AMIDON, District Judge
(after stating the facts as above). To explain the question raised by the appeal it will be necessary to set forth the provisions of the bonds and mortgage. The bonds are for $1,000 each, and are payable to bearer. They contain the following provision:
“This bond * * * is entitled to all the benefits, and is subject to all the provisions, of the said mortgage as if the same were herein fully recited.”
[883]*883The mortgage contains a covenant binding the mortgagor to pay to the owners or holders of the bonds the principal and interest thereof in full. In case of default the trustee is authorized, upon certain terms which it is not necessary to recite, to declare the whole sum secured immediately due and payable, “and thereupon the trustee, and the holders or owners of said bonds, shall have all the rights and privileges which it and they would respectively have upon the final maturity of the said bonds, and without prejudice or diminution of any other right or privilege secured to the trustee, or to any holder or owner of said bonds, by the said bonds, or by this mortgage.” Article 15 of the mortgage authorizes the trastee to resort to “any appropriate proceedings, legal or equitable, for the maintenance, foreclosure, enforcement or satisfaction of the mortgage, or of the bonds secured thereby, against or with reference to any property which is or may become security for the payment of the bonds, or subject to the trust.” It then declares that the trustee “ ⅜ * * may proceed in any other manner, whether by action at law or suit in equity, or otherwise, against the company, * * ⅜ to collect and recover for the owners and holders of the bonds secured thereby, the principal and interest thereof in full, according to their tenor.”
The mortgage also contains the following provision:
■'Except as herein otherwise expressly provided, any remedy herein conferred upon the trustees, or the holder of any bond secured hereby, is not intended to be exclusive of any other remedy: but each and every such remedy shall be cumulative and in addition to every other remedy given hereunder or existing at law, in equity, or by statute.”
Article 22 of the mortgage is a carefully drawn waiver of any right of the bondholders or the trustee under the mortgage to recover against the officers or stockholders of the corporation.
It is conceded that the trustee in bankruptcy in his suit against the stockholders has no higher or better right than that possessed by the creditors whose claims have been proven and allowed against the bankrupt estate; but the learned referee and trial court were of the opinion that the trustee in the mortgage fully represented the bondholders and-that the proven claim for the deficiency decree conferred upon the trustee in bankruptcy every right which he would obtain-from the allowance of the claims on the bonds. The appellant bondholders on the contrary insist that they occupy a position more favorable than the trustee under the mortgage, first, because of certain fraudulent representations that were made to them at the time they purchased the bonds; second, because they are not parties to the mortgage, and are, therefore, not hound in the same sense as the trustee by the waiver of the stockholders’ liability contained in the twenty-second article above quoted; third, they claim that they are direct creditors of the corporation, whereas the trustee at most is a creditor only in a representative capacity; fourth, they also contend that it might reasonably be held in the suit against the stockholders that the trustee under the mortgage is confined to enforcing and protecting its security, and has no right to assert or enforce the personal liability of the corporation upon its bonds; fifth, that the deficiency judgment, if valid, must rest upon the covenant in the mortgage for the payment of the bonds, and not [884]*884upon the bonds themselves, and for this reason the bonds constitute a wholly independent cause of action, which was not merged in the deficiency judgment.
It is manifest that the appeal turns mainly upon the question whether the cause of action arising out of the bonds was merged in the deficiency' decree. Both merger and res adjudicata lie in the same field. They are not, however, identical. A point may become res adjudicata as to one cause of action in a suit upon an entirely independent cause of action between the same parties if it has been there, directly litigated. Merger, on the contrary, cannot result unless the causes of action in the two suits are identical.
The foreclosure suit in which the deficiency decree was taken has this distinctive feature: The trustee under the mortgage was not the owner or holder of the bonds which it secured. In the ordinary foreclosure the mortgagee and the payee of the debt are the same. In such a case the person entitled to the decree on foreclosure is likewise entitled to a judgment at law upon the note or bond, and the court of equity in which suit is brought to foreclose the mortgage may, for the purpose of giving full relief, grant a deficiency decree, instead of turning the plaintiff over to an action at law. It was such a situation as this that gave -rise to the adoption of the ninety-second equity rule. Noonan v. Lee, 2 Black, 499, 17 L. Ed. 278, and Orchard v. Hughes, 1 Wall. 73, 17 L. Ed. 560. Both these cases involved foreclosures in which the holder of the mortgage was also the holder of the debt which it secured. The rule was promulgated at the same term at which Orchard v. Hughes was decided (see 1 Wall, vii), and was intended to supply the power which a court of equity was held, in the two cases referred to, not to possess in the absence of a rule. When 'the mortgagee is also the holder of the note or bond which it secures, the deficiency judgment will be referred to the bond or note as its cause of action, and will bar any subsequent action thereon. Witter v. Neeves, 78 Wis. 547, 47 N. W. 938. In the present case the trustee under the mortgage is neither the holder nor the payee of the bonds. It clearly could not have maintained an action at law for their collection. We are aware that the-fifteenth article of the mortgage authorizes the trustee to collect and recover the principal and interest of the bonds for the owners and holders thereof. This may have reference to their collection by the enforcement of the security. If that is not its meaning, we are of the opinion that it could not confer upon the trustee the right to maintain an independent action upon the bonds. Who may maintain a suit is a matter of law, not subject to be controlled by the private conventions of parties. Hybart v. Parker, 4 C. B. (N. S.) 209; Evans v. Hooper, 1 Q. B. Div. 45; Gray v. Pearson, L. R. 5 C. P. 568; Knorr v. Bates, 14 Misc. Rep. 501, 35 N. Y. Supp. 1060. Parties to a contract cannot confer upon a third party the naked right to sue thereon. Suits, whether under chancery or code practice, must be brought in the name of the real party in interest. The only exceptions to that rule here important are these: (1) The trustee of an express trust may maintain an action in his own name cn behalf of the beneficiary. To come within this exception, however, the trustee must be the holder of the property or obligation out of which the [885]*885action arises. Here, as already pointed out, the trustee under tlie mortgage is not the holder of the bonds. (2) A person with whom or in whose name a contract is made for the benefit of another may maintain an action upon the contract.
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AMIDON, District Judge
(after stating the facts as above). To explain the question raised by the appeal it will be necessary to set forth the provisions of the bonds and mortgage. The bonds are for $1,000 each, and are payable to bearer. They contain the following provision:
“This bond * * * is entitled to all the benefits, and is subject to all the provisions, of the said mortgage as if the same were herein fully recited.”
[883]*883The mortgage contains a covenant binding the mortgagor to pay to the owners or holders of the bonds the principal and interest thereof in full. In case of default the trustee is authorized, upon certain terms which it is not necessary to recite, to declare the whole sum secured immediately due and payable, “and thereupon the trustee, and the holders or owners of said bonds, shall have all the rights and privileges which it and they would respectively have upon the final maturity of the said bonds, and without prejudice or diminution of any other right or privilege secured to the trustee, or to any holder or owner of said bonds, by the said bonds, or by this mortgage.” Article 15 of the mortgage authorizes the trastee to resort to “any appropriate proceedings, legal or equitable, for the maintenance, foreclosure, enforcement or satisfaction of the mortgage, or of the bonds secured thereby, against or with reference to any property which is or may become security for the payment of the bonds, or subject to the trust.” It then declares that the trustee “ ⅜ * * may proceed in any other manner, whether by action at law or suit in equity, or otherwise, against the company, * * ⅜ to collect and recover for the owners and holders of the bonds secured thereby, the principal and interest thereof in full, according to their tenor.”
The mortgage also contains the following provision:
■'Except as herein otherwise expressly provided, any remedy herein conferred upon the trustees, or the holder of any bond secured hereby, is not intended to be exclusive of any other remedy: but each and every such remedy shall be cumulative and in addition to every other remedy given hereunder or existing at law, in equity, or by statute.”
Article 22 of the mortgage is a carefully drawn waiver of any right of the bondholders or the trustee under the mortgage to recover against the officers or stockholders of the corporation.
It is conceded that the trustee in bankruptcy in his suit against the stockholders has no higher or better right than that possessed by the creditors whose claims have been proven and allowed against the bankrupt estate; but the learned referee and trial court were of the opinion that the trustee in the mortgage fully represented the bondholders and-that the proven claim for the deficiency decree conferred upon the trustee in bankruptcy every right which he would obtain-from the allowance of the claims on the bonds. The appellant bondholders on the contrary insist that they occupy a position more favorable than the trustee under the mortgage, first, because of certain fraudulent representations that were made to them at the time they purchased the bonds; second, because they are not parties to the mortgage, and are, therefore, not hound in the same sense as the trustee by the waiver of the stockholders’ liability contained in the twenty-second article above quoted; third, they claim that they are direct creditors of the corporation, whereas the trustee at most is a creditor only in a representative capacity; fourth, they also contend that it might reasonably be held in the suit against the stockholders that the trustee under the mortgage is confined to enforcing and protecting its security, and has no right to assert or enforce the personal liability of the corporation upon its bonds; fifth, that the deficiency judgment, if valid, must rest upon the covenant in the mortgage for the payment of the bonds, and not [884]*884upon the bonds themselves, and for this reason the bonds constitute a wholly independent cause of action, which was not merged in the deficiency judgment.
It is manifest that the appeal turns mainly upon the question whether the cause of action arising out of the bonds was merged in the deficiency' decree. Both merger and res adjudicata lie in the same field. They are not, however, identical. A point may become res adjudicata as to one cause of action in a suit upon an entirely independent cause of action between the same parties if it has been there, directly litigated. Merger, on the contrary, cannot result unless the causes of action in the two suits are identical.
The foreclosure suit in which the deficiency decree was taken has this distinctive feature: The trustee under the mortgage was not the owner or holder of the bonds which it secured. In the ordinary foreclosure the mortgagee and the payee of the debt are the same. In such a case the person entitled to the decree on foreclosure is likewise entitled to a judgment at law upon the note or bond, and the court of equity in which suit is brought to foreclose the mortgage may, for the purpose of giving full relief, grant a deficiency decree, instead of turning the plaintiff over to an action at law. It was such a situation as this that gave -rise to the adoption of the ninety-second equity rule. Noonan v. Lee, 2 Black, 499, 17 L. Ed. 278, and Orchard v. Hughes, 1 Wall. 73, 17 L. Ed. 560. Both these cases involved foreclosures in which the holder of the mortgage was also the holder of the debt which it secured. The rule was promulgated at the same term at which Orchard v. Hughes was decided (see 1 Wall, vii), and was intended to supply the power which a court of equity was held, in the two cases referred to, not to possess in the absence of a rule. When 'the mortgagee is also the holder of the note or bond which it secures, the deficiency judgment will be referred to the bond or note as its cause of action, and will bar any subsequent action thereon. Witter v. Neeves, 78 Wis. 547, 47 N. W. 938. In the present case the trustee under the mortgage is neither the holder nor the payee of the bonds. It clearly could not have maintained an action at law for their collection. We are aware that the-fifteenth article of the mortgage authorizes the trustee to collect and recover the principal and interest of the bonds for the owners and holders thereof. This may have reference to their collection by the enforcement of the security. If that is not its meaning, we are of the opinion that it could not confer upon the trustee the right to maintain an independent action upon the bonds. Who may maintain a suit is a matter of law, not subject to be controlled by the private conventions of parties. Hybart v. Parker, 4 C. B. (N. S.) 209; Evans v. Hooper, 1 Q. B. Div. 45; Gray v. Pearson, L. R. 5 C. P. 568; Knorr v. Bates, 14 Misc. Rep. 501, 35 N. Y. Supp. 1060. Parties to a contract cannot confer upon a third party the naked right to sue thereon. Suits, whether under chancery or code practice, must be brought in the name of the real party in interest. The only exceptions to that rule here important are these: (1) The trustee of an express trust may maintain an action in his own name cn behalf of the beneficiary. To come within this exception, however, the trustee must be the holder of the property or obligation out of which the [885]*885action arises. Here, as already pointed out, the trustee under tlie mortgage is not the holder of the bonds. (2) A person with whom or in whose name a contract is made for the benefit of another may maintain an action upon the contract. The trustee under the mortgage comes within this exception as to the security, but not as to the bonds, for they are not payable to the trustee. The deficiency decree, therefore, must be referred to the covenant in the mortgage, and, like the mortgage itself, is collateral to the bonds, and constitutes no bar to an action thereon. The debt underlying both is the same, but the promises are distinct and give rise to separate causes o f action. This view finds added support in the provision contained in the twenty-third article of the mortgage that the remedies which it confers upon the trustee shall not be treated as exclusive of any right of the bondholders, but as cumulative. The case of Grant v. Winona, etc., S. W. R. R. Co., 85 Minn. 122, 89 N. W. 60, in apparent conflict, is explained partly by the peculiar provisions of the mortgage there involved. A statute of the state, no doubt also had a hearing upon the decision. It provides that, in suits for the foreclosure of a mortgage, judgment shall be entered for the full amount of the debt whirl; it secures, and that the proceeds of the sale shall he credited upon such judgment, and execution issue for the balance. Rev. Raws Minn. §§ 4488, 4491. The mortgage was taken subject to this statute. Laing v. Queen City Ry. Co. (Tex. Civ. App.) 49 S. W. 136, is based upon a similar statute of Texas.
As between the parties to the foreclosure suit, the deficiency decree is, of course, conclusive of every fact necessary to support the decree. It forecloses inquiry as to whether the court had authority to enter a deficiency judgment. Hatcher v. Hendrie, etc., Supply Co., 133 Fed. 267, 272, 68 C. C. A. 19. But the suit against the stockholders is not between the parties to the foreclosure action. It is pending in the state of New York. By the decisions of the highest court of that state it is doubtful whether a judgment against a corporation is more than prima facie evidence of the creditor’s debt in a suit against stockholders. Cook on Corporations, §§ 209 and 224. If that should be the holding of the court in tlie action of the trustee in bankruptcy against the stockholders of this corporation, the defense would be open to them that the trustee under the mortgage had no right whatever except to enforce the security, and was in no sense a creditor of the corporation. Tlie peculiar language of the covenant in the mortgage. to say the least, gives color to such a defense.
The principle of merger has its foundation mainly in the maxim: “Nemo debet bis vexari pro una et eadem causa.” That maxim has no application to the facts of this case. No one could possibly be vexed by costs or litigation through the allowance of the bondholders’ claims. No costs could accrue, and it was not necessary to summon any person to the hearing of the claims. Another reason that has guided courts in barring a second action for the same cause is that the judgment already entered affords to the plaintiff all the judicial aid that could -be obtained from a second judgment. In the present case there is good reason for saying that the allowance of the bondholders’ claims would furnish the trustee in bankruptcy a much better [886]*886basis than the deficiency decree for his suit against the stockholders. The claims could have been allowed without the possibility of injury to others. The referee had full power, both by his order and his subsequent control over the administration of the estate, to safeguard all interests from any prejudice from the allowance of both claims.
The whole case is, therefore, reduced simply to this: Should the court of bankruptcy have aided these creditors by removing one of the apprehended dangers from their pathway, when it could have done so, without the slightest cost or prejudice to any one? The reason of the rule which it thought deprived it of the power to grant the aid was wanting in this case, and we think the rule itself, even if otherwise applicable, should not have been enforced.
The decision is reversed, and the.trial court is directed to proceed in accordance with the views here expressed.
ADAMS, Circuit Judge, dissents.