No. 94-389 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 1995
DEBRA M. LUCERO, on behalf of REBECCA L. BASTIAN, a minor child, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. JESSICA MOORE, Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District, In and for the County of Gallatin, The Honorable Thomas A. Olson, Judge presiding.
COUNSEL OF RECORD: For Appellant: Michael J. Lilly, Esq., Berg, Lilly, Andriolo & Tollefsen, P.C., Bozeman, Montana For Respondent: Gene I. Brown, Esq., Landoe, Brown, Planalp & Braaksma, P.C., Bozeman, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: July 13, 1995 Tkcided: August 8, 1995 Chief Justice J. A. Turnage delivered the Opinion of the Court. Debra Lucero, on behalf of her daughter Rebecca Bastian,l sued
Jessica Moore claiming Moore's negligent operation of a motor
vehicle caused Bastian's injuries. In a trial before the District
Court for the Eighteenth Judicial District, Gallatin County, a jury
found Moore's negligence was not the cause of Bastian's injuries.
Bastian appeals. We affirm in part and reverse in part. The issues on appeal are:
1. Did the District Court err in giving Jury Instruction No.
7 on intervening, superseding causation?
2. Did the District Court err in refusing to give Bastian's
proposed Jury Instruction No. 18 on concurrent causation?
3. Did the District Court err in giving Jury Instruction No.
8 on foreseeability of the intervening act?
Moore, Bastian, and Stephanie Fratz were high school friends.
On the evening of May 29, 1992, the three girls left Belgrade,
Montana, to take the short drive to Bozeman to go to a movie.
Moore drove her parents' Subaru station wagon. She picked up Fratz
and Bastian and the three girls proceeded toward Bozeman on Montana
Highway 10. Bastian sat in the rear seat and Fratz sat in the
front passenger seat. Fratz was turned sideways in her seat,
enabling her to converse with Bastian in the rear seat.
Moore held the steering wheel with one hand placed at the
bottom center of the wheel. In an attempt to "liven up the mood"
1 For simplicity, we will refer to plaintiff in this case as Bastian. 2 of her passengers, Moore pumped the gas pedal and jiggled or "tweaked" the steering wheel. The vehicle swerved slightly from side to side.
At this point the girls' stories vary. Moore and Bastian testified that Fratz reached across the front seat and grabbed the
steering wheel with her right hand. They claimed Fratz took hold
of the steering wheel at approximately the one o'clock position and
pulled it to approximately the five o'clock position. This caused
the vehicle to swerve drastically to the right. Fratz denied "grabbing" the steering wheel. Rather, Fratz testified that she merely contacted it with her left hand. Fratz
claimed that she only moved the steering wheel a few inches.
In any event, after Fratz touched the steering wheel, Moore
grasped the wheel with both hands and attempted to control the
vehicle. Moore overcorrected and was unable to regain control.
The vehicle swerved off the left side of the highway and rolled.
Bastian was thrown from the vehicle. The vehicle came to rest on
top of Bastian, pinning her underneath it.
Bastian suffered three broken bones in her neck as well as a
fractured jaw. She was required to wear a neck brace and underwent
extensive rehabilitation.
Bastian brought suit, claiming that her injuries were a result
of Moore's negligent operation of the vehicle. Moore argued that
Bastian's injuries were caused by Fratz's intervening negligence.
3 Following trial, the jury was presented with a special verdict form. The jury found that Moore was negligent but also found that
her negligence was not the cause of Bastian's injuries.
Bastian appeals on the grounds that the jury was improperly
instructed on the law relevant to the facts presented at trial.
Issue 1
Did the District Court err in giving Jury Instruction No. 7 on
intervening, superseding causation?
The District Court has discretion in instructing the jury and
we will not overturn the court's decision concerning jury instruc-
tions absent an abuse of discretion. Chambers v. Pierson (1994),
266 Mont. 436, 442, 880 P.2d 1350, 1354. Jury instructions must be
read as a whole, taking into account the parties' claims and the
evidence presented. Hall v. Big Sky Lumber and Supply, Inc.
(1993), 261 Mont. 328, 863 P.2d 389. We will reverse the district
court if the instructions are so inconsistent or contradictory that
they would confuse the average juror. Goodnough v. State (1982),
199 Mont. 9, 14, 647 P.2d 364, 367.
The District Court's Jury Instruction No. 7 reads as follows:
A superseding intervening event is an unforeseeable event that occurs after the Defendant's original act of negligence, and the superseding intervening event cuts off the Defendant's liability.
Bastian argues that this instruction is improper. She first claims
that this instruction is inapplicable to the evidence introduced at
trial. She argues that, based on the evidence introduced, this is
a case of concurrent causation, not intervening, superseding
causation. Bastian insists that because Fratz's negligence
4 occurred simultaneously with, or in immediate succession to MooreIs
negligence, concurrent causation, and not intervening, superseding
causation, is the applicable legal doctrine in this case. See Halsey v. Uithof (1975), 166 Mont. 319, 532 P.2d 686; Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 433 and comments.
First, we note that the court sufficiently instructed the jury
on Bastian's theory of the case. Instruction No. 5 reads:
The defendant is liable if her negligence was the cause in fact and proximate cause of plaintiff's inju- ries.
The defendant's conduct is a cause in fact of the plaintiff's injuries if it is a substantial factor in bringing them about.
The defendant's conduct is a proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries if it appears from the facts and circumstances surrounding the incident that an ordinarily prudent person could have foreseen that injury would be a natural and probable consequence of the conduct. However, the specific injury that actually occurred need not have been foreseen.
Instruction No. 6 reads:
In order for the Defendant's conduct to be the proximate cause of the Plaintiff's injuries, it must appear from the facts and circumstances surrounding the accident that the Defendant as an ordinarily prudent person could have foreseen that the Plaintiff's injuries would be the natural and probable consequences of that conduct.
Pursuant to these instructions, the jury could have determined that
Moore's negligence and Fratz's negligence were concurrent causes of
the accident and that each was a proximate cause of Bastian's
injuries. The Court notes that Instruction No. 5 is not grounds
for reversal but is not recommended for future use on the issue of
concurrent causation.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
No. 94-389 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 1995
DEBRA M. LUCERO, on behalf of REBECCA L. BASTIAN, a minor child, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. JESSICA MOORE, Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District, In and for the County of Gallatin, The Honorable Thomas A. Olson, Judge presiding.
COUNSEL OF RECORD: For Appellant: Michael J. Lilly, Esq., Berg, Lilly, Andriolo & Tollefsen, P.C., Bozeman, Montana For Respondent: Gene I. Brown, Esq., Landoe, Brown, Planalp & Braaksma, P.C., Bozeman, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: July 13, 1995 Tkcided: August 8, 1995 Chief Justice J. A. Turnage delivered the Opinion of the Court. Debra Lucero, on behalf of her daughter Rebecca Bastian,l sued
Jessica Moore claiming Moore's negligent operation of a motor
vehicle caused Bastian's injuries. In a trial before the District
Court for the Eighteenth Judicial District, Gallatin County, a jury
found Moore's negligence was not the cause of Bastian's injuries.
Bastian appeals. We affirm in part and reverse in part. The issues on appeal are:
1. Did the District Court err in giving Jury Instruction No.
7 on intervening, superseding causation?
2. Did the District Court err in refusing to give Bastian's
proposed Jury Instruction No. 18 on concurrent causation?
3. Did the District Court err in giving Jury Instruction No.
8 on foreseeability of the intervening act?
Moore, Bastian, and Stephanie Fratz were high school friends.
On the evening of May 29, 1992, the three girls left Belgrade,
Montana, to take the short drive to Bozeman to go to a movie.
Moore drove her parents' Subaru station wagon. She picked up Fratz
and Bastian and the three girls proceeded toward Bozeman on Montana
Highway 10. Bastian sat in the rear seat and Fratz sat in the
front passenger seat. Fratz was turned sideways in her seat,
enabling her to converse with Bastian in the rear seat.
Moore held the steering wheel with one hand placed at the
bottom center of the wheel. In an attempt to "liven up the mood"
1 For simplicity, we will refer to plaintiff in this case as Bastian. 2 of her passengers, Moore pumped the gas pedal and jiggled or "tweaked" the steering wheel. The vehicle swerved slightly from side to side.
At this point the girls' stories vary. Moore and Bastian testified that Fratz reached across the front seat and grabbed the
steering wheel with her right hand. They claimed Fratz took hold
of the steering wheel at approximately the one o'clock position and
pulled it to approximately the five o'clock position. This caused
the vehicle to swerve drastically to the right. Fratz denied "grabbing" the steering wheel. Rather, Fratz testified that she merely contacted it with her left hand. Fratz
claimed that she only moved the steering wheel a few inches.
In any event, after Fratz touched the steering wheel, Moore
grasped the wheel with both hands and attempted to control the
vehicle. Moore overcorrected and was unable to regain control.
The vehicle swerved off the left side of the highway and rolled.
Bastian was thrown from the vehicle. The vehicle came to rest on
top of Bastian, pinning her underneath it.
Bastian suffered three broken bones in her neck as well as a
fractured jaw. She was required to wear a neck brace and underwent
extensive rehabilitation.
Bastian brought suit, claiming that her injuries were a result
of Moore's negligent operation of the vehicle. Moore argued that
Bastian's injuries were caused by Fratz's intervening negligence.
3 Following trial, the jury was presented with a special verdict form. The jury found that Moore was negligent but also found that
her negligence was not the cause of Bastian's injuries.
Bastian appeals on the grounds that the jury was improperly
instructed on the law relevant to the facts presented at trial.
Issue 1
Did the District Court err in giving Jury Instruction No. 7 on
intervening, superseding causation?
The District Court has discretion in instructing the jury and
we will not overturn the court's decision concerning jury instruc-
tions absent an abuse of discretion. Chambers v. Pierson (1994),
266 Mont. 436, 442, 880 P.2d 1350, 1354. Jury instructions must be
read as a whole, taking into account the parties' claims and the
evidence presented. Hall v. Big Sky Lumber and Supply, Inc.
(1993), 261 Mont. 328, 863 P.2d 389. We will reverse the district
court if the instructions are so inconsistent or contradictory that
they would confuse the average juror. Goodnough v. State (1982),
199 Mont. 9, 14, 647 P.2d 364, 367.
The District Court's Jury Instruction No. 7 reads as follows:
A superseding intervening event is an unforeseeable event that occurs after the Defendant's original act of negligence, and the superseding intervening event cuts off the Defendant's liability.
Bastian argues that this instruction is improper. She first claims
that this instruction is inapplicable to the evidence introduced at
trial. She argues that, based on the evidence introduced, this is
a case of concurrent causation, not intervening, superseding
causation. Bastian insists that because Fratz's negligence
4 occurred simultaneously with, or in immediate succession to MooreIs
negligence, concurrent causation, and not intervening, superseding
causation, is the applicable legal doctrine in this case. See Halsey v. Uithof (1975), 166 Mont. 319, 532 P.2d 686; Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 433 and comments.
First, we note that the court sufficiently instructed the jury
on Bastian's theory of the case. Instruction No. 5 reads:
The defendant is liable if her negligence was the cause in fact and proximate cause of plaintiff's inju- ries.
The defendant's conduct is a cause in fact of the plaintiff's injuries if it is a substantial factor in bringing them about.
The defendant's conduct is a proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries if it appears from the facts and circumstances surrounding the incident that an ordinarily prudent person could have foreseen that injury would be a natural and probable consequence of the conduct. However, the specific injury that actually occurred need not have been foreseen.
Instruction No. 6 reads:
In order for the Defendant's conduct to be the proximate cause of the Plaintiff's injuries, it must appear from the facts and circumstances surrounding the accident that the Defendant as an ordinarily prudent person could have foreseen that the Plaintiff's injuries would be the natural and probable consequences of that conduct.
Pursuant to these instructions, the jury could have determined that
Moore's negligence and Fratz's negligence were concurrent causes of
the accident and that each was a proximate cause of Bastian's
injuries. The Court notes that Instruction No. 5 is not grounds
for reversal but is not recommended for future use on the issue of
concurrent causation.
5 Bastian argues that Moore was not entitled to Instruction No. 7 because the two acts of negligence occurred simultaneously or in
immediate succession. As such, Bastian argues this is a case of concurrent causation, not intervening, superseding causation.
We disagree. Determining whether two negligent acts are
concurrent causes of an injury or if one is an intervening,
superseding cause is not controlled by proximity in time, but rather must be determined on a case-by-case basis.
The facts in this case warranted an instruction on interven-
ing, superseding causation. In a factually similar case, the Minnesota Supreme Court phrased the issue and the applicable test
to be applied as follows:
Was the act of defendant Butler in grabbing the steering wheel of the automobile which plaintiff was driving and swinging the vehicle to the left across the highway and into the ditch on the plaintiff's left side such an intervening force as to supersede the original negligence of defendant Knudsen? . . . .
Tested in the light of the above rules, we believe that the act of Butler was unforeseeable; that it was not the normal response to the situation created by Knudsen; and that it was so extraordinary that it must be held to constitute an efficient intervening cause.
Robinson v. Butler (Minn. 19481, 33 N.W.2d 821, 824. The doctrine
of intervening, superseding causation is relevant to the facts of
this case and the court did not abuse its discretion in giving an
instruction on that theory.
We conclude that the District Court did not abuse its
discretion by giving Instruction No. 7, and that the court did not
6 err by failing to instruct further on intervening, superseding cause.
Issue 2
Did the District Court err in refusing to give Bastian's
Bastian's proposed Jury Instruction No. 18 reads:
More than one person may be liable for causing an injury. A defendant may not avoid liability by claiming that some other person, whether or not named as a defendant in this action, helped cause the injury.
Bastian argues her proposed Instruction No. 18 is a proper
statement of Montana law and is applicable to this case.
Bastian's theory of the case is concurrent causation. Moore's theory of the case is intervening, superseding causation. The
court adequately instructed the jury on Bastian's theory of the
case in Instruction Nos. 5 and 6. The court adequately instructed
the jury on Moore's theory of the case in Instruction No. 7.
We conclude that the District Court adequately instructed the
jury on Bastian's theory of the case. We hold that the court did
not abuse its discretion in refusing Bastian's proposed Instruction
No. 18 as it was repetitive, incomplete and confusing in light of
the facts and the other instructions given by the court.
Issue 3
Did the District Court err in giving Jury Instruction No. 8 on
foreseeability of the intervening act?
Instruction No. 8 reads as follows: Plaintiff has the burden of proving by a preponder- ance of the evidence that the acts of Stephanie Fratz were foreseeable by the Defendant, Jessica Moore. 7 Moore raised the issue of intervening, superseding cause as an affirmative defense in her Answer to Complaint and Demand for jury
Trial.
The burden of proof is upon the party raising an affirmative
defense. In E.F. Matelich Const. Co. v. Goodfellow Bros., Inc.
(1985), 217 Mont. 29, 702 P.2d 967, we stated "[wlaiver is an
affirmative defense (Rule 8(c), M.R.Civ.P.) and thus the burden of
proof is on the party raising the affirmative defense." E.F.
Matelich, 702 P.2d at 969. Therefore, the burden of proof is upon
Moore to establish that Fratz's conduct was an intervening,
superseding cause of the accident.
Instruction No. 8 shifts the burden of proof of the affirma-
tive defense of intervening, superseding cause to Bastian. Under
that instruction, Bastian is required to prove that Fratz's conduct
was not an intervening, superseding cause of the accident.
Therefore, Instruction No. 8 wrongfully shifts the burden of
proving an affirmative defense from the defendant Moore to the
plaintiff Bastian.
We conclude that the District Court abused its discretion in
giving Instruction No. 8. The decision of the District Court is affirmed in part and
reversed in part and remanded for a new trial.
Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court
1988 Internal Operating Rules, this decision shall not be cited as precedent and shall be published by its filing as a public document
8 with the Clerk of this Court and by a report of its result to the West Publishing Company.
Chief Justice
We concur: