NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ______________
No. 20-1421 ______________
LUIS RAMOS CRUZ,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
______________
On Petition For Review of an Order of the Immigration Court (Agency Case No.: A087-622-304) Immigration Judge: Alice Song Hartye _____________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) October 20, 2020 ______________
Before: GREENAWAY, JR., COWEN, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion filed: January 8, 2021) ______________
OPINION ______________ FUENTES, Circuit Judge.
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. Luis Ramos Cruz petitions for review of an Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”)
determination, in a reasonable fear proceeding, that he was not entitled to relief from
reinstatement of his prior removal order. For the following reasons, we will deny the
petition.
I.
Ramos Cruz is a native and citizen of Honduras. In 2009, he unlawfully entered
the United States and was served with an expedited order of removal and was removed.
Later that same year, however, he entered the United States without inspection. Ramos
Cruz lived in Philadelphia without incident until early 2020, when he was apprehended
by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) agents while they were conducting an
unrelated investigation, and was served with an order reinstating the 2009 removal order.
Upon apprehension, Ramos Cruz expressed that he was afraid of returning to Honduras.
Accordingly, he was referred to an asylum officer for a reasonable fear interview
pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 241.8(e).
At the interview, Ramos Cruz, who was represented by counsel, told the asylum
officer that he feared returning to Honduras because he had been attacked by a group of
unidentified drug dealers there. He believed that the drug dealers targeted him because
they mistook him for his brother, who had previously been part of their group and was
selling drugs in their territory. Although the drug dealers attempted to stab Ramos Cruz
in the stomach, he was able to partially deflect the attack and was stabbed in the hand
instead.
2 He reported the incident to the police and was told that they would investigate the
matter. Ramos Cruz, however, did not believe they would ultimately take any steps to
protect him because of police corruption in the country, and he left Honduras before
receiving any update as to the progress of their investigation. His mother, who stayed in
Honduras, followed up on the case a year after the incident, and told Ramos Cruz that, at
that time, the police had not identified his attackers.
Ramos Cruz told the asylum officer that he remained fearful of returning to
Honduras because the drug dealers might again mistake him for his brother, who had
since left the country, and try to kill him. At the end of the interview, Ramos Cruz,
through counsel, argued that he had shown a reasonable possibility that he was eligible
for withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3) based on his membership in a
protected social group comprised of his immediate family members. He also argued that
he had shown a reasonable possibility of eligibility for protection under the Convention
Against Torture (“CAT”) because he would likely be tortured if returned to Honduras
given the impunity offered to criminal organizations there.
The asylum officer disagreed with both arguments. He found that the harm Ramos
Cruz had experienced and still feared was not on account of a protected characteristic, as
required for withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). The asylum officer
also determined that Ramos Cruz had not shown a reasonable possibility of eligibility for
CAT relief because, among other reasons, he could not show that the drug dealers acted
with the consent and acquiescence of the Honduran government.
3 Ramos Cruz sought review of the decision pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 208.31(g), and
the IJ affirmed. The IJ agreed that Ramos Cruz did not face a reasonable possibility of
persecution because the proposed social group was not cognizable. The IJ also agreed
that Ramos Cruz had not established a reasonable possibility that he would be tortured by
or with the acquiescence of the Honduran government, particularly because he was
unable to establish a connection between the drug dealers who had harmed him and the
Honduran police. In so finding, the IJ acknowledged that crime and corruption were
prevalent in Honduras, but stated that “countries try to take steps to deal with those
issues.”1
Ramos Cruz timely filed this petition for review.
II.2
On appeal, Ramos Cruz argues that: (A) the IJ erred in concluding that he did not
show a reasonable possibility of being persecuted or tortured upon removal to Honduras;
and (B) the IJ violated his Due Process rights by relying on extrinsic country condition
evidence to deny his CAT claim. We address each argument in turn.
A.
Here, the record provides ample support for the IJ’s determination that Ramos
Cruz failed to show a reasonable possibility of persecution or torture. Though the parties
dispute the standard of review that applies to an IJ’s negative reasonable fear
1 A.R. 20. 2 We have jurisdiction to review final orders of removal, including reinstatement orders and negative reasonable fear determinations. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1); Bonilla v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 87, 90 n.4 (3d Cir. 2018). 4 determination, this question was recently resolved in Romero v. Attorney General, which
held that the substantial evidence standard applies.3 “Under this ‘extraordinarily
deferential standard,’ we uphold the IJ’s findings if they are ‘supported by reasonable,
substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’”4
First, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s determination that Ramos Cruz failed
to show a reasonable fear of persecution based on a protected characteristic. Ramos Cruz
stated repeatedly that his fear of returning to Honduras was grounded solely in the
concern that the drug dealers would again confuse him for his brother. We have
previously found that family membership alone does not qualify as a “particular social
group.”5 Similarly, “[c]onflicts of a personal nature and isolated criminal acts do not
constitute persecution on account of a protected characteristic.”6 Therefore, substantial
evidence supports the IJ’s finding that Ramos Cruz did not have a reasonable fear of
persecution in Honduras based on a protected characteristic.
Second, substantial evidence also supports the IJ’s conclusion that Ramos Cruz
failed to show that it is more likely than not that he will be tortured “by or at the
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ______________
No. 20-1421 ______________
LUIS RAMOS CRUZ,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
______________
On Petition For Review of an Order of the Immigration Court (Agency Case No.: A087-622-304) Immigration Judge: Alice Song Hartye _____________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) October 20, 2020 ______________
Before: GREENAWAY, JR., COWEN, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion filed: January 8, 2021) ______________
OPINION ______________ FUENTES, Circuit Judge.
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. Luis Ramos Cruz petitions for review of an Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”)
determination, in a reasonable fear proceeding, that he was not entitled to relief from
reinstatement of his prior removal order. For the following reasons, we will deny the
petition.
I.
Ramos Cruz is a native and citizen of Honduras. In 2009, he unlawfully entered
the United States and was served with an expedited order of removal and was removed.
Later that same year, however, he entered the United States without inspection. Ramos
Cruz lived in Philadelphia without incident until early 2020, when he was apprehended
by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) agents while they were conducting an
unrelated investigation, and was served with an order reinstating the 2009 removal order.
Upon apprehension, Ramos Cruz expressed that he was afraid of returning to Honduras.
Accordingly, he was referred to an asylum officer for a reasonable fear interview
pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 241.8(e).
At the interview, Ramos Cruz, who was represented by counsel, told the asylum
officer that he feared returning to Honduras because he had been attacked by a group of
unidentified drug dealers there. He believed that the drug dealers targeted him because
they mistook him for his brother, who had previously been part of their group and was
selling drugs in their territory. Although the drug dealers attempted to stab Ramos Cruz
in the stomach, he was able to partially deflect the attack and was stabbed in the hand
instead.
2 He reported the incident to the police and was told that they would investigate the
matter. Ramos Cruz, however, did not believe they would ultimately take any steps to
protect him because of police corruption in the country, and he left Honduras before
receiving any update as to the progress of their investigation. His mother, who stayed in
Honduras, followed up on the case a year after the incident, and told Ramos Cruz that, at
that time, the police had not identified his attackers.
Ramos Cruz told the asylum officer that he remained fearful of returning to
Honduras because the drug dealers might again mistake him for his brother, who had
since left the country, and try to kill him. At the end of the interview, Ramos Cruz,
through counsel, argued that he had shown a reasonable possibility that he was eligible
for withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3) based on his membership in a
protected social group comprised of his immediate family members. He also argued that
he had shown a reasonable possibility of eligibility for protection under the Convention
Against Torture (“CAT”) because he would likely be tortured if returned to Honduras
given the impunity offered to criminal organizations there.
The asylum officer disagreed with both arguments. He found that the harm Ramos
Cruz had experienced and still feared was not on account of a protected characteristic, as
required for withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). The asylum officer
also determined that Ramos Cruz had not shown a reasonable possibility of eligibility for
CAT relief because, among other reasons, he could not show that the drug dealers acted
with the consent and acquiescence of the Honduran government.
3 Ramos Cruz sought review of the decision pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 208.31(g), and
the IJ affirmed. The IJ agreed that Ramos Cruz did not face a reasonable possibility of
persecution because the proposed social group was not cognizable. The IJ also agreed
that Ramos Cruz had not established a reasonable possibility that he would be tortured by
or with the acquiescence of the Honduran government, particularly because he was
unable to establish a connection between the drug dealers who had harmed him and the
Honduran police. In so finding, the IJ acknowledged that crime and corruption were
prevalent in Honduras, but stated that “countries try to take steps to deal with those
issues.”1
Ramos Cruz timely filed this petition for review.
II.2
On appeal, Ramos Cruz argues that: (A) the IJ erred in concluding that he did not
show a reasonable possibility of being persecuted or tortured upon removal to Honduras;
and (B) the IJ violated his Due Process rights by relying on extrinsic country condition
evidence to deny his CAT claim. We address each argument in turn.
A.
Here, the record provides ample support for the IJ’s determination that Ramos
Cruz failed to show a reasonable possibility of persecution or torture. Though the parties
dispute the standard of review that applies to an IJ’s negative reasonable fear
1 A.R. 20. 2 We have jurisdiction to review final orders of removal, including reinstatement orders and negative reasonable fear determinations. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1); Bonilla v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 87, 90 n.4 (3d Cir. 2018). 4 determination, this question was recently resolved in Romero v. Attorney General, which
held that the substantial evidence standard applies.3 “Under this ‘extraordinarily
deferential standard,’ we uphold the IJ’s findings if they are ‘supported by reasonable,
substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’”4
First, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s determination that Ramos Cruz failed
to show a reasonable fear of persecution based on a protected characteristic. Ramos Cruz
stated repeatedly that his fear of returning to Honduras was grounded solely in the
concern that the drug dealers would again confuse him for his brother. We have
previously found that family membership alone does not qualify as a “particular social
group.”5 Similarly, “[c]onflicts of a personal nature and isolated criminal acts do not
constitute persecution on account of a protected characteristic.”6 Therefore, substantial
evidence supports the IJ’s finding that Ramos Cruz did not have a reasonable fear of
persecution in Honduras based on a protected characteristic.
Second, substantial evidence also supports the IJ’s conclusion that Ramos Cruz
failed to show that it is more likely than not that he will be tortured “by or at the
instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of” the Honduran government.7 As
noted by the IJ, Ramos Cruz reported his attack to the police, who stated that they would
3 972 F.3d 334, 341–42 (3d Cir. 2020). 4 Id. at 340 (quoting Garcia v. Att’y Gen., 665 F.3d 496, 502 (3d Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). 5 See, e.g., id. at 342–43 (finding that membership in stepdaughter’s family did not qualify as a “particular social group”). 6 Gonzalez-Posadas v. Att’y Gen., 781 F.3d 677, 685 (3d Cir. 2015). 7 Auguste v. Ridge, 395 F.3d 123, 151 (3d Cir. 2005). 5 investigate the matter. Though the police had not made an arrest a year after the incident,
their failure to do so is, alone, insufficient to establish acquiescence. This is especially
the case because, as the IJ also noted, Ramos Cruz could not establish any connection
between the particular individuals who targeted him and the Honduran government.8
Thus, there is no basis to disturb the IJ’s determination that Ramos Cruz had not shown a
reasonable possibility that he would be tortured upon return to Honduras.
B.
Finally, Ramos Cruz argues that the IJ violated his procedural Due Process rights
by relying on extrinsic evidence to find that he had not shown a reasonable possibility of
qualifying for protection under CAT. “Aliens facing removal are entitled to due
process,”9 but must show “substantial prejudice” to “prevail on [due process violation]
claims.”10 Our review of these claims is plenary.11
8 “Acquiescence of a public official requires that the public official, prior to the activity constituting torture, have awareness of such activity and thereafter breach his or her legal responsibility to intervene to prevent such activity.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(7). “The applicant can meet this standard even where the government does not have actual knowledge of the torturous activity if he ‘produces sufficient evidence that the government is willfully blind to such activities.’” Myrie v. Att’y Gen., 855 F.3d 509, 516 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting Silva-Rengifo v. Att’y Gen., 473 F.3d 58, 65 (3d Cir. 2007)). Though Ramos Cruz gave examples of reported police corruption, he was unable to tie this corruption to the particular entity he feared. As such, Ramos Cruz has failed to show a reasonable possibility of meeting this standard. 9 Chong v. Dist. Dir., 264 F.3d 378, 386 (3d Cir. 2001) (citing Chlomos v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 516 F.2d 310, 313 (3d Cir. 1975)). 10 Singh v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 533, 541 (3d Cir. 2006) (citing Bonhometre v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 442, 448 (3d Cir. 2005)). 11 Id. (citing Bonhometre, 414 F.3d at 446). 6 Ramos Cruz specifically takes issue with the IJ’s statement that “countries try to
take steps to deal with [crime and corruption],”12 because it “relies on information
concerning Honduras’s efforts to prevent torture that is not in the record.”13 However, as
discussed above, other substantial evidence in the record supports the IJ’s determination
that Ramos Cruz had not shown a reasonable possibility that he would be tortured for
CAT purposes. Therefore, to the extent the IJ committed any error, Ramos Cruz has
failed to show that he was substantially prejudiced by it.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we will deny the petition for review.
12 A.R. 20. 13 Petitioner’s Br. at 26. 7