McBRIDE, C. J.
Sections 10 and 11 of Chapter 286,- Glen. Laws of 1913, provide that:
“From and after January 1, 1914, the State Insurance Commissioner shall at least once each year make a careful and accurate audit of the books and accounts of each institution or officer, expending state money, and of the books and accounts of each county of the state.
“The expense of each such audit shall be certified by the State Insurance Commissioner to the county of which such audit was made, and shall be paid by such county direct to the person making the audit. ’ ’
That official, instead of making the audit provided for personally or by deputy, contracted with plaintiffs to examine and audit the books of Douglas County at an agreed compensation of $10 per day and traveling expenses and board while so engaged. In supposed pursuance of the act above referred to, plaintiffs made the examination of the books and their bill was certified to the County Court, which refused to allow the [378]*378same, and thereupon plaintiffs brought action for the recovery of the amount so certified.
In an opinion which is reported in 81 Or. 442 (159 Pac. 625, 1033), this court held that the claim as shown by the record was not for the services of the official but for the services of plaintiffs, and that such audit was not that of the insurance commissioner, adding, however, by way of dictum:
“The legislature will soon be in session and if a state officer has been misled by an ambiguous statute, it is in its power to prevent any loss from being suffered.”
Thereafter the legislature passed an act (Chap. 252, Glen. Laws 1917), the preamble of which recited the passage of Laws of 1913, Chapter 286, the substance of the act and continued as follows:
“Whereas, acting under said Chapter 286, said Biate Insurance Commissioner duly appointed, employed and authorized various public accountants to examine and audit the official books and accounts of the several counties of this State; and,
“Whereas, certain of said public accountants duly and efficiently examined and audited the official books and accounts of the several counties pursuant to said Chapter 286 and under the direction of the State Insurance Commissioner, and the said State Insurance Commissioner duly certified to the several counties the amounts due for such audit; and
“Whereas, certain counties, of whose books and accounts, audits and examinations were duly made under said Chapter 286 aforesaid, have refused to pay the expenses of such audit and have refused to compensate the accountants who made the same, and the Supreme Court of the state of Oregon has held that the said counties were not liable for the charges therefor and has suggested appeal to the Legislature; and
“Whereas, said audit and examination was fully and efficiently done and said counties acquiesced in the [379]*379same and aided the said accountants in making the same and never objected thereto, until payment was demanded, and have been greatly benefited thereby, and said accountants have incurred a considerable personal expense and said claim should in justice and fairness be paid by the several counties; now, therefore,
“Be It Enacted by the People op the State op Oregon :
“Section 1. That every county of the state of Oregon, the official books and accounts of which were examined and audited under Chap. 286, Gen. Laws of Oregon for 1913, and which have not paid the accountants making such audits and examination, be and they hereby are authorized and empowered to pay such sum or sums to such accountants as in the judgment of the county court[s,] respectively, are just and equitable.”
After this act went into effect plaintiffs again presented their claim, which being disallowed, they began this action.
1, 2. The appeal presents these questions for adjudication :
1st. Had the legislative assembly power to authorize or direct payment for services rendered at the request of a state officer relative to a governmental matter, without regard to the fact that the claim had once been rejected when presented under a former act?
2d. Is the former action so far res adjudicata as to be a bar to the. present action?
3. Preliminary to a particular discussion of the two questions above stated, it may not be inappropriate to consider the relation of a county to the state. We think the decisions may be said to be uniform that a county is not an independent governmental entity— is not even a corporation in the same sense that municipalities are corporations. It is a quasi corporation [380]*380created by legislative fiat for governmental purposes and subject to tbe legislative will in all matters not prohibited by some constitutional restriction.
As said in Yamhill County v. Foster, 53 Or. 124 (99 Pac. 286):
“A county is not a private corporation, and its rights are not to be determined by the law applicable to such a corporation. It is merely a political agent of the state, created by law for governmental purposes, and is charged with the performance of certain duties for and on behalf of the state.”
The same doctrine is announced in Miller v. Henry, 62 Or. 4 (124 Pac. 197, 41 L. R. A. (N. S.) 97), and in Mackenzie v. Douglas County, 81 Or. 442 (159 Pac. 625, 1033), we say:
“Counties are but agencies of the state for governmental purposes”; and, further: “Where a state by enactment in furtherance of its governmental purposes imposes an obligation on a county, not in conflict with the constitution of the state, that obligation becomes one which the county must fairly meet. ’ ’
The question is thoroughly considered in State ex rel. v. Cummings, 130 Tenn. 566 (172 S. W. 290), and re-reported in L. R. A. 1915D, 274, where numerous decisions cited in the note seem ample to sustain the principal case.
4. There can be no question but that the legislature had full power in the first instance to have directed the insurance commissioner to employ competent experts to audit the books and accounts of the various counties, and to require the counties to pay for the work so performed. By an ambiguous statute they placed this labor upon the commissioner in serene disregard of the fact that if he personally had tried to perform it he would have done nothing else during [381]*381Ms term of office. Trying to do the best he could, he let a contract to others to do what a blunder in the statute required him to do personally, and if the complaint is true, as must be assumed upon this demurrer, plaintiffs have performed the work, the state and the county have had the benefit of their labor and they have not been paid.
5. It is a rule supported by a multitude of authorities that what the legislature might have authorized in the first instance it can ratify afterwards, so long as no vested rights have intervened.
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McBRIDE, C. J.
Sections 10 and 11 of Chapter 286,- Glen. Laws of 1913, provide that:
“From and after January 1, 1914, the State Insurance Commissioner shall at least once each year make a careful and accurate audit of the books and accounts of each institution or officer, expending state money, and of the books and accounts of each county of the state.
“The expense of each such audit shall be certified by the State Insurance Commissioner to the county of which such audit was made, and shall be paid by such county direct to the person making the audit. ’ ’
That official, instead of making the audit provided for personally or by deputy, contracted with plaintiffs to examine and audit the books of Douglas County at an agreed compensation of $10 per day and traveling expenses and board while so engaged. In supposed pursuance of the act above referred to, plaintiffs made the examination of the books and their bill was certified to the County Court, which refused to allow the [378]*378same, and thereupon plaintiffs brought action for the recovery of the amount so certified.
In an opinion which is reported in 81 Or. 442 (159 Pac. 625, 1033), this court held that the claim as shown by the record was not for the services of the official but for the services of plaintiffs, and that such audit was not that of the insurance commissioner, adding, however, by way of dictum:
“The legislature will soon be in session and if a state officer has been misled by an ambiguous statute, it is in its power to prevent any loss from being suffered.”
Thereafter the legislature passed an act (Chap. 252, Glen. Laws 1917), the preamble of which recited the passage of Laws of 1913, Chapter 286, the substance of the act and continued as follows:
“Whereas, acting under said Chapter 286, said Biate Insurance Commissioner duly appointed, employed and authorized various public accountants to examine and audit the official books and accounts of the several counties of this State; and,
“Whereas, certain of said public accountants duly and efficiently examined and audited the official books and accounts of the several counties pursuant to said Chapter 286 and under the direction of the State Insurance Commissioner, and the said State Insurance Commissioner duly certified to the several counties the amounts due for such audit; and
“Whereas, certain counties, of whose books and accounts, audits and examinations were duly made under said Chapter 286 aforesaid, have refused to pay the expenses of such audit and have refused to compensate the accountants who made the same, and the Supreme Court of the state of Oregon has held that the said counties were not liable for the charges therefor and has suggested appeal to the Legislature; and
“Whereas, said audit and examination was fully and efficiently done and said counties acquiesced in the [379]*379same and aided the said accountants in making the same and never objected thereto, until payment was demanded, and have been greatly benefited thereby, and said accountants have incurred a considerable personal expense and said claim should in justice and fairness be paid by the several counties; now, therefore,
“Be It Enacted by the People op the State op Oregon :
“Section 1. That every county of the state of Oregon, the official books and accounts of which were examined and audited under Chap. 286, Gen. Laws of Oregon for 1913, and which have not paid the accountants making such audits and examination, be and they hereby are authorized and empowered to pay such sum or sums to such accountants as in the judgment of the county court[s,] respectively, are just and equitable.”
After this act went into effect plaintiffs again presented their claim, which being disallowed, they began this action.
1, 2. The appeal presents these questions for adjudication :
1st. Had the legislative assembly power to authorize or direct payment for services rendered at the request of a state officer relative to a governmental matter, without regard to the fact that the claim had once been rejected when presented under a former act?
2d. Is the former action so far res adjudicata as to be a bar to the. present action?
3. Preliminary to a particular discussion of the two questions above stated, it may not be inappropriate to consider the relation of a county to the state. We think the decisions may be said to be uniform that a county is not an independent governmental entity— is not even a corporation in the same sense that municipalities are corporations. It is a quasi corporation [380]*380created by legislative fiat for governmental purposes and subject to tbe legislative will in all matters not prohibited by some constitutional restriction.
As said in Yamhill County v. Foster, 53 Or. 124 (99 Pac. 286):
“A county is not a private corporation, and its rights are not to be determined by the law applicable to such a corporation. It is merely a political agent of the state, created by law for governmental purposes, and is charged with the performance of certain duties for and on behalf of the state.”
The same doctrine is announced in Miller v. Henry, 62 Or. 4 (124 Pac. 197, 41 L. R. A. (N. S.) 97), and in Mackenzie v. Douglas County, 81 Or. 442 (159 Pac. 625, 1033), we say:
“Counties are but agencies of the state for governmental purposes”; and, further: “Where a state by enactment in furtherance of its governmental purposes imposes an obligation on a county, not in conflict with the constitution of the state, that obligation becomes one which the county must fairly meet. ’ ’
The question is thoroughly considered in State ex rel. v. Cummings, 130 Tenn. 566 (172 S. W. 290), and re-reported in L. R. A. 1915D, 274, where numerous decisions cited in the note seem ample to sustain the principal case.
4. There can be no question but that the legislature had full power in the first instance to have directed the insurance commissioner to employ competent experts to audit the books and accounts of the various counties, and to require the counties to pay for the work so performed. By an ambiguous statute they placed this labor upon the commissioner in serene disregard of the fact that if he personally had tried to perform it he would have done nothing else during [381]*381Ms term of office. Trying to do the best he could, he let a contract to others to do what a blunder in the statute required him to do personally, and if the complaint is true, as must be assumed upon this demurrer, plaintiffs have performed the work, the state and the county have had the benefit of their labor and they have not been paid.
5. It is a rule supported by a multitude of authorities that what the legislature might have authorized in the first instance it can ratify afterwards, so long as no vested rights have intervened. This has been held, not only with regard to counties but with respect to municipal corporations whose character approaches much more nearly to that of a private corporation than does that of a county: Miller v. Henry, 62 Or. 4 (124 Pac. 197, 41 L. R. A. (N. S.) 97), and cases there cited. This seems to be the rule everywhere but in those states where the enactment of .retroactive statutes is proMbited by their Constitution. The statute here under consideration is a curative statute and such as it was within the power of the legislature to pass, unless the judgment in the previous action was res adjudícala in the full sense of that term.
6. Without any extended discussion of the question it is sufficient to say that the act in question was not an encroachment upon judicial power. It recognized the fact that the judgment was valid according to the statute as it then stood; that when that decision was rendered the contract under which plaintiffs performed their work was in a technical sense unauthorized. But the legislature may appropriate money to pay for services rendered in good faith where there has been no contract whatever. It can and does appropriate money by the means of relief bills in many instances, and if it can pay for services rendered where [382]*382there has been no formal contract it can authorize or require one of its governmental agencies to do the same thing.
As stated by Judge Sutherland :
“It is no objection to a curative act that it validates what has previously been declared invalid in a judicial proceeding. The judgment may furnish the occasion for the act. Of course the legislature cannot annul or set aside the judgment of a court, but it may remove a defect upon which a judgment proceeded”: 2 Lewis’ Sutherland’s Stat. Cons. 1237.
Steele County v. Erskine, 98 Fed. 215 (39 C. C. A. 173), is an instructive case, in which the court says:
“The contention that the former judgment is a bar to this action is equally untenable. The conclusive character of a judgment extends only to identical issues, and they must be such, not merely in name, but in fact and in substance. If the vital issue of the latter litigation has been in truth already determined by an earlier judgment, it may not be again contested; but, if it has not, — if it is intrinsically and substantially an entirely different issue, even though capable of being described in similar language, or by a common form of expression, then the truth is not excluded, and the judgment no answer to the different issue: Palmer v. Hussey, 87 N. Y. 303, 306. The former judgment between these parties simply declared the contract unenforceable because it was made without legislative authority. How can such a judgment be a bar to an action upon the same contract after it has received the legislative sanction? Judgments declare the rights of parties at the time they are pronounced, but do not preclude the assertion of rights subsequently acquired. In reply to an objection identical with that which we are now considering, the supreme court said: ‘It surely cannot be seriously urged that the legislature is stripped of its power to authorize a contract, and which at the time had reference to the present and the past only. A very large proportion [383]*383of the legislation in all the states is prompted by the decisions of the courts, and is intended to remedy some mischief pointed out or resulting from the utterances of the courts of the country’: City of New Orleans v. New Orleans Waterworks Co., 142 U. S. 79, 92 (35 L. Ed. 943, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 142). The present action comes within the principle of a second suit to recover real property based upon a newly acquired title. Such an action is never barred by an adverse judgment in respect to the same property, which was rendered before the new title was acquired: Railroad Co. v. Smith, 16 C. C. A. 336 (69 Fed. 579).”
This leaves the case in the position that the sole questions before the court for trial are, Were the services rendered pursuant to the contract with the insurance commissioner, and what was their reasonable value? The questions as to whether the county authorities encouraged their performance, or accepted the fruits of such labor, are not involved. The case must be considered in the same light as though the hiring had been originally authorized, except as to the compensation and that is left to be determined according to the usual methods.
The judgment is reversed, the demurrer overruled rnd the cause remanded to the Circuit Court with direction to proceed in a manner not inconsistent with this opinion.
Reversed and Remanded. Rehearing Denied.
Bean, Johns and Burnett, JJ., concur.