Opinion issued December 30, 2014
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-14-00003-CR ——————————— LUIS FELIPE SILVA-AGUILAR, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 262nd District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 1374877
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Luis Felipe Silva-Aguilar was charged by indictment with the first-degree
felony offense of possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance, namely,
1 heroin, weighing at least 400 grams.1 The jury found appellant guilty and the trial
court assessed punishment at twenty-three years’ confinement and a $1,000 fine. In
his sole point of error, appellant contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to
support the jury’s finding that he exercised care, control, or management of the
premises where the controlled substance was discovered. We affirm.
Background
On December 18, 2012, in the course of a narcotics investigation, Houston
Police Department Officer Jason Dunn was conducting surveillance on a residence
located at 11130 Bentley when he observed appellant drive from the residence to
another residence located at 3907 Sandy Meadow Lane and move furniture into the
second residence. Over the next few weeks, Dunn continued to conduct surveillance
on the Sandy Meadow residence during which he periodically observed appellant and
a woman entering and leaving the home.
On January 23, 2013, Dunn saw appellant leave the Sandy Meadows residence
in a white Ford Escape. He followed appellant to a feed store and observed appellant
leave the store with a yellow bucket of MSM, which Dunn and the State’s forensic
chemist testified is a common cutting agent for methamphetamine. After appellant
failed to signal a left-hand turn, Dunn radioed Officer Susanna Salazar2 who stopped
1 See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.112(a) & (f) (West 2010). 2 Salazar was known by her maiden name, Sealy, at the time of the events in question. 2 appellant’s vehicle for the traffic violation. When appellant was unable to produce
any identification or proof of insurance, Salazar arrested him. When Dunn arrived at
the scene, Salazar translated Dunn’s questions for appellant into Spanish and
appellant’s responses into English for Dunn. Salazar asked for appellant’s consent to
search his residence. Appellant consented and Salazar drove him to the Sandy
Meadow residence that appellant said was his. Once outside, appellant signed a
written consent form authorizing the officers’ search.
As Dunn and Salazar, now joined by two other officers, began the search, an
unidentified woman who claimed that she lived there walked in and out of the
home. The search yielded two baggies of methamphetamine in a black bag, $3,845
in a men’s jacket, and 34.8 grams of methamphetamine and several bricks of heroin
weighing more than four hundred grams inside the garage attic of the residence.
Discussion
Appellant’s point of error contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that he possessed a controlled substance with intent to
deliver. Specifically, he argues that the evidence to show that he exercised care,
control, or management of the premises where the heroin was discovered was legally
insufficient.
A. Standard of Review
3 We review evidentiary sufficiency challenges under the Jackson v. Virginia
standard. See Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Under
this standard, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and
ask whether any rational fact-finder could have found that each essential element of
the charged offense was proven beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S.
307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2009). Our review includes both direct and circumstantial evidence, as
well as any reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom. See Clayton v.
State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The jury is the sole judge of the
credibility of witnesses and the weight to give that testimony, and our role on appeal
is simply to ensure that the evidence supports the jury’s verdict. Montgomery v.
State, 369 S.W.3d 188, 192 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). The jury may reasonably infer
facts from the evidence presented, credit the witnesses it chooses, disbelieve any or
all of the evidence or testimony proffered, and weigh the evidence as it sees fit. See
Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Inconsistencies in the
evidence are resolved in favor of the verdict. See Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 406
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
B. Applicable Law
To prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State must prove
that the accused (1) exercised control, management, or care over the substance, and
4 (2) knew the matter possessed was contraband. Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 161
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006); see also TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.002(38)
(West 2010) (“‘Possession’ means actual care, custody, control, or management.’”).
Possession, however, need not be exclusive. Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402,
406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). When the accused is not in exclusive possession of the
place where the controlled substance is found, then additional, independent facts and
circumstances must affirmatively link the accused to the substance in such a way that
it can reasonably be concluded that the accused possessed the substance and had
knowledge of it. Kibble v. State, 340 S.W.3d 14, 18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2010, pet. ref’d). In other words, whether direct or circumstantial, the evidence
“must establish, to the requisite level of confidence, that the accused’s connection
with the [contraband] was more than just fortuitous.” Brown v. State, 911 S.W.2d
744, 747 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
Links that may circumstantially establish the sufficiency of the evidence to
prove knowing possession include (1) the defendant’s presence when a search is
conducted; (2) whether the substance was in plain view; (3) the defendant’s
proximity to and the accessibility of the substance; (4) whether the defendant was
under the influence of narcotics when arrested; (5) whether the defendant
possessed other contraband or narcotics when arrested; (6) whether the defendant
made incriminating statements when arrested; (7) whether the defendant attempted to
5 flee; (8) whether the defendant made furtive gestures; (9) whether there was an odor
of contraband; (10) whether other contraband or drug paraphernalia were present;
(11) whether the defendant owned or had the right to possess the place where the
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Opinion issued December 30, 2014
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-14-00003-CR ——————————— LUIS FELIPE SILVA-AGUILAR, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 262nd District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 1374877
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Luis Felipe Silva-Aguilar was charged by indictment with the first-degree
felony offense of possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance, namely,
1 heroin, weighing at least 400 grams.1 The jury found appellant guilty and the trial
court assessed punishment at twenty-three years’ confinement and a $1,000 fine. In
his sole point of error, appellant contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to
support the jury’s finding that he exercised care, control, or management of the
premises where the controlled substance was discovered. We affirm.
Background
On December 18, 2012, in the course of a narcotics investigation, Houston
Police Department Officer Jason Dunn was conducting surveillance on a residence
located at 11130 Bentley when he observed appellant drive from the residence to
another residence located at 3907 Sandy Meadow Lane and move furniture into the
second residence. Over the next few weeks, Dunn continued to conduct surveillance
on the Sandy Meadow residence during which he periodically observed appellant and
a woman entering and leaving the home.
On January 23, 2013, Dunn saw appellant leave the Sandy Meadows residence
in a white Ford Escape. He followed appellant to a feed store and observed appellant
leave the store with a yellow bucket of MSM, which Dunn and the State’s forensic
chemist testified is a common cutting agent for methamphetamine. After appellant
failed to signal a left-hand turn, Dunn radioed Officer Susanna Salazar2 who stopped
1 See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.112(a) & (f) (West 2010). 2 Salazar was known by her maiden name, Sealy, at the time of the events in question. 2 appellant’s vehicle for the traffic violation. When appellant was unable to produce
any identification or proof of insurance, Salazar arrested him. When Dunn arrived at
the scene, Salazar translated Dunn’s questions for appellant into Spanish and
appellant’s responses into English for Dunn. Salazar asked for appellant’s consent to
search his residence. Appellant consented and Salazar drove him to the Sandy
Meadow residence that appellant said was his. Once outside, appellant signed a
written consent form authorizing the officers’ search.
As Dunn and Salazar, now joined by two other officers, began the search, an
unidentified woman who claimed that she lived there walked in and out of the
home. The search yielded two baggies of methamphetamine in a black bag, $3,845
in a men’s jacket, and 34.8 grams of methamphetamine and several bricks of heroin
weighing more than four hundred grams inside the garage attic of the residence.
Discussion
Appellant’s point of error contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that he possessed a controlled substance with intent to
deliver. Specifically, he argues that the evidence to show that he exercised care,
control, or management of the premises where the heroin was discovered was legally
insufficient.
A. Standard of Review
3 We review evidentiary sufficiency challenges under the Jackson v. Virginia
standard. See Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Under
this standard, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and
ask whether any rational fact-finder could have found that each essential element of
the charged offense was proven beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S.
307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2009). Our review includes both direct and circumstantial evidence, as
well as any reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom. See Clayton v.
State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The jury is the sole judge of the
credibility of witnesses and the weight to give that testimony, and our role on appeal
is simply to ensure that the evidence supports the jury’s verdict. Montgomery v.
State, 369 S.W.3d 188, 192 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). The jury may reasonably infer
facts from the evidence presented, credit the witnesses it chooses, disbelieve any or
all of the evidence or testimony proffered, and weigh the evidence as it sees fit. See
Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Inconsistencies in the
evidence are resolved in favor of the verdict. See Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 406
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
B. Applicable Law
To prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State must prove
that the accused (1) exercised control, management, or care over the substance, and
4 (2) knew the matter possessed was contraband. Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 161
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006); see also TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.002(38)
(West 2010) (“‘Possession’ means actual care, custody, control, or management.’”).
Possession, however, need not be exclusive. Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402,
406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). When the accused is not in exclusive possession of the
place where the controlled substance is found, then additional, independent facts and
circumstances must affirmatively link the accused to the substance in such a way that
it can reasonably be concluded that the accused possessed the substance and had
knowledge of it. Kibble v. State, 340 S.W.3d 14, 18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2010, pet. ref’d). In other words, whether direct or circumstantial, the evidence
“must establish, to the requisite level of confidence, that the accused’s connection
with the [contraband] was more than just fortuitous.” Brown v. State, 911 S.W.2d
744, 747 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
Links that may circumstantially establish the sufficiency of the evidence to
prove knowing possession include (1) the defendant’s presence when a search is
conducted; (2) whether the substance was in plain view; (3) the defendant’s
proximity to and the accessibility of the substance; (4) whether the defendant was
under the influence of narcotics when arrested; (5) whether the defendant
possessed other contraband or narcotics when arrested; (6) whether the defendant
made incriminating statements when arrested; (7) whether the defendant attempted to
5 flee; (8) whether the defendant made furtive gestures; (9) whether there was an odor
of contraband; (10) whether other contraband or drug paraphernalia were present;
(11) whether the defendant owned or had the right to possess the place where the
substance was found; (12) whether the place where the substance was found was
enclosed; (13) whether the defendant was found with a large amount of cash; and
(14) whether the conduct of the defendant indicated a consciousness of guilt. Evans,
202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12.
Not all of these factors must be proved; rather, we must consider the
cumulative logical force the factors have in proving possession. See James v. State,
264 S.W.3d 215, 219 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d). Additionally,
absence of some of the factors is not evidence of innocence that must be weighed
against the factors that are present. Id. Rather, the factors are used to assess the
sufficiency of the evidence linking the defendant to knowing possession of
contraband. See Allen v. State, 249 S.W.3d 680, 694 n.13 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008,
no pet.) (explaining that presence or absence of factors “aid[s] appellate courts in
determining the legal sufficiency of the evidence in knowing possession of
contraband cases”). Because there was evidence presented of the unidentified
woman who told officers that she lived in the house coming and going during the
search, we examine whether there are sufficient affirmative links between appellant
and the cash and drugs. See Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at 406.
6 C. Analysis
The record reflects that although appellant was not present when the search
was conducted, appellant was the last person Dunn observed occupying the house
before the officers commenced their search. See Haggerty v. State, 429 S.W.3d 1, 7
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d) (noting evidence showing
defendant was last person to leave home before search supported affirmative link
between defendant and contraband). Although Dunn interrupted his surveillance to
follow appellant to the feed store, no other evidence suggests that anyone else entered
the house during his absence. Further, although the unidentified woman entered the
house after the search had begun, the jury could have reasonably inferred that the
house, as the officers found it when they began their search, would have been in the
same condition as it was when appellant left before going to the feed store. See id.
In the course of his investigation, Dunn saw appellant move furniture into the
Sandy Meadow house, and over the next few weeks, saw appellant and the
unidentified woman enter and leave the residence periodically. Appellant consented
to the search at the time of the traffic stop and was driven straight to the Sandy
Meadows house which he claimed was his. Outside the house, appellant again
provided his consent to search, this time in writing. A rational inference from these
facts (appellant’s oral and written consent to the search, along with Dunn witnessing
7 appellant moving furniture into the residence as well as entering and leaving the
home over several weeks) is that appellant had a right to possession of the
home. See id.
The record also reflects that several bricks of heroin (as well as a portion of the
methamphetamine), were found inside the residence’s closed garage attic that was
accessible only by a ladder. See Triplett v. State, 292 S.W.3d 205, 210 (Tex. App.—
Amarillo 2009, pet. ref’d) (concluding that garage in which contraband was found
could be considered enclosed space and provided link connecting defendant to
contraband); see also Williams v. State, 01-09-00257-CR, 01-09-00258-CR, 2010
WL 2991097, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 29, 2010, pet. ref’d) (mem.
op., not designated for publication) (finding garage in which contraband was found
was enclosed space and linked defendant to contraband). The baggies of
methamphetamine, as well, were found in a bedroom closet, typically accessible only
to a resident.
Officers also discovered $3,845 in a men’s jacket in the bedroom closet.
Although the unidentified woman told officers that she lived in the house, a
reasonable inference was that the large amount of cash found in a men’s jacket in the
bedroom closet of appellant’s residence belonged to appellant. See Ex parte Stowe,
744 S.W.2d 615, 618 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no pet.) (finding
affirmative link established when contraband found in male defendant’s closet
8 containing men’s clothing). Finally, although not one of the enumerated factors, we
note that Dunn observed appellant loading a large bucket of MSM into his car that
was subsequently discovered during the traffic stop. Dunn and the State’s forensic
chemist testified that MSM is known as a common cutting agent for
methamphetamine, one of the illegal substances found in the bedroom closet and the
garage attic of appellant’s residence.
As noted above, it is not the number of links that is dispositive, but rather, the
logical force of all of the evidence, both direct and circumstantial. Evans, 202
S.W.2d at 162; Nhem v. State, 129 S.W.3d 696, 699–700 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st
Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (finding links consisting of defendant’s personal belongings
found in same room as controlled substance and controlled substance found on
defendant’s person were sufficient to affirm where defendant was arrested
outside of house and defendant was not in exclusive possession of house). Viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that a rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense, including
the element of possession, beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, we overrule
appellant’s sole point of error.
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
9 Jim Sharp Justice
Panel consists of Justices Higley, Bland, and Sharp.
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).