TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-24-00419-CV
M. B. and C. J., Appellants
v.
Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Appellee
FROM THE 146TH DISTRICT COURT OF BELL COUNTY NO. 23DFAM337971, THE HONORABLE DALLAS SIMS, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
M.B. (Mother) and C.J. (Father) appeal from the trial court’s “Order Appointing
Managing Conservator” concerning Mother and Father’s children, Gary and Mark. 1 Following a
final hearing, the trial court appointed the children’s paternal grandmother (Grandmother) as sole
managing conservator and Mother and Father as possessory conservators of the children with a
minimum of one hour of monthly supervised visitation for each parent. For the following
reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order.
BACKGROUND
Gary was born in 2015, Mark was born in 2016, and both children have special
needs and are autistic. Father and Mother were in a relationship that continued until around
2023. In 2015, 2016, and 2020, Mother and Father were referred to Family Based Safety
1 We refer to the parents and other family by their initials or their relation to the children and refer to the children by aliases. See Tex. Fam. Code § 109.002(d); Tex. R. App. P. 9.8. Services because of concerns with domestic violence. Mother was arrested multiple times for
assaulting Father, including when she was pregnant with Gary. During the time that they were in
a relationship, Mother’s criminal history included multiple convictions for assault, a conviction
for felony robbery, and incarceration multiple times including one nine-month period.
In November 2021, the trial court signed an agreed order in a suit affecting
parent-child relationship concerning the children. Father had filed suit against Mother seeking
custody of the children. In its order, the trial court appointed Father as sole managing
conservator and Mother as possessory conservator. As to Mother’s possession of the children,
the trial court found that “credible evidence has been presented that there is a history or pattern
of family violence committed by [Mother]” and, therefore, ordered that her possession of the
children was required to be limited to three-hour supervised visits on the first, third, and fifth
Saturdays of each month. Shortly after the trial court signed the order, Mother began living with
Father and the children again and continued living with them until shortly before the children
were removed in this case.
In 2023, the Department received two intakes raising concerns of physical abuse
and neglect of Mark by Father. The allegations included that Mark made an outcry that Father
“punched him in the face,” that Mark “often” came to school with bleeding diaper rashes, 2 and
that he had arrived at school with “handprint marks on his arms” and “various cuts and abrasions
on his body and face.” The Department’s concerns for the children’s safety included Mother and
Father’s lack of stability, unemployment, and inability to care for the children; Mother’s
untreated mental-health problems including continuing problems with “managing life stresses”;
2 The evidence was that the children, who were seven and eight, were not potty trained and wore pull-ups. 2 and domestic violence between Mother and Father in front of the children. In the two years
preceding the Department’s investigation, there had been “nine calls to law enforcement”
regarding “family violence” between Mother and Father.
Following its investigation, the Department sought to be and was appointed
temporary managing conservator of the children. Within a few months, the children were placed
with Grandmother. Mother and Father also were court-ordered to comply with family service
plans and allowed one-hour supervised visits with the children weekly.
The final hearing before the trial court occurred on February 8 and April 11, 2024.
The trial court took judicial notice of its file; the Department’s witnesses were the caseworker,
Grandmother, and Mother; Mother’s witnesses were her therapist and her fiancé; and Father
testified on his own behalf. At the time of the final hearing, Mother and Father were no longer in
a relationship, Mother was living with her fiancé, Father had criminal charges pending against
him for allegedly assaulting Mother in September 2022, and Mother remained on probation for
her robbery conviction. Mother testified that when the children were about one and two, she
robbed a Dollar General.
The exhibits admitted during the final hearing included the removal affidavit, the
family service plans for Mother and Father, and their psychological evaluations. The evidence
showed that Mother had complied with some of the tasks in her service plan, participated in
counseling, and provided toys and clothes for the children but that during her visits with the
children, they “demonstrate[d] aggressive behavior towards [her].”
The Department sought for Grandmother to be appointed the sole managing
conservator of the children with no designation for Mother and Father, and the guardian ad litem
agreed with the Department, advising the trial court that it was in the children’s best interest to
3 continue to be with Grandmother and to leave it up to her to decide visitation between Mother
and Father and the children. The caseworker also testified that placing the children with
Grandmother was in their best interest and that visits between Mother and the children going
forward should be at Grandmother’s discretion. The caseworker explained that Mother had not
complied with her service plan to the extent that the caseworker would feel comfortable having
the children returned to her care.
The evidence was undisputed that Grandmother was meeting the children’s needs,
they were doing well in her care, and they had “improved tremendously.” During her testimony,
Grandmother confirmed that she was willing to raise the children and to supervise visits between
the parents and the children going forward. She believed that she could decide whether and
when it would be safe for the children to be unsupervised by their parents and that she could
make that decision keeping the children’s best interest in mind. Grandmother also testified about
her concerns if the children were returned to Mother and agreed that Mother and Father had
“been off-again, on-again for most of their lives,” that they had been incarcerated for assaulting
each other, and that “it didn’t stop in nine years.” She further testified that although the children
did not always tell the truth, they told her that Mother hit them.
Mother requested that the trial court return the children to her care or that they
stay with Grandmother if the choice was between Grandmother and Father. Mother agreed that
she did not have a healthy relationship with Father and that she had allowed Father to have the
children when he sought custody of them because she was not able to care for them but testified
that she was now ready to take care of the children and that her fiancé was willing for the
children to live with them. Although Mother’s fiancé had not had contact with the children, he
testified that he was employed, that he would be able to provide for Mother and the children, that
4 he was willing to raise the children, and that he had no concerns with Mother being alone with
the children.
Mother’s therapist, who had been counseling Mother for around six months, also
did not have concerns with the children being placed with Mother or Mother being allowed
unsupervised visits. The therapist testified that Mother loved her children, that they were a
priority for Mother, and that she had no concerns with the children’s safety and health if they
were placed with Mother or if Mother was allowed unsupervised visits. The therapist believed
that Mother had changed and made progress, although the therapist testified that Mother was
“not all of the way there” in terms of her therapeutic progress and acknowledged the concerns
raised in Mother’s psychological evaluation of “mental health problems and continued problems
in managing life stresses,” lack of stability, and inability “to take care of her children due to the
severity of her problems.” The therapist also confirmed that Mother had admitted to
inappropriately disciplining the children.
Father requested that the children be placed with him or, if they were not placed
with him, that they be placed with Grandmother, as he believed that Grandmother was able to
make good decisions regarding the children’s safety. He testified that prior to this case, he was
the primary caregiver for the children but that he tried to work with Mother when she “was not
locked up or had not left [them]”; that when she was around, the children did not want to be
around her; that the children would hit, slap, and spit on her, “which [was] a lot of the things that
she had done to [him]”; and that when he was staying with her, she was “just mentally unstable.”
He described being assaulted by Mother and their relationship of “nine years of just so much
drama and so much police and CPS.” He was concerned for the children to be returned to
Mother because of her “physical abuse” towards him in front of the children, which caused them
5 “mental problems”; he described her as angry and “volatile and abusive”; he testified that she
had “never been able to take care of [the children]”; and that he “was scared for the life of
[his children].”
Following the hearing, the trial court signed the order finding that “there has been
a material change in circumstances in the lives of the children and their conservators that
necessitates a modification of the Court’s orders,” see Tex. Fam. Code § 156.101 (stating when
trial court may modify order establishing conservatorship or possession and access), and
appointed Grandmother as the sole managing conservator of the children and Mother and Father
as possessory conservators. The trial court found that the appointment of either parent as the
managing conservator “would not be in the best interest of the children because the appointment
would significantly impair the children’s physical health and emotional development” and that
its court-ordered visitation schedule was “the least restrictive for each parent [to] ensure the
safety of the children.” As to Mother’s periods of possession, the court ordered “supervised
visits or access to the children no less than the first Saturday following the first Friday of each
month . . . for the hour from 12pm [to] 1pm at a location designated by [Mother] within 10 miles
of the children’s home.”
Mother’s and Father’s appeals followed.
ANALYSIS
Father’s Appeal
On appeal, Father’s court-appointed attorney has filed a brief concluding that his
appeal is frivolous and without merit. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967);
Taylor v. Texas Dep’t of Protective & Regul. Servs., 160 S.W.3d 641, 646–47 (Tex. App.—
6 Austin 2005, pet. denied) (applying Anders procedure in appeal from termination of parental
rights). The brief meets the requirements of Anders by presenting a professional evaluation of
the record demonstrating why there are no arguable grounds to be advanced on appeal. See
386 U.S. at 744; Taylor, 160 S.W.3d at 646–47. Father’s attorney has certified to this Court that
she provided a copy of the Anders brief to Father and informed him of his right to examine the
appellate record and to file a pro se brief. To date, Father has not filed a pro se brief.
Upon receiving an Anders brief, we must conduct a full examination of the
proceedings to determine whether the appeal is wholly frivolous. Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75,
80 (1988). We have reviewed the entire record, including the Anders brief submitted on Father’s
behalf, and have found nothing that would arguably support an appeal. We agree that Father’s
appeal is frivolous and without merit.
Mother’s Appeal
In two appellate issues, Mother contends that the trial court abused its discretion
by not appointing her as a managing conservator and by reducing her visitation from six hours
per month under the prior orders to one hour per month “without any explanation
or justification.”
Standard of Review
“We review a trial court’s decision to modify conservatorship for an abuse
of discretion.” Johnson v. Kimbrough, 681 S.W.3d 430, 439 (Tex. App.—Austin 2023, no
pet.) (citing Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982); Zeifman v. Michels,
212 S.W.3d 582, 587 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, pet. denied)); see In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611,
616 (Tex. 2007) (explaining that conservatorship determinations “are subject to review only for
7 abuse of discretion”). “The test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court acted in an
arbitrary and unreasonable manner or whether it acted without reference to any guiding
principles.” Johnson, 681 S.W.3d at 439 (citing Echols v. Olivarez, 85 S.W.3d 475, 477 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2002, no pet.)); see In re J.J.R.S., 627 S.W.3d 211, 218 (Tex. 2021) (explaining
that trial court abuses its discretion when it rules arbitrarily or unreasonably or without regard for
guiding rules or principles). “Generally, a trial court does not abuse its discretion if the record
contains some evidence of a substantive and probative character to support its decision on
modification of conservatorship.” Johnson, 681 S.W.3d at 439 (citing Zeifman, 212 S.W.3d
at 589).
In this context, legal and factual sufficiency are not independent grounds of error
but are factors used to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion. A.S. v. Texas
Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., 665 S.W.3d 786, 795 (Tex. App.—Austin 2023, no pet.)
(citing Zeifman, 212 S.W.3d at 587). Under this standard, we determine “whether the trial court
had sufficient information on which to exercise its discretion and, if so, whether the trial court
erred in its application of discretion.” Id. (citing Zeifman, 212 S.W.3d at 588). We employ
traditional sufficiency review to answer the first question. Id. If the evidence is sufficient, we
“determine whether, based on the evidence, the trial court made a reasonable decision, that is,
that the court’s decision was neither arbitrary nor unreasonable.” Id.
Managing Conservator
In her first issue, Mother argues that the trial court should have appointed her
managing conservator because the Texas Family Code presumes that she should be designated a
8 managing conservator, that the evidence did not rebut that presumption, and that the Holley
factors support the presumption.
Mother relies on the presumption in Section 153.131 of the Texas Family Code
that “a parent shall be appointed sole managing conservator” unless a court finds that the
appointment would not be in the best interest of the child “because the appointment would
significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development.” Tex. Fam. Code
§ 153.131(a). This presumption, however, generally applies to an initial determination of
conservatorship, and the order in this case modifies the initial order between Mother and Father
appointing him as sole managing conservator and her as a possessory conservator of the children.
See In re C.J.C., 603 S.W.3d 804, 807, 819 (Tex. 2020) (stating that statutory presumption
governing original custody determinations “is not carried forward into the statute governing
proceedings to modify those determinations” and clarifying that only parent who was appointed
as managing conservator in original order retains presumption in modification suit). “The
modification statute reflects the understanding that ‘the first judgment at the time it was entered
was res judicata of the question of the child’s best interest and of the custody.’” Id. at 818
(quoting Taylor v. Meek, 276 S.W.2d 787, 790 (Tex. 1955)); see Johnson, 681 S.W.3d at 440
(explaining that “presumption does not apply in a modification proceeding with respect to a
parent who was not appointed managing conservator in the order [sought to be modified]”).
Thus, because Mother was not appointed a managing conservator in the trial court’s initial order
determining conservatorship for the children, the presumption does not apply with respect to her.
Because the presumption does not apply with respect to Mother, the Department’s
burden was to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the circumstances of the children, a
conservator, or other party affected by the initial conservatorship order had materially and
9 substantially changed and that modification was in the children’s best interest. See Tex. Fam.
Code § 156.101(a); Johnson, 681 S.W.3d at 439 (stating that “party seeking modification must
establish these elements by a preponderance of the evidence”); In re Vogel, 261 S.W.3d 917, 923
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, orig. proceeding) (explaining that in modification
proceeding “in which the parental presumption does not apply,” movant “need demonstrate only
that modification would be in [the child’s] best interest and that the circumstances have
‘materially and substantially changed’ since the [] custody order” (quoting Tex. Fam. Code
§ 156.101)). Mother does not challenge the trial court’s finding of a material and substantial
change, and to the extent that she challenges the trial court’s finding that the modification was in
the children’s best interest, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion.
Relevant factors in assessing the best interest of a child include: (i) the desires of
the child, (ii) the stability of the home or proposed placement, (iii) parental abilities, (iv) the
emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future, (v) the emotional and physical
danger to the child now and in the future, (vi) the plans for the child by the individual or agency
seeking custody, (vii) the programs available to assist the individuals seeking custody to promote
the best interest of the child, (viii) acts or omissions by the parent showing that the parent-child
relationship was not proper, and (ix) any excuses for the parent’s conduct. Holley v. Adams,
544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976); see also Tex. Fam. Code §§ 153.002 (“The best interest of
the child shall always be the primary consideration of the court in determining the issues of
conservatorship and possession of and access to the child.”), 263.307 (stating that “prompt and
permanent placement of the child in a safe environment is presumed to be in the child’s best
interest” and listing factors that court should consider “in determining whether the child’s
parents are willing and able to provide the child with a safe environment”).
10 Mother argues that the evidence “was insufficient to designate Mother anything
other than a managing conservator”; discounts the evidence of domestic violence between her
and Father because “that was in the past, before the case began”; and as to the Holley factors,
argues that the evidence showed that she “could provide for the children’s needs now and in the
future” and that she “has taken responsibility for her mistakes in the past and is working to
address them.” There was evidence that Mother had made progress and would be able to care for
the children if they were returned to her, including testimony from her therapist, Mother, and her
fiancé that she provided toys and clothes to the children, visited with them weekly, was patient
with them when they were acting inappropriately during visits, did not abuse drugs or engage in
criminal activity after the case began, was no longer in a relationship with Father, and was in a
stable relationship free of domestic violence.
The trial court, however, as the factfinder and “the sole judge of credibility of the
witnesses and the weight to be assigned to their testimony,” was “free to believe one witness
and disbelieve another.” In re L.K.S., No. 09-23-00364-CV, 2024 Tex. App. LEXIS 5879, *16
(Tex. App.—Beaumont Aug. 15, 2024, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing City of Keller v. Wilson,
168 S.W.3d 802, 819 (Tex. 2005)); see Silverman v. Johnson, No. 03-08-00271-CV, 2009 Tex.
App. LEXIS 7176, at *30–31 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 26, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (observing
that it is factfinder’s role “to resolve evidentiary conflicts and determine the weight and
credibility of the witnesses” and that factfinder’s role “cannot be overstated,” particularly in
custody disputes, as “‘[s]uits affecting the parent-child relationship are intensely fact driven’”
(quoting Lenz v. Lenz, 79 S.W.3d 10, 19 (Tex. 2002))). Thus, the trial court did not have to
believe the witnesses who testified that Mother was ready and able to safely care for the children
and could have credited contrary evidence including that Mother had been convicted of felony
11 robbery and multiple assaults of Father, that she had abused the children and exposed them to
domestic violence for most of their lives prior to their removal, that she was unemployed, and
that she was unstable and “volatile” to reasonably find that the children would not be safe in her
care. Father, Grandmother, and the caseworker testified about their concerns for the children’s
safety if they were returned to Mother, and although the therapist testified that she did not have
concerns with Mother taking care of the children, she also testified that Mother was “not all of
the way there” in terms of her therapeutic progress and acknowledged the concerns raised in
Mother’s psychological evaluation of “mental health problems and continued problems in
managing life stresses,” lack of stability, and inability “to take care of her children due to the
severity of her problems.”
Because there is some evidence of a substantive and probative character to
support the trial court’s finding that its modification of the initial conservatorship order was in
the children’s best interest, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it
appointed Grandmother—and not Mother—as managing conservator of the children. See In re
J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 616; Johnson, 681 S.W.3d at 439. We overrule Mother’s first issue.
Possession and Access
In her second issue, Mother argues that: (i) the same evidence showing that she
should have been appointed managing conservator shows that she should have standard
possession; (ii) even if her visitation should be less than the standard possession order, there is
no justification in the record for it to be less than it was before the order appointing Grandmother
as the managing conservator; and (iii) the reduction from six hours in the initial conservatorship
12 order to one hour of visitation “without explanation or justification is arbitrary
and unreasonable.”
“There is a rebuttable presumption that the standard possession order provides the
reasonable minimum level of possession and access for a parent named possessory conservator
and is in the best interest of the child.” In re J.J.R.S., 627 S.W.3d at 218 (citing Tex. Fam. Code
§ 153.252). “When determining whether to deviate from the standard possession order, a court
may consider ‘(1) the age, developmental status, circumstances, needs, and best interest of the
child; (2) the circumstances of the managing conservator and of the parent named as a
possessory conservator; and (3) any other relevant factor.’” Id. (quoting Tex. Fam. Code
§ 153.256). “[T]he terms of an order that deviates from the standard possession order—that is,
an order that ‘denies possession of a child to a parent or imposes restrictions or limitations on a
parent’s right to possession of or access to a child’—‘may not exceed those that are required to
protect the best interest of the child.’” Id. (quoting Tex. Fam. Code § 153.193).
Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering only one hour
of visitation each month and relies on the evidence that she cited in her first issue; the original
conservatorship order, which allowed her to have three hours of supervised visitation every other
week; the evidence that she was actually having much more than the court-ordered visitation
prior to this case; and the temporary orders in this case that allowed her weekly one-hour
visitation. The original conservatorship order, however, limited Mother’s possession to only
supervised visitation for the specified hours each month in the order. In contrast, in the order
appointing Grandmother as the managing conservator, the trial court ordered that Mother was
entitled to a minimum of one hour of supervised visitation and then left additional visitation
within Grandmother’s discretion. In reaching its decision about Mother’s visitation with the
13 children going forward, the trial court could have credited the evidence that the children did not
want to be around Mother and that they acted aggressively toward her both before and after they
were removed and Grandmother’s testimony that she would supervise visits between the parents
and the children going forward. Grandmother testified that she could decide whether and when it
would be safe for the children to be unsupervised by Mother and Father and that she could make
that decision keeping the children’s best interest in mind.
Given the conflicting evidence about the children’s safety in Mother’s care and
Mother’s progress and improvement, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion
by ordering that she have a minimum of one hour of supervised visitation each month and then
leaving it up to Grandmother to determine additional visitation between Mother and the children
going forward. See id. at 217–18 (concluding that “trial court did not abuse its discretion in
vesting the managing conservators with complete discretion over Mother’s access to the
children”); see also King v. King, No. 03-22-00329-CV, 2023 Tex. App. LEXIS 3908, at *32–33
(Tex. App.—Austin June 8, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“Supervised visitation is a reasonable
condition to be ordered to address potential safety concerns.”); J.C. v. Texas Dep’t of Fam.
& Protective Servs., No. 03-12-00670-CV, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 4390, at *23–24 (Tex.
App.—Austin Apr. 3, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.) (explaining that appellate courts “give wide
latitude to a trial court’s decision on custody, control, possession, and visitation matters”).
Further, to the extent that Mother complains that the trial court abused its
discretion by not explaining the reasons for its visitation order, Mother has not cited, and we
have not found, where in the record she asked the trial court to do so. A trial court is required to
state its specific reasons for a variance from a standard possession order only “on request by a
14 party.” Tex. Fam. Code § 153.258(a). Thus, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its
discretion to the extent that it did not explain its reasons for the visitation that it ordered.
For these reasons, we conclude that Mother has failed to show that the trial court
abused its discretion in its visitation orders and overrule her second issue.
CONCLUSION
Having found that Father’s appeal is frivolous and without merit and having
overruled Mother’s appellate issues, we affirm the trial court’s order appointing conservator. 3
__________________________________________ Rosa Lopez Theofanis, Justice
Before Justices Triana, Kelly, and Theofanis
Affirmed
Filed: November 5, 2024
3 We also deny the pending motion to withdraw by Father’s attorney. See In re P.M., 520 S.W.3d 24, 27 (Tex. 2016) (per curiam). If Father, after consulting with counsel, desires to file a petition for review, his counsel should timely file with the Texas Supreme Court “a petition for review that satisfies the standards of an Anders brief.” See id. at 27–28. 15