CANTY, J.
Maria B. Dayton (or, since ber remarriage, Maria B. Nell) is tbe mother of Lyman O. Dayton. She was formerly tbe owner of all tbe real estate bere in controversy. May I. Dayton was tbe wife of Lyman C. Dayton from some time prior to 1868 until tbe time of ber death, on June 8, 1891. From time to time, between 1868 and 1880, Lyman C. Dayton procured bis mother, by various deeds, to convey portions of said real estate to bis wife, and procured his mother’s attorney in fact, Gen. R. W. Johnson, to make in ber name other deeds of other portions of said real estate to bis said wife. Lyman O. Dayton himself received these deeds, and put most of them on record. In this way tbe title to all of said real estate became vested in bis wife. This action was brought by Lyman O. Dayton to have it declared by tbe court that May I. Dayton held all of said real estate in trust for him. Since his death, which occurred after tbe trial, the action has been continued by his executor. James C. Reed, tbe son and devisee of May I. Dayton, was appointed ber executor, and be is made defendant. The other defendants claim title to tbe greater portion of this real [7]*7estate by reason of an execution sale on a judgment against May I. Dayton in her lifetime. The result of former litigation concerning this execution sale appears in Dayton v. Corser, 51 Minn. 406, 53 N. W. 717. The case was tried before the court without a jury, and judgment ordered for defendants. From an order denying his motion for a new trial, plaintiff appeals.
1. The original complaint alleges that in 1868, and ever since until the time of her death, May I. Dayton was the wife of plaintiff Lyman C. Dayton. After the commencement of the trial, plaintiff moved to amend his complaint by alleging that she never was his wife, but that prior to her marriage with him, to wit, in 1835, she married one Willoughby H. Reed, and continued to be his wife until he died, in 1890; that plaintiff always supposed she was his wife; and that she fraudulently procured plaintiff to take all of said conveyances to her, instead of to plaintiff himself, by fraudulently holding herself out to him as his lawful wife. The amendment was intended to raise in plaintiff’s favor a trust ex maleficio in her. The court denied the motion, and this is assigned as error. It is well-settled law that such a motion to amend a pleading is addressed to the discretion of the court, and we cannot see that in this case the court below abused its discretion.
2. The plaintiff offered in evidence two unrecorded deeds purporting to be made by May I. Dayton and Lyman C. Dayton to one Stevens, one dated September 22, 1880, and the other January 5, 1887. These were followed by showing a subsequent unrecorded conveyance from Stevens to Lyman C. Dayton. These conveyances purported to transfer the title to all of said real estate from May I. Dayton to Lyman O. Dayton. The trial court found in effect that the first two deeds are forgeries, and, so far as they purport to be the deeds of May I. Dayton, we are of the opinion that the finding is sustained by the evidence. We will not discuss this evidence in detail, but will say that not only did the developments on the trial seem to warrant the court’s finding, but the fact that for many years, both before and since his wife’s death, Lyman C. Dayton has sought through the courts to recover this property, but has never before claimed to have ajiy such conveyances of it, is also a circumstance tending to support that finding.
3. Lyman O. Dayton also offered in evidence a written instrument [8]*8dated August 15, 1885, purporting to be a written declaration of trust signed by May I. Dayton, in which all of said real estate is described, and in which it is recited: “That the conveyances of said real property have been made to me at the instance of my said husband, and no consideration was paid therefor by me in any instance, nor was there at any time any delivery of the deed or deeds therefor made to me, but to my said husband. That all of said conveyances were of real property originally belonging to the estate of Lyman Dayton, deceased, and were made by his widow, Mrs. Maria B. Dayton, and after her marriage to one M. Nell, as Maria B. Nell, with her said husband, or by Bichard W. Johnson, their attorney in fact, to her son, the said Lyman C. Dayton, and for his exclusive use and benefit, under agreements for the conveyance of such property of the estate of his father, said Lyman Dayton, deceased, or for consideration of love and affection of the mother for her son, or for other considerations or transactions between the parties.” Said written instrument further provides: “I, May I. Dayton, wife of Lyman C. Dayton, * * * do hereby certify and acknowledge that all of the following described real property, situated in the state of Minnesota, is held by me in trust for said Lyman C. Dayton, and the same, nor any part thereof, is to be conveyed or alienated by' me in any manner whatsoever, except to my said husband, without his consent, and he joining with me in the said conveyance or alienation.”
As we understand the- findings of the trial court, he found this instrument also to be a forgery; but whether or not the finding is sustained by the evidence we will not consider, as we are of the opinion that in any event the instrument is void under the statute. G-. S. 1894, § 5534, provides: “No contract between a husband and wife, the one with the other, relative to the real estate of either or any interest therein, shall be valid, nor shall any power of attorney or other authority from the one to the other to convey real estate or any interest therein be of any force.” If by the conveyances from Mrs. Nell to May I. Dayton the title to the property became absolutely vested in the latter, so that her husband had no valid right or claim to it, except such inchoate right as he had by reason of being her husband, then under this statute there was no written instrument which she could make which would give him any greater right. If she could not by any such written contract directly vest in him any such right, she [9]*9could not indirectly rest it in him by admitting that she had prior thereto made an oral contract by which she agreed to rest it in him. If a written contract which purports in itself to speak the original words of the parties cannot be enforced, then a written contract, covering the same ground, which merely purports to reduce a prior verbal contract to writing, cannot be enforced. This disposes of the written declaration of trust.
4. There is no question better settled than that a mere verbal declaration of trust, where there is no fraud or bad faith except that which arises from merely refusing to carry out the promise, is void as within the statute of frauds (G. S. 1894, § 4213) and the statute of uses and trusts (§ 4280). Mercantile Nat. Bank v. Parsons, 54 Minn. 56, 55 N. W. 825; Connelly v. Sheridan, 41 Minn. 18, 42 N. W. 595. See, also, Wolford v. Farnham, 44 Minn. 159, 46 N. W. 295; Randall v. Constans, 33 Minn. 329, 23 N. W. 530.
5. The next question is, was there a trust ex maleficio by reason of any fraud or artifice practiced by May I. Dayton which induced the conveyances of the property to her?
Lyman C. Dayton was the only' child of Mrs. Nell. . The property was originally a part of his father’s estate, and it sufficiently appears that the conveyances by her to his wife were intended largely for his benefit. The testimony offered.on behalf of plaintiff shows that May T. Dayton had little or nothing to do with procuring those deeds. But Mrs. Nell testified that before any of the deeds were made to May I.
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CANTY, J.
Maria B. Dayton (or, since ber remarriage, Maria B. Nell) is tbe mother of Lyman O. Dayton. She was formerly tbe owner of all tbe real estate bere in controversy. May I. Dayton was tbe wife of Lyman C. Dayton from some time prior to 1868 until tbe time of ber death, on June 8, 1891. From time to time, between 1868 and 1880, Lyman C. Dayton procured bis mother, by various deeds, to convey portions of said real estate to bis wife, and procured his mother’s attorney in fact, Gen. R. W. Johnson, to make in ber name other deeds of other portions of said real estate to bis said wife. Lyman O. Dayton himself received these deeds, and put most of them on record. In this way tbe title to all of said real estate became vested in bis wife. This action was brought by Lyman O. Dayton to have it declared by tbe court that May I. Dayton held all of said real estate in trust for him. Since his death, which occurred after tbe trial, the action has been continued by his executor. James C. Reed, tbe son and devisee of May I. Dayton, was appointed ber executor, and be is made defendant. The other defendants claim title to tbe greater portion of this real [7]*7estate by reason of an execution sale on a judgment against May I. Dayton in her lifetime. The result of former litigation concerning this execution sale appears in Dayton v. Corser, 51 Minn. 406, 53 N. W. 717. The case was tried before the court without a jury, and judgment ordered for defendants. From an order denying his motion for a new trial, plaintiff appeals.
1. The original complaint alleges that in 1868, and ever since until the time of her death, May I. Dayton was the wife of plaintiff Lyman C. Dayton. After the commencement of the trial, plaintiff moved to amend his complaint by alleging that she never was his wife, but that prior to her marriage with him, to wit, in 1835, she married one Willoughby H. Reed, and continued to be his wife until he died, in 1890; that plaintiff always supposed she was his wife; and that she fraudulently procured plaintiff to take all of said conveyances to her, instead of to plaintiff himself, by fraudulently holding herself out to him as his lawful wife. The amendment was intended to raise in plaintiff’s favor a trust ex maleficio in her. The court denied the motion, and this is assigned as error. It is well-settled law that such a motion to amend a pleading is addressed to the discretion of the court, and we cannot see that in this case the court below abused its discretion.
2. The plaintiff offered in evidence two unrecorded deeds purporting to be made by May I. Dayton and Lyman C. Dayton to one Stevens, one dated September 22, 1880, and the other January 5, 1887. These were followed by showing a subsequent unrecorded conveyance from Stevens to Lyman C. Dayton. These conveyances purported to transfer the title to all of said real estate from May I. Dayton to Lyman O. Dayton. The trial court found in effect that the first two deeds are forgeries, and, so far as they purport to be the deeds of May I. Dayton, we are of the opinion that the finding is sustained by the evidence. We will not discuss this evidence in detail, but will say that not only did the developments on the trial seem to warrant the court’s finding, but the fact that for many years, both before and since his wife’s death, Lyman C. Dayton has sought through the courts to recover this property, but has never before claimed to have ajiy such conveyances of it, is also a circumstance tending to support that finding.
3. Lyman O. Dayton also offered in evidence a written instrument [8]*8dated August 15, 1885, purporting to be a written declaration of trust signed by May I. Dayton, in which all of said real estate is described, and in which it is recited: “That the conveyances of said real property have been made to me at the instance of my said husband, and no consideration was paid therefor by me in any instance, nor was there at any time any delivery of the deed or deeds therefor made to me, but to my said husband. That all of said conveyances were of real property originally belonging to the estate of Lyman Dayton, deceased, and were made by his widow, Mrs. Maria B. Dayton, and after her marriage to one M. Nell, as Maria B. Nell, with her said husband, or by Bichard W. Johnson, their attorney in fact, to her son, the said Lyman C. Dayton, and for his exclusive use and benefit, under agreements for the conveyance of such property of the estate of his father, said Lyman Dayton, deceased, or for consideration of love and affection of the mother for her son, or for other considerations or transactions between the parties.” Said written instrument further provides: “I, May I. Dayton, wife of Lyman C. Dayton, * * * do hereby certify and acknowledge that all of the following described real property, situated in the state of Minnesota, is held by me in trust for said Lyman C. Dayton, and the same, nor any part thereof, is to be conveyed or alienated by' me in any manner whatsoever, except to my said husband, without his consent, and he joining with me in the said conveyance or alienation.”
As we understand the- findings of the trial court, he found this instrument also to be a forgery; but whether or not the finding is sustained by the evidence we will not consider, as we are of the opinion that in any event the instrument is void under the statute. G-. S. 1894, § 5534, provides: “No contract between a husband and wife, the one with the other, relative to the real estate of either or any interest therein, shall be valid, nor shall any power of attorney or other authority from the one to the other to convey real estate or any interest therein be of any force.” If by the conveyances from Mrs. Nell to May I. Dayton the title to the property became absolutely vested in the latter, so that her husband had no valid right or claim to it, except such inchoate right as he had by reason of being her husband, then under this statute there was no written instrument which she could make which would give him any greater right. If she could not by any such written contract directly vest in him any such right, she [9]*9could not indirectly rest it in him by admitting that she had prior thereto made an oral contract by which she agreed to rest it in him. If a written contract which purports in itself to speak the original words of the parties cannot be enforced, then a written contract, covering the same ground, which merely purports to reduce a prior verbal contract to writing, cannot be enforced. This disposes of the written declaration of trust.
4. There is no question better settled than that a mere verbal declaration of trust, where there is no fraud or bad faith except that which arises from merely refusing to carry out the promise, is void as within the statute of frauds (G. S. 1894, § 4213) and the statute of uses and trusts (§ 4280). Mercantile Nat. Bank v. Parsons, 54 Minn. 56, 55 N. W. 825; Connelly v. Sheridan, 41 Minn. 18, 42 N. W. 595. See, also, Wolford v. Farnham, 44 Minn. 159, 46 N. W. 295; Randall v. Constans, 33 Minn. 329, 23 N. W. 530.
5. The next question is, was there a trust ex maleficio by reason of any fraud or artifice practiced by May I. Dayton which induced the conveyances of the property to her?
Lyman C. Dayton was the only' child of Mrs. Nell. . The property was originally a part of his father’s estate, and it sufficiently appears that the conveyances by her to his wife were intended largely for his benefit. The testimony offered.on behalf of plaintiff shows that May T. Dayton had little or nothing to do with procuring those deeds. But Mrs. Nell testified that before any of the deeds were made to May I. Dayton, the Avitness was told by her that she had no relatives. Said the witness: “Whenever I talked with her, she always told me that she had no relatives, that her mother died in a lunatic asylum, and that her people were all dead, and she had nobody but Mr. Dayton. Time and again she told me that.” “Q. What else did she say? A. Well, that she had no other relative; Mr. Dayton was all the world, all she had, all the relative or friend she had, and if she died her property Avent to Mr. Dayton.” “Q. What representations at the time those deeds were made, if any, did May I. Dayton make as to her having any children? A. She said she had no children, — never had.” This testimony is repeated and reiterated time and again in different forms, is corroborated to some extent by the testimony of Lyman C. Dayton, and is not directly contradicted by any evidence in the case.
[10]*10We are of the opinion that the trial court would have been justified in finding a trust ex maleficio on this evidence. Such evidence might bring the case within the class of cases in which the court declares a trust ex maleficio by reason of the artifices of the grantee in procuring the property to be conveyed to him. See 2 Pomeroy, Eq. Jur. § 1053. But we are also of the opinion that the evidence was not so conclusive in favor of plaintiff that the trial court was bound to find for him. In the first place, May I. Dayton was dead at the time the evidence was given of her alleged statements. This detracts from the conclusiveness of the evidence that such statements were ever in fact made. In the next place, even if it should be conclusively held that these statements were in fact made, it is not conclusive from the evidence that they induced or influenced the making of the deeds to her. The evidence of both Mrs. Nell and Lyman ■C. Dayton shows that one of the motives for making the deeds to May I. Dayton instead of to Lyman C. Dayton was to avoid the payment of a number of judgments against him. The evidence also tends to prove that the deeds obtained directly from Mrs. Nell were obtained by Lyman C. Dayton himself after much quarreling with his mother, •and after making threats to do violence to her or some one else, and the deeds obtained from her attorney in fact, Johnson, were so obtained by Lyman C. Dayton himself without the knowledge or consent of his mother. The evidence also tends to show that both Lyman O. Dayton and his mother must have known that May I. Dayton was sailing under false colors. He claims nothing but a common-law marriage to her, and just when he commenced to acknowledge her as his wife is, from the evidence, exceedingly vague and indefinite. She came here with him from New York in May, 1865, a short time before his father’s death. Mrs. Nell testified that she knew her then as May I. Etting, and some time afterwards made the first deed to her by that name, and delivered the deed to Lyman C. Dayton. We must infer from the evidence of Mrs. Nell that she knew that Lyman C. and May I. were then living and cohabiting together as man and wife, but that she did not go by his name. Subsequently May I., by the name of May I. Etting, deeded back to Mrs. Nell the property so conveyed to her by that deed, and Mrs. Nell again conveyed it to May I. by the name of May I. Dayton. So far as shown by the evidence, the mother does not appear to have ob[11]*11jected to the peculiar relations existing tip to this time between this woman and her son, and we cannot hold that the evidence conclusively proves that Mrs. Nell did not then know that this woman was the adventuress which she now claims that she was. The trial court found “that neither said grantors [Mrs. Nell and her husband] nor said Lyman C. Dayton were induced to make said deeds, or any of them, to said May I. Dayton, or to cause the title to said lands, or any thereof, to be placed in her name, by any statements, promises, or agreements of said May I. Dayton.” Under the circumstances we cannot hold that this finding is contrary to the evidence. This renders it unnecessary for us to consider the effect of the judgment in the case of Dayton v. Corser, supra.
This disposes of the case, except as to one question. The trial court found as a conclusion of law that as the surviving husband of May I. Dayton, deceased, Lyman C. Dayton is the owner of an undivided one-third of all of said real estate, “subject to the payment of the debts of said deceased and the administration of said estate of May I. Dayton, and that said plaintiff Lyman C. Dayton has no other title to or right or interest in said real estate, or any part or portion thereof.” To what extent, if any, his statutory share of his deceased wife’s property is subject to her debts, we will not consider. This action is not a proper one in which to determine that question, but it should be left open for determination in the probate court, which has exclusive original jurisdiction for that purpose. We are of the opinion that the portion of the fourth conclusion of law above quoted should be modified so as to read as follows: “Subject to the rights of the creditors of said deceased and those holding claims against her estate, all of such rights to be determined by proper proceedings for that purpose.”
It is ordered that the conclusions of law be so modified, and that in all other respects the order appealed from be affirmed.