so appear and answer, the plaintiff would apply for the relief asked for in the complaint. None of the defendants thus served answered the complaint or otherwise appeared in the action within the time named in the summons
and as prescribed by the statute, and, accordingly, on the twenty-seventh day of November, 1909, the plaintiff applied for a default, which application was granted and judgment thereupon entered against the defendants, Meads, Ray and the Petaluma Transportation Company, adjudging plaintiff to be entitled to the possession of the demanded premises, annulling and forfeiting the lease, and for treble the amount of the rent ($300.00) alleged to be due.
On the twenty-ninth day of November, 1909, the defendants appeared and served and filed a notice of motion to set aside the default entered against them, and at the same time served and filed a general demurrer to the complaint. This motion was made upon the grounds: 1. That said default was entered by the clerk of the court contrary to section 1169 of the Code of Civil Procedure; 2. That the defendant, Petaluma Transportation Company, was not served with summons.
On the third day of December, 1909, the plaintiff caused to be issued a writ of restitution, directed to the sheriff of Sonoma county, who executed said writ by placing the appellant in possession of the premises concerned here, and on the sixth day of December, 1909, said officer made a return to that effect on said writ to the court.
On the last-mentioned date the motion of defendants to set aside the default was heard and denied by the court, permission, however, being granted defendants to notice and file a motion to vacate and set aside the judgment.
Thereafter, defendants served and filed a motion to vacate the judgment on the following grounds: 1. That the court was without jurisdiction to enter the judgment; 2. That the judgment is not supported by the pleadings; 3. That the defaults of the defendants herein were not entered. This motion was heard by the court on the thirteenth day of December, 1909, and an order made granting the same on the twentieth day of December, 1909.
With the notice of the last-mentioned motion the defendants filed an affidavit of merits, made by the defendant Cox, in which it is alleged, among other things, that affiant is a member of the "copartnership in the Petaluma Transportation Company; . . . that this affiant was not served with summons and had no notice of said action served on him either by way of summons and complaint or otherwise; that affiant has consulted
his attorney, W. H. Early, and is informed by his said attorney that he has a good and perfect defense to the said action on the merits, which said defense is based on a certain indenture of lease, a copy of which said lease is hereto attached and made a part of this affidavit . . .; that affiant is informed by his said attorney that the said lease is in full force and virtue and a good and perfect defense to each and every part of said action on its merits."
The lease so referred to appears to have been executed by plaintiff and the Petaluma Transportation Company, "by N. L. Meads, Mgr.," in the month of July, 1909, and purports to lease to the Petaluma Transportation Company the premises in dispute for the term of four years, "from and after July 1st, 1909, at the rent of $3,600.00, payable in monthly installments of $75.00 . . .
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This is an appeal from an order setting aside the judgment and default entered in favor of the plaintiff.
The action is for unlawful detainer, and was instituted on the twenty-third day of November, 1909, for the purpose of securing restitution of certain premises, situated in the city of Petaluma, Sonoma county, which were, by an instrument in writing, leased by the plaintiff to N. L. Meads, one of the defendants herein, for the term of one year from the first day of July, 1908, at the monthly rental of $75, payable in advance on the first day of each and every month during said term, and for judgment, for treble the amount of rent found by the court to be due. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1174.)
The complaint alleges that said Meads "assigned said written agreement and lease to the Petaluma Transportation Company"; that "said defendants, N. L. Meads, Chas. P. Doe, G. L. Ray, and H. G. Cox, or some of said defendants, or others to this plaintiff unknown, constituted, and, at the time of said assignment of said lease constituted, the Petaluma Transportation Company," and that said defendants, or some of them, or others unknown to the plaintiff, "acting and assuming to act under the name and style of Petaluma Transportation Company, continue to hold possession of said premises as tenants of this plaintiff." It is further alleged that, although the right of said defendants to the possession of the premises expired, under the terms of said lease, on the thirtieth day of June, 1909, they "have continued and are now in the possession of said premises, as tenants of this plaintiff."
The complaint further declares that, "on the twenty-seventh day of September, 1909, and more than thirty days before the expiration of the month of October, 1909, the plaintiff gave notice in writing to the defendants, changing the terms of said tenancy, to take effect at the expiration of the month of October, 1909, increasing the rental of said premises to the sum of Three Hundred Dollars for the month of November, 1909, payable on the first day of November, 1909."
The defendants, so the complaint further avers, failed and refused to pay to the plaintiff the said sum of $300 on the
first day of November, 1909, then due for rent of said premises, "pursuant to the lease from month to month between the plaintiff and defendants, as hereinbefore alleged, and pursuant to the said notice in writing changing the terms thereof," and that by reason of the said default in the payment of said rent, there is due plaintiff from defendants the sum of $300, etc.
The ninth paragraph of the complaint reads as follows: "That the premises hereinbefore described and leased by the plaintiff to the defendants as aforesaid, at all the times hereinbefore mentioned, have been used by the steamer 'Resolute' and the owners thereof for wharfage purposes; said steamer 'Resolute' and the owners thereof so acting and using said premises for wharfage purposes, either as agents of the defendants, N. L. Meads, Charles P. Doe, G. L. Ray and H. G. Cox or some of them, or others unknown to the plaintiff constituting Petaluma Transportation Company, or as members of said partnership under the firm name and style of Petaluma Transportation Company."
Immediately upon the filing of the complaint a summons, addressed to all the defendants named in the title of the action, was caused to be issued and on the same day said summons was served on the defendants, Meads and Ray. There also appears in the record before us an affidavit of a purported service of said summons on the Petaluma Transportation Company. This affidavit was by one Reuben G. Hunt, who alleged therein that, on the twenty-third day of November, 1909, he "personally served a summons in the above-entitled action hereto annexed and made part hereof, on the Petaluma Transportation Company, one of the defendants therein named, by delivering to N. L. Meads, personally known to me to be a member of said partnership, a copy of said summons," etc.
The summons, as the statute requires to be done in such case (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1167), commanded the defendants to appear and answer the complaint within three days after the service of said summons upon them, and notified them that unless they did so appear and answer, the plaintiff would apply for the relief asked for in the complaint. None of the defendants thus served answered the complaint or otherwise appeared in the action within the time named in the summons
and as prescribed by the statute, and, accordingly, on the twenty-seventh day of November, 1909, the plaintiff applied for a default, which application was granted and judgment thereupon entered against the defendants, Meads, Ray and the Petaluma Transportation Company, adjudging plaintiff to be entitled to the possession of the demanded premises, annulling and forfeiting the lease, and for treble the amount of the rent ($300.00) alleged to be due.
On the twenty-ninth day of November, 1909, the defendants appeared and served and filed a notice of motion to set aside the default entered against them, and at the same time served and filed a general demurrer to the complaint. This motion was made upon the grounds: 1. That said default was entered by the clerk of the court contrary to section 1169 of the Code of Civil Procedure; 2. That the defendant, Petaluma Transportation Company, was not served with summons.
On the third day of December, 1909, the plaintiff caused to be issued a writ of restitution, directed to the sheriff of Sonoma county, who executed said writ by placing the appellant in possession of the premises concerned here, and on the sixth day of December, 1909, said officer made a return to that effect on said writ to the court.
On the last-mentioned date the motion of defendants to set aside the default was heard and denied by the court, permission, however, being granted defendants to notice and file a motion to vacate and set aside the judgment.
Thereafter, defendants served and filed a motion to vacate the judgment on the following grounds: 1. That the court was without jurisdiction to enter the judgment; 2. That the judgment is not supported by the pleadings; 3. That the defaults of the defendants herein were not entered. This motion was heard by the court on the thirteenth day of December, 1909, and an order made granting the same on the twentieth day of December, 1909.
With the notice of the last-mentioned motion the defendants filed an affidavit of merits, made by the defendant Cox, in which it is alleged, among other things, that affiant is a member of the "copartnership in the Petaluma Transportation Company; . . . that this affiant was not served with summons and had no notice of said action served on him either by way of summons and complaint or otherwise; that affiant has consulted
his attorney, W. H. Early, and is informed by his said attorney that he has a good and perfect defense to the said action on the merits, which said defense is based on a certain indenture of lease, a copy of which said lease is hereto attached and made a part of this affidavit . . .; that affiant is informed by his said attorney that the said lease is in full force and virtue and a good and perfect defense to each and every part of said action on its merits."
The lease so referred to appears to have been executed by plaintiff and the Petaluma Transportation Company, "by N. L. Meads, Mgr.," in the month of July, 1909, and purports to lease to the Petaluma Transportation Company the premises in dispute for the term of four years, "from and after July 1st, 1909, at the rent of $3,600.00, payable in monthly installments of $75.00 . . . in advance on the first day of each and every month during the term hereof."
1. By objecting to the judgment on the ground that it was unsupported by the allegations of the complaint, the defendants undoubtedly made a general appearance, and thus waived the objection that the court was without jurisdiction to render and enter the judgment because the defendants were not or might not have been served with summons. InBurdette v. Corgan, 26 Kan. 102, it is said: "The motion to vacate the judgment recited that the parties specially appeared and moved to set aside the judgment as void for several reasons — among them that the petition of the plaintiff did not state facts sufficient to uphold the judgment. . . . In the first place, we remark that this appearance by the motion, though called special, was in fact a general appearance, and by it this defendant appeared so far as she could appear. The motion challenged the judgment, not merely on jurisdictional but also on nonjurisdictional grounds, and whenever such a motion is made the appearance is general, no matter what the parties may call it in their motion."
The rule as thus stated is expressly approved by our supreme court in the case of Security etc. Co. v. Boston etc.Co., 126 Cal. 418-423, [58 P. 941, 59 P. 296]. (See, also,Lowe v. Stringham, 14 Wis. 222; Gilbert-Arnold Land Co. v.O'Hare, 93 Wis. 194, [67 N.W. 38]; In re Clarke, 125 Cal. 388, [58 P. 22]; 2 Ency. of Pl. Pr. 625, notes and cases cited.)
The filing of a demurrer and an affidavit of merits — the latter unnecessary, since, obviously, the motion is not based on section 473 of the Code of Civil Procedure (De La Montanya
v. De La Montanya, 112 Cal. 101, [53 Am. St. Rep. 165, 44 P. 345]) — is a move addressed to the merits by the defendants here and is additional evidence of a general appearance, if, indeed, more evidence is necessary to show a general appearance than is disclosed by the objection to the judgment on the ground that it is not "supported by the pleadings." Indeed, said objection is itself, in effect, a demurrer to the complaint, and it is, therefore, very clear that the defendants thus challenge the judgment on a ground other than that of want of jurisdiction of the persons of the defendants.
2. But we think the complaint fails to state a cause of action against the defendant, Petaluma Transportation Company, or, in other words, the action is not against said company.
The caption of the complaint reads: "Maclay Company, a corporation, v. N. L. Meads, Charles P. Doe, H. P. Cox and G. L. Ray, individually and as copartners under the firm name and style of Petaluma Transportation Company," etc.
From an examination of the complaint it is to be noted that nowhere therein does it even appear that the Petaluma Transportation Company is a partnership, except in the caption and by implication, only, in paragraph 9 thereof, heretofore quoted herein. The third paragraph declares that Meads, one of the defendants, and to whom the premises were originally leased, subsequently assigned said lease to the "Petaluma Transportation Company," without alleging the character of said company, whether a partnership, association or corporation. Paragraph 4 alleges that the persons named as defendants in the caption of the complaint, "or some of them, or other persons unknown to plaintiff," constituted, at the time of said assignment of said lease, the Petaluma Transportation Company, and that they still "have possession of said premises as tenants of this plaintiff."
In other parts of the complaint it is averred that the defendants, Meads, Doe, Ray and Cox, etc., are acting under the name of Petaluma Transportation Company, but whether said transportation company is a partnership or an association or a corporation is not therein made to appear.
The caption of the summons is, we infer from the record, the same as the caption of the complaint. The summons is directed to the defendants named in the caption of the complaint in the following language: "The People of the State of California send Greeting to N. L. Meads, Charles P. Doe, H. G. Cox and G. L. Ray, individually and as copartners under the firm name and style of Petaluma Transportation Company," etc., and directs them to appear and answer the complaint.
The person who served the summons, as we have seen, made a return as to the Petaluma Transportation Company, that he had personally served said summons on said company "by delivering to N. L. Meads, personally known to me to be a member of said partnership, a copy of said summons," etc.
The judgment is against "the said defendants, composing said partnership under the firm name and style of Petaluma Transportation Company for the sum of Three Hundred Dollars, trebled as provided by statute, to wit, Nine Hundred Dollars," together with costs, and for annulment and forfeiture of said lease and for restitution of said premises.
It will be observed that, so far as the caption of the complaint is concerned, the action is not against thePetaluma Transportation Company, a partnership, but against the persons expressly named as individuals and members of said partnership and others fictitiously named. The words "and as copartners under the firm name and style of the Petaluma Transportation Company" do not and cannot make the said partnership a party defendant to the action. The words referred to are merely descriptive — that is, they do no more than unnecessarily describe or identify the particular persons proceeded against, in their individual capacities, whatever may have been the intention of the pleader in so using them. They, in other words, amount to no more than would the following language if employed in the caption of the complaint: "Maclay Company, etc., v. John Jones and William Smith, individually and as residents of the city of Petaluma." Surely no one would for a moment contend, even if such a thing were possible, that such allegation, even in the charging part of a complaint, would or could be construed to include the city of Petaluma as a party defendant.
Nor does it appear from the averments of the complaint that the transportation company was or is made a party. The nearest the complaint even comes to alleging that said transportation company is a partnership is, as seen, in paragraph 9 thereof. But this allegation, while perhaps sufficient, as against a general demurrer, to indicate that the transportation company is a partnership, does not make the action one against such partnership.
The case of Davidson v. Knox, 67 Cal. 143, [7 P. 413], bears a striking resemblance to the one at bar in all particulars. There the caption of the complaint contained the names of certain persons, "copartners doing business under the firm name of Knox Osborne." The complaint alleged that said persons (naming them) "now are . . . and have been, partners and associates, doing business under the firm name of Knox
Osborne, and as such partners and associates, owning, working and operating a certain quartz mine and quartz mill," etc. The prayer of the complaint, as here, asked for judgment against "said defendants." The caption of the summons was, as here, in the words of the caption of the complaint. The direction and notification to the defendants in the summons were the same as in the summons here. The judgment rendered and entered was against all the defendants, two of whom were not served with summons. The court said: "We are of opinion that this is an action against the individual partners doing business under the firm name of Knox Osborne, on partnership contracts," etc. (See Code Civ. Proc., secs. 388 and 414.)
In Feder v. Epstein, 69 Cal. 456, [10 P. 785], the title of the action in the complaint was: "Moses M. Feder, plaintiff, v. Samuel Epstein and Wolf Epstein, partners, under the firm name of Epstein Brothers, defendants." The complaint alleged that the defendants "have been and now are partners under the firm name aforesaid." The prayer was for "judgment against said defendants," etc. The summons contained the same title as the complaint, and then followed: "The people of the State of California send greeting to Samuel Epstein and Wolf Epstein, defendants," and "concluded with a notice that if the defendants failed to appear and answer the complaint, the 'plaintiff will take judgment against you,' etc. The sheriff returned that he served the
summons 'on Epstein Brothers, by delivering to Samuel Epstein, one of said defendants, personally in the county of Ventura, a copy of said summons,' etc."
Samuel Epstein failed to appear and answer, and a judgment of default was entered against him. Thereafter the plaintiff filed a motion for permission to so amend the judgment as to "make it a judgment against the firm of Epstein Brothers, and to be enforced against the joint property of the firm as well as against Samuel Epstein and his separate property." The motion was denied, and the supreme court, sustaining this ruling, said: "We see no error in the ruling. The associates were not sued by their common name, but by their individual names, and the case was therefore not within the provisions of section 388 of the Code of Civil Procedure," citingDavidson v. Knox, 67 Cal. 143, [7 P. 413].
In the investigation of this proposition, the case ofPeabody v. Oleson, 15 Colo. App. 348, [62 P. 235], (not cited by either of the parties here), has come under our observation. The suit was against the individual members of the partnership and not against the partnership by name. The contention there was that, under a section of the Colorado code, in all respects similar to section 388 of our Code of Civil Procedure, the suit should have been brought against the partnership by its name, and that "there was no authority for a judgment against the individuals composing the firm." It was there held that, under the law of Colorado, a party had the right, in case of a partnership liability, either to sue all the members of the partnership by their individual names, thus binding them all to any judgment which might be obtained, or sue the partnership by the partnership name. And we do not say that either course may not be pursued in this state. But where, as here, the action is against the members of the partnership in their individual character, and not against the partnership by its partnership name, the effect of service of process or summons on one member, or on all the members, is not to summon the partnership but only the member or members upon whom such service is had, and, in such case, in order to bind all the members of the firm by any judgment which may be obtained in the action, service of summons must be made on all. Of course, where the action is against the partnership, then, by the terms of section 388,supra, service
of summons on one or more of the members of the partnership is sufficient, and thereby the judgment in the action is binding not only upon "the joint property of all the associates," but also upon "the individual property of the party or parties served with process." We entertain no doubt that, tested by the provisions of section 388 of the Code of Civil Procedure and the decisions to which we have directed attention, the complaint here falls far short of disclosing that plaintiff, however much it may have intended to do so, proceeded against the Petaluma Transportation Company. As inDavidson v. Knox, 67 Cal. 143, [7 P. 413], and Feder v.Epstein, 69 Cal. 456, [10 P. 785], so it is true here, that the defendants, though constituting, according to the averments of the complaint, the partnership named the Petaluma Transportation Company, "were not sued by their common name, but by their individual names," and the action was, therefore, against each member of said partnership, in his personal and not in his partnership character.
It requires the citation of no authorities to show that a judgment in favor of plaintiff must have for its primary support a complaint which states a cause of action against the defendant. To undertake to rest a judgment upon an alleged complaint which is bad for want of sufficient facts would, of course, be no less an act of futility than an attempted defiance of the inexorable law of gravitation. The complaint here is, it is true, sufficient as against those individuals that are proceeded against, but it is no complaint against the transportation company, as to which a judgment rendered and entered thereupon would, obviously, becoram non judice.
But the point is made that the judgment cannot be vacated because it has been executed in part as to all the parties, including the transportation company, and upon this proposition our attention is invited to cases cited in the footnotes of 23 Cyc. 893. (See Penfold v. Singleton,36 Ga. 556; Skillings v. Mass. Ben. Assn., 151 Mass. 321, [23 N.E. 1136]; Davis v. Blair, 88 Mo. App. 372;Foster v. Hauswirth, 5 Mont. 566, [6 P. 19]; Galbraith v.Cooper, 24 N.J.L. 219; Alverson v. Alverson, 2 R.I. 27;Enders v. Burch, 15 Gratt. (Va.) 64.) But an examination of these authorities will show that in each case there was, before the motion was made, "a total extinguishment of the judgment bya full and complete performance
of its mandates and directions" (Davis v. Blair, 88 Mo. App. 372), and, therefore, the judgment, which, in each case, was for money, became functus officio. It cannot be said that there has been "a full and complete performance of the mandates and directions" of the judgment here. According to the record only that portion of the mandates of the judgment restoring the premises to the plaintiff has been performed, while that portion awarding to plaintiff rent in the sum of $300, trebled, is "very much alive."
We think the court made no error in granting the motion as to the Petaluma Transportation Company, and the order is, therefore, affirmed.
Chipman, P. J., and Burnett, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing of this cause was denied by the district court of appeal on November 19, 1910, and the following opinion rendered thereon: