Mr. Chief Justice Alvey
delivei’ed the opinion of the Court:
This action was brought to recover for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff, Eugene A. Aljeix, occasioned, as he alleges, by the negligence of the defendants, John E. Lyons and Thomas H. Lyons, the present appellants. The defendants wei’e contractors for the construction of a sewer in that part of Washington City known as Georgetown, and the plaintiff was employed as a common laboi’er on the work ; and in the course of his employment and while acting under the immediate dh’ection of one of the defendants, some of the timbers of a scaffold over which he was moving a heavy block of stone, broke and gave way, causing the plaintiff to fall on the arch made in the sewex’, and to break his leg. The facts are set out in the declaration substantially as they were proved by the plaintiff. The defendants pleaded the general issue, not guilty, and the trial resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff. The defendants have appealed.
The case was resisted in defence upon three distinct grounds: 1st. That the injury complained of was not produced by the negligence of the defendants; 2d. That such injury was produced by the plaintiff’s own fault, or by his contributory negligence; and, 3d. That the defendants had been fully released by the plaintiff for adequate consideration paid, from all possible liability that had accrued or might accrue by l’eason of the accident and the injury received by the plaintiff.
At the conclusion of the evidence, both plaintiff and [547]*547defendants offered prayers for instructions to the jury, some of which were granted and others refused.
Among those offered by the defendants were two, numbered the eleventh and twelfth, which prayed the court to instruct the jury, that inasmuch as the plaintiff had admitted the execution of the release given in evidence, and that lie had received the money specified therein to be paid, as the consideration therefor, and that he had not returned or offered to return the money so received, he could not maintain this action. But the court refused to give such instruction, and instructed the jury that the action could be maintained, notwithstanding the money received by the plaintiff had not been returned or offered to be returned to the defendants. This ruling of the court was excepted to, and it forms one of the principal grounds of error assigned on this appeal. And in the view we have of the case, this question relating to the release and the non-return of the money received thereunder, is the only one that need be decided on this appeal.
The execution of the release is not denied by the plaintiff, but he seeks to avoid its operation by showing that it was obtained from him by fraud and deception. He swears and ■contends that the terms of the release are not such as he understood them to be when he signed the paper, and that he was imposed upon and misled by one of the defendants, and witness Loulan acting for the defendants, and that he was induced to sign the release containing terms and limitations less beneficial to him than it was represented to contain, and that he would not have signed the paper if he had correctly understood its contents. He says he could not read the paper and was barely able to write his •name.
The release was executed by the plaintiff a few days after the accident, while he was confined at the hospital in consequence of his injury. It is dated the 7th of January, 1896, and is under the hand and seal of the plaintiff—the signa[548]*548ture being made by a mark. The terms of the instrument are as follows:
“In consideration of the payment by John E. Lyons and Thomas H. Lyons of the sum of—dollars, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and of the agreement on their part to pay me the further sum of five dollars per week for every week that I may be compelled to remain in the .hospital directly by reason of the injury to my leg received at the accident hereinafter named, not exceeding on the whole, however, more than eight weeks, I do hereby release, exonerate, acquit, and forever discharge the said John E. Lyons'and Thomas H. Lyons, individually or as copartners, trading as Lyons and Brother, from any right, claim, or demand of any kind which I have'or may or might have against them or either of them, as individuals or partners, for or on account of any injury, loss, or damage sustained or to be sustained by me by reason of the accident at the Potomac Street sewer, on Potomac near Grace street, in that part of the District of Columbia known as Georgetown, or for or on account of any cause or matter whatever, hereby declaring myself fully paid therefor.”
The plaintiff testifies that he could not read the release when presented to him, but when read to.him he distinctly refused to agree to the terms stated therein, and that it was distinctly understood that he was to receive $5 per week until he was able to work as he had done before he was injured, and he supposed the release had been changed to express that meaning, and not, as recited in the release now produced, that he should receive $5 per week while remaining in the hospital, not to exceed in time more than eight weeks. It is in this alleged discrepancy as to time between what is contained in the release and what the plaintiff says that it was understood that it' should be, that he was deceived and misled. He admits that he intended to execute the release, and he also admits that the defendants paid him $50 on the agreement in sums of $5 for each of ten [549]*549weeks after the date of the release; but he says that the agreement as expressed in the release is not what he thought it was. He admits that he knew that the money he received was for executing the release; and it is conceded that he has never returned, or offered to return, the money thus received. He has not recovered his ability to work such as ho possessed before the injury received.
Of course, if there was no fraud in procuring the release, and the plaintiff voluntarily executed it, it at once formed a complete bar to the action. And even if the plaintiff were deceived in the execution of the instrument, but afterwards, and when fully informed of the contents of the release, and all the facts attending its execution, he ratified the release, he would be bound by it. But if the release was, as contended by the plaintiff, procured from him by any fraudulent device or deception, and he has not subsequently ratified it, he may show the facts in evidence, and avoid the release in an action at law, when set up as a bar to the action. Formerly, this right of avoiding a release under seal, on the ground of fraud, in an action at law, when set up as a defence to the action, was generally denied, and the party was referred to a court of equity, in jurisdictions where the remedies at common law and equity are separate.
But it is now generally held, by a great preponderance of authority, that a release so set up as a defence may be avoided at law. It is a condition, however, to the exercise of the right so to avoid the effect of the release, at law as well as in equity, that the party seeking to rescind or avoid the instrument must restore the consideration received, or put the other party in statu quo; and this principle applies as well in cases of rescission or avoidance on the ground of misrepresentation and fraud as to other cases. Bartlett v. Drake, 100 Mass. 174, and cases cited.
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Mr. Chief Justice Alvey
delivei’ed the opinion of the Court:
This action was brought to recover for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff, Eugene A. Aljeix, occasioned, as he alleges, by the negligence of the defendants, John E. Lyons and Thomas H. Lyons, the present appellants. The defendants wei’e contractors for the construction of a sewer in that part of Washington City known as Georgetown, and the plaintiff was employed as a common laboi’er on the work ; and in the course of his employment and while acting under the immediate dh’ection of one of the defendants, some of the timbers of a scaffold over which he was moving a heavy block of stone, broke and gave way, causing the plaintiff to fall on the arch made in the sewex’, and to break his leg. The facts are set out in the declaration substantially as they were proved by the plaintiff. The defendants pleaded the general issue, not guilty, and the trial resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff. The defendants have appealed.
The case was resisted in defence upon three distinct grounds: 1st. That the injury complained of was not produced by the negligence of the defendants; 2d. That such injury was produced by the plaintiff’s own fault, or by his contributory negligence; and, 3d. That the defendants had been fully released by the plaintiff for adequate consideration paid, from all possible liability that had accrued or might accrue by l’eason of the accident and the injury received by the plaintiff.
At the conclusion of the evidence, both plaintiff and [547]*547defendants offered prayers for instructions to the jury, some of which were granted and others refused.
Among those offered by the defendants were two, numbered the eleventh and twelfth, which prayed the court to instruct the jury, that inasmuch as the plaintiff had admitted the execution of the release given in evidence, and that lie had received the money specified therein to be paid, as the consideration therefor, and that he had not returned or offered to return the money so received, he could not maintain this action. But the court refused to give such instruction, and instructed the jury that the action could be maintained, notwithstanding the money received by the plaintiff had not been returned or offered to be returned to the defendants. This ruling of the court was excepted to, and it forms one of the principal grounds of error assigned on this appeal. And in the view we have of the case, this question relating to the release and the non-return of the money received thereunder, is the only one that need be decided on this appeal.
The execution of the release is not denied by the plaintiff, but he seeks to avoid its operation by showing that it was obtained from him by fraud and deception. He swears and ■contends that the terms of the release are not such as he understood them to be when he signed the paper, and that he was imposed upon and misled by one of the defendants, and witness Loulan acting for the defendants, and that he was induced to sign the release containing terms and limitations less beneficial to him than it was represented to contain, and that he would not have signed the paper if he had correctly understood its contents. He says he could not read the paper and was barely able to write his •name.
The release was executed by the plaintiff a few days after the accident, while he was confined at the hospital in consequence of his injury. It is dated the 7th of January, 1896, and is under the hand and seal of the plaintiff—the signa[548]*548ture being made by a mark. The terms of the instrument are as follows:
“In consideration of the payment by John E. Lyons and Thomas H. Lyons of the sum of—dollars, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and of the agreement on their part to pay me the further sum of five dollars per week for every week that I may be compelled to remain in the .hospital directly by reason of the injury to my leg received at the accident hereinafter named, not exceeding on the whole, however, more than eight weeks, I do hereby release, exonerate, acquit, and forever discharge the said John E. Lyons'and Thomas H. Lyons, individually or as copartners, trading as Lyons and Brother, from any right, claim, or demand of any kind which I have'or may or might have against them or either of them, as individuals or partners, for or on account of any injury, loss, or damage sustained or to be sustained by me by reason of the accident at the Potomac Street sewer, on Potomac near Grace street, in that part of the District of Columbia known as Georgetown, or for or on account of any cause or matter whatever, hereby declaring myself fully paid therefor.”
The plaintiff testifies that he could not read the release when presented to him, but when read to.him he distinctly refused to agree to the terms stated therein, and that it was distinctly understood that he was to receive $5 per week until he was able to work as he had done before he was injured, and he supposed the release had been changed to express that meaning, and not, as recited in the release now produced, that he should receive $5 per week while remaining in the hospital, not to exceed in time more than eight weeks. It is in this alleged discrepancy as to time between what is contained in the release and what the plaintiff says that it was understood that it' should be, that he was deceived and misled. He admits that he intended to execute the release, and he also admits that the defendants paid him $50 on the agreement in sums of $5 for each of ten [549]*549weeks after the date of the release; but he says that the agreement as expressed in the release is not what he thought it was. He admits that he knew that the money he received was for executing the release; and it is conceded that he has never returned, or offered to return, the money thus received. He has not recovered his ability to work such as ho possessed before the injury received.
Of course, if there was no fraud in procuring the release, and the plaintiff voluntarily executed it, it at once formed a complete bar to the action. And even if the plaintiff were deceived in the execution of the instrument, but afterwards, and when fully informed of the contents of the release, and all the facts attending its execution, he ratified the release, he would be bound by it. But if the release was, as contended by the plaintiff, procured from him by any fraudulent device or deception, and he has not subsequently ratified it, he may show the facts in evidence, and avoid the release in an action at law, when set up as a bar to the action. Formerly, this right of avoiding a release under seal, on the ground of fraud, in an action at law, when set up as a defence to the action, was generally denied, and the party was referred to a court of equity, in jurisdictions where the remedies at common law and equity are separate.
But it is now generally held, by a great preponderance of authority, that a release so set up as a defence may be avoided at law. It is a condition, however, to the exercise of the right so to avoid the effect of the release, at law as well as in equity, that the party seeking to rescind or avoid the instrument must restore the consideration received, or put the other party in statu quo; and this principle applies as well in cases of rescission or avoidance on the ground of misrepresentation and fraud as to other cases. Bartlett v. Drake, 100 Mass. 174, and cases cited. It would seem to be but right and just, that a party after accepting a certain sum in settlement of an unliquidated claim for damages under a contract or release, and afterwards seeks to pursue [550]*550his remedy for the damages on the ground that the .settlement was procured by fraud, or is not binding upon him, that he should-first refund the amount received. This principle is settled by many express decisions of courts of the highest authority, though there are cases to be found to the contrary. The great weight of authority, however, is clearly in support of the principle just stated, and we think it just and right upon principles of reason and equity. Coolidge v. Brigham, 1 Metc. 547; Estabrook v. Swett, 116 Mass. 303; Brown v. Hartford Ins. Co., 117 Mass. 479; Mullen v. Old Colony R. Co., 127 Mass. 86; Burton v. Stewart, 3 Wend. 236; Gould v. Bank, 86 N. Y. 75; Bain v. Wilson, 1 J. J. Marshall, 202; Tenn. R. Co. v. Hays, 83 Ga. 558; Home Ins. Co. v. Howard, 111 Ind. 544; Vandervelden v. Chicago, &c. R. Co., 61 Fed. Rep. 54.
The principle, as established by the ■ authorities, is well stated by the Supreme Court of Massachusetts,,in the case of Drohan v. Lake Shore, &c., R. Co., 162 Mass. 435. In that case, the question was as to the effect of retaining money paid for a release, obtained under such circumstances as would have entitled the plaintiff to avoid the same; and the court, upon full consideration of all the authorities, in its opinion, said : “As, however, the ruling of the court proceeded upon the ground that the action could not be maintained without first tendering back the money received, we proceed to consider this point.
“The general rule is well settled, that, if a person enters into a contract, and afterwards seeks to avoid the effect of the contract on any ground that would entitle him to rescind it, ,he must first restore what he has received;” citing several of the authorities that we have hereinbefore cited. And in referring to the case of Mullen v. Old Colony R. Co., 127 Mass. 86, a case for personal injuries where the defence was a settlement of the case for $450, by .an instrument in writing signed by the plaintiff by his mark, the court said: “The plaintiff’s evidence in that case tended to show that [551]*551he was blind and, illiterate, and that he was induced to affix Ills mark to the paper by fraudulent representations that the money was given to him as a gratuity, and to support him until the trial, and without prejudice to his claim against the defendant. The court held that, if the jury believed this evidence, it wras not necessary for the plaintiff to pay the money back. In other words, the decision was, that if the payment was a gratuity, or related to a part only of the cause of action, it was not necessary to return the money, so far as the rest of the cause of action was concerned.”
In the recent case of Girard v. St. Louis Car Wheel Co., 123 Mo. 358, the question here presented was quite fully discussed, but the court of seven judges were divided in opinion, four to three, as to the final conclusion, the majority founding their conclusions upon different views of the ease, expressed in separate opinions, neither of which seems to treat the question we are now considering as necessarily involved in the case as then presented; while the minority of three discuss the precise question here presented, regarding it as properly presented in that case, and they held, that when one has received anything of value on a settlement of a right of action, and executed a release therefor, the contract of settlement, although obtained by fraud and misrepresentation, constitutes an insuperable barrier against a recovery at law so long as it is not rescinded or avoided by a return, or an offer to return, of the consideration paid for it. In the opinion of the minority, it is said, “The authorities are almost unanimous in holding that where money or any other valuable thing is paid, on a settlement to obtain a release of any right of action, before the person to whom it is paid and who has the right of action can recover on it, he must return, or offer to return, whatever he has received, if of any value, and this he must do, although the settlement or release was obtained by fraud. And it is also manifest from the decided weight of authority that the offer to [552]*552return whatever of value has been received as a consideration for the settlement or release must be made before or at the time the suit is brought, and the contract or agreement, in so far as it lies in the power of the party desiring to do so, rescinded.”' In support of this principle several cases are cited, and we think the principle thus stated is in all respects correct, and fully sustained by the authorities, those cited, and others not cited.
It is no answer to the objection that the money has not been returned, or offered to be returned, that the amount received by the plaintiff under the release has been discounted from the verdict. Suppose the verdict had been found for the defendants, because of insufficient proof of negligence on their part, or because of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff, what would have been the predicament of the defendants in respect to the money paid under the release? Clearly they could have no recourse to recover it back from the plaintiff. The plaintiff can not be allowed both to affirm and disaffirm, according as the case may terminate; he can not affirm for what he has received, and disaffirm and repudiate the release as to the difference between that amount and what he might expect to recover by the verdict of the jury. He must disaffirm and rescind the release in toto, if the facts justify him in so doing, and return or offer to return what he has received under it, before bringing his action.
It follows that the judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded; and it is so ordered.
Judgment reversed, and cause remanded.