Lucas v. Lakota

• Court: United States Bankruptcy Court, E.D. California
• Decided: August 17, 2022
• Docket: 19-02140
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 POSTED ON WEBSITE 3 NOT FOR PUBLICATION 4 5 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT 6 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 7 8 9 In re ) Case No. 19-25168-E-7 10 ) MATHEW MANTEIV LAKOTA, ) 11 ) Debtor. ) 12 ) ) 13 LISA LUCAS, ) Adv. Proc. No. 19-2140 ) 14 Plaintiff, ) ) 15 v. ) ) 16 MATHEW MANTEIV LAKOTA, ) ) 17 Defendant. ) ___________________________________) 18 This Memorandum Decision is not appropriate for publication. 19 It may be cited for persuasive value on the matters addressed. 20 MEMORANDUM OPINION AND DECISION 21 On August 16, 2019, Mathew Mantiev Lakota, Defendant-Debtor, filed his voluntary 22 Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Case, 19-25168 (the “Bankruptcy Case”). On November 14, 2019, Lisa 23 Lucas, the Plaintiff, commenced this Adversary Proceeding seeking a determination that the 24 obligation owed to her by Defendant-Debtor was nondischargeable. The grounds asserted for 25 nondischargeability of the debt are Embezzlement, Breach of Fiduciary Duty (11 U.S.C. 26 § 523(a)(4)), and Willful and Malicious Injury (Conversion) (11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6)). Complaint, 27 Dckt. 1. 28 Defendant-Debtor filed an Answer (Dckt. 8), and has defended himself in pro se in this 1 Adversary Proceeding and at trial. As is demonstrated in the record from trial, including this court’s 2 Trial Setting Order (Dckt. 50) that includes a chart of what each party asserted as an undisputed fact, 3 Defendant-Debtor has actively defended himself in this Adversary Proceeding. 4 For the court, any “factual disputes” are few, and relate to conflicting testimony as to what 5 the respective Parties provide as their “testimony” of their legal conclusions as to whether the 6 assignment of the State Court Judgment at issue in this Adversary Proceeding was an assignment 7 for collection or an absolute assignment with Plaintiff retaining no interests therein. 8 For the legal issues, first the court must determine whether the Assignment Agreement1 and 9 Acknowledgment of Assignment2 are for an absolute assignment or an assignment for collection. 10 Next, after that is determined, for the court to determine based on the facts whether such Assignment 11 Agreement and Acknowledgment of Assignment were breached, and if so, whether such results in 12 nondischargeable damages. 13 At the conclusion of the Trial, the court afforded both Plaintiff and Defendant-Debtor the 14 opportunity to provide additional post-trial briefing of the legal issues. Plaintiff provided a post-trial 15 brief, but Defendant-Debtor did not. 16 Plaintiff seeks actual damages of $3,931.71, plus prejudgement interest and punitive damages 17 of $6,068.29, and a determination that these obligations owed to Plaintiff are nondischargeable. 18 The court having reviewed the evidence (the court’s rulings on evidentiary objections stated 19 on the record at trial), assessing the credibility of the witnesses, and applying the applicable law to 20 the transaction between Plaintiff and Defendant-Debtor and the debt arising therefrom; the court 21 determines that the debt owed by Defendant-Debtor is nondischargeable, and that damages of 22 $3,931.71, punitive damages of $6,068.29, and prejudgement interest of $1,022.12 are 23 nondischargeable, based on the separate independent grounds of (1)(a) Defendant-Debtor’s breach 24 of fiduciary duty and (b) embezzlement, 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4), and (2) willful and malicious injury 25 to Plaintiff by the taking of Plaintiff’s property, 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). 26 27 1 Exhibit 2. 28 2 Exhibit 3. 1 REVIEW OF THE TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS BETWEEN PLAINTIFF AND DEFENDANT-DEBTOR 2 AND EVENTS RELATING THERETO 3 The court begins with the series of events which bring the Plaintiff and the Defendant-Debtor 4 before the court in this Adversary Proceeding. Plaintiff obtained a judgment against Jeffrey Kahn, 5 her ex-husband (“Ex-Husband”), from the California Superior Court ( the “State Court Judgment”). 6 When the obligation owed on the State Court Judgment was not paid by Ex-Husband, Plaintiff 7 entered into the Assignment Agreement and the Acknowledgment of Assignment so that Defendant- 8 Debtor, in the ordinary course of his business, could enforce the State Court Judgment and recover 9 monies owed by Ex-Husband to Plaintiff. 10 Testimony in the Adversary Proceeding 11 In her Direct Testimony Statement and testimony at trial, Plaintiff states that she sought the 12 services of Defendant-Debtor to recover the monies due Plaintiff by Ex-Husband on the State Court 13 Judgment. She further testified that Defendant-Debtor was in the business of collecting monies due 14 on judgments obtained by others. Plaintiff Direct Testimony Statement, ¶ 2. In his Direct 15 Testimony Statement, Defendant-Debtor describes his business as: 16 I [Defendant-Debtor] am in the business of satisfying judgments that have been 17 assigned to me. 18 Defendant-Debtor Direct Testimony Statement, p. 2:6; Dckt. 54. 19 Defendant-Debtor testified that he has been engaged in this business for “years.” Id., p. 2:8- 20 9. In his Pre-Trial Statement, Defendant-Debtor stated as an undisputed fact that “Lakota is in the 21 business of enforcing judgments fully assigned to him by entities in California courts.” Defendant- 22 Debtor Pre-Trial Statement, p. 2:24-25; Dckt. 48. 23 Plaintiff, consistent with Defendant-Debtor’s testimony and statements of being in the 24 business of collecting judgments, has included as Exhibits 14 through 23, 25-28, 30-31, and 34-37, 25 copies of Acknowledgments of Assignments by other persons assigning judgments to Defendant- 26 Debtor. The form of the Acknowledgment is consistent with that drafted by Defendant-Debtor for 27 the assignment of Plaintiff’s State Court Judgment. These are consistent with Defendant-Debtor’s 28 presentation to the court of his depth of experience in taking assignment of judgments and his 1 arguments of the law concerning assignment of judgments. 2 There is no dispute that Defendant-Debtor was assigned the State Court Judgment from 3 Plaintiff and that taking the assignment was part of Defendant-Debtor’s well-established business 4 of enforcing judgments assigned to him by the original judgment creditors to recover for Defendant- 5 Debtor’s and the assigning creditor the monies owed on the assigned judgment. The dispute that 6 arises becomes a legal one as to the contractual effect of such assignments – whether it is an 7 assignment for collection of a debt, for which the assignee owes various duties and obligations to 8 the assignor, or if it is an absolute assignment, with the assignee “merely” owing only a purchase 9 price to be paid pursuant to the terms of the contract assigning the judgment. 10 Documentary Evidence 11 For the assignment of the State Court Judgment before the court, two documents have been 12 presented to the court – the Assignment Agreement executed by Plaintiff and Defendant-Debtor, and 13 the Acknowledgment of Assignment3 executed by Plaintiff. These are the written documents stating 14 the terms of the assignment of the State Court Judgment and providing notice of the assignment. 15 Assignment Agreement 16 Exhibit 2 is a copy of the Assignment Agreement between Plaintiff and Defendant-Debtor, 17 dated March 12, 2014, for assignment of the State Court Judgment. The terms of the Assignment 18 Agreement are summarized as follows (unless the terms are set forth in “quotation marks”): 19 A. Plaintiff assigns to Defendant-Debtor the State Court Judgment in Plaintiff’s favor against Ex-Husband in Case no. FL036366 which judgment is in the amount of 20 $12,805.01. The assignment includes all of the existing and future costs, fees, expenses, and interest that are owed under the State Court Judgment. 21 B. Plaintiff agrees to cooperate fully with Defendant-Debtor in Defendant-Debtor’s 22 efforts to enforce the State Court Judgment.4 23 24 3 An acknowledgment of assignment is required under state law to be filed in the court that issued the judgment in order for the assignee to use the judicial process to enforce the judgment. 25 California Code of Civil Procedure § 673. 26 4 In the Assignment Agreement, some of the pleadings filed, and some arguments, reference is made to Defendant-Debtor being responsible to “satisfy the judgment.” From the documents, evidence, 27 and testimony, it is clear that Defendant-Debtor was not obligated to “satisfy,” as in personally pay the State Court Judgment as if he was a co-obligor. Rather, Defendant-Debtor is being assigned the State 28 Court Judgment so that he can enforce that judgment and make Ex-Husband pay the obligation he owed 1 C. The consideration for Defendant-Debtor enforcing the State Court Judgment is that: 2 1. Defendant-Debtor “shall share in any recovered monies from [Ex-Husband] in a split of 34% for [Defendant-Debtor] and 66% for [Plaintiff].” Exhibit 3 2; Assignment Agreement, fifth paragraph. 4 2. The Assignment Agreement requires that the 34%/66% Split “shall be divided” on or about the first of each month as Defendant-Debtor obtains the 5 monies. Id. 6 3. Excepted from the 34% - 66% “Split” are monies expended by Defendant- Debtor in enforcing the State Court Judgment, and any such monies 7 recovered “shall be the property of [Defendant-Debtor].” Id., ¶ 6. 8 The Assignment Agreement makes no provision for payment of monies by Defendant-Debtor 9 at some later time or from any sources other than the monies recovered from the Ex-Husband. The 10 plain language of the Assignment Agreement expressly requires that Defendant-Debtor SHALL, and 11 is obligated to, disburse to Plaintiff monthly her 66% Split monthly from the monies recovered on 12 the Ex-Husband’s State Court Judgment obligation. 13 There is one exception to the “shall Split” 34%/66% provision of the Assignment Agreement 14 (which was drafted by Defendant-Debtor). This is for any monies recovered on the State Court 15 Judgment for monies expended by Defendant-Debtor in enforcing the State Court Judgment. Those 16 monies are not to be “Split” and are stated to be “property of [Defendant-Debtor].” 17 The Defendant-Debtor’s and Plaintiff’s respective interests in and rights to their 34% and 18 66% Splits of the monies recovered, is consistent with the common definition of the word “split” 19 as addressed in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary: 5 20 split verb . . . 21 3: to divide into parts or portions: such as a: to divide between persons : SHARE 22 . . . 4: to separate (the parts of a whole) by interposing something 23 . . . intransitive verb 24 4: to apportion shares 25 26 on the State Court Judgment. 27 5 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/split#:~:text=1a%20%3A%20to%20become%20split,factio 28 ns%20split%20from%20the%20group 1 Reviewing the plain language of the Assignment Agreement drafted by Defendant-Debtor, 2 it states that for every non-expense dollar recovered from the enforcement of the State Court 3 Judgment by Defendant-Debtor, 34% is “Split” to be Defendant-Debtor’s monies and 66% is “Split” 4 to be Plaintiff’s monies. 5 Acknowledgment of Assignment of Judgment 6 Exhibit 3 in this Adversary Proceeding is a copy of the Acknowledgment of Assignment of 7 Judgment (“Acknowledgment of Assignment”) prepared by Defendant-Debtor and filed in the State 8 Court Action. This Acknowledgment of Assignment is dated March 12, 2014, and after providing 9 general information about the Plaintiff and her Ex-Husband, contains the following two paragraphs 10 about the assignment of the State Court Judgment (identified by paragraph number in the 11 Acknowledgment): 12 7) [Plaintiff] herein transfers, and assigns all title, rights, ownership and interest 13 in this Judgment to the following: [Defendant-Debtor]. 14 8) Respondent, [Plaintiff] hereby assigns to and authorizes the new Assignee, [Defendant-Debtor] to recover, compromise, settle (in full or partial) and 15 enforce said judgment described above at his discretion. 16 Defendant-Debtor’s defense has centered on this being an absolute, unconditional, unlimited 17 assignment of the State Court Judgment for which he is the owner, having only a monetary 18 obligation to pay Plaintiff at some later date. 19 However, as discussed herein, if it was “absolute,” then why would Plaintiff be authorizing 20 Defendant-Debtor to recover, compromise, settle, and enforce the judgment? No such authorization 21 is necessary if there was an absolute assignment made. It would only be necessary and proper if 22 Plaintiff retained an interest in the State Court Judgment and Defendant-Debtor wanted to make it 23 clear that he “controlled all the shots” in enforcing and recovering the obligation owed by Ex- 24 Husband. 25 Enforcement of the Assigned State Court Judgment, Recovery of Monies on the State Court Judgment, and 26 Pay Plaintiff Her 66% Split of Monies Recovered by Defendant Debtor 27 After obtaining the assignment of the State Court Judgment, Defendant-Debtor was able to 28 enforce the State Court Judgment through Ex-Husband’s Chapter 13 bankruptcy case (16-26950). 1 In the Ex-Husband’s Chapter 13 Bankruptcy Case, Defendant-Debtor filed Amended Proof of 2 Claim 7-2 to obtain payment on the State Court Judgment. Exhibit 8, 9; Original Proof of Claim No. 3 7-1 and Amended Proof of Claim 7-2. Amended Proof of Claim 7-2 states the claim being in the 4 amount of $17,384.24, for which the basis is stated to be a “Civil Judgment out of Butte County.” 5 It further states that the claim has been acquired from Plaintiff.6 6 Through the Ex-Husband’s Chapter 13 Plan, $7,472.29 was disbursed to Plaintiff-Debtor on 7 the assigned State Court Judgment. Jan Johnson, the Chapter 13 Trustee in Ex-Husband’s 8 Chapter 13 Case has provided his testimony and copies of distribution records for the $7,472.29 9 disbursed to Defendant-Debtor for the obligation owed on the State Court Judgment. See, Direct 10 Testimony Statement of Trustee Jan Johnson, Exhibit 1, which include Trustee Johnson’s prior 11 Declaration, Distribution History stating payments to Defendant-Debtor during the period 12 September 29, 2018, through July 31, 2019, totaling $7,472.29, and copies of the distributions 13 checks endorsed and cashed by Defendant-Debtor incorporated into the Direct Testimony Statement. 14 Though having received $7,472.29 over a ten-month period, Defendant-Debtor made only 15 one payment of $1,000.00 in March 2018 to Plaintiff for her 66% Split of the monies recovered on 16 the State Court Judgment. No other portion of the 66% percent Split monthly for Plaintiff from the 17 monies received by Defendant-Debtor were paid to Plaintiff. 18 Plaintiff computes her 66% Split of the $7,472.29 recovered (collected) to be $4,931.41. 19 After crediting the $1,000.00 received from Defendant-Debtor, Plaintiff computes her claim against 20 Defendant-Debtor to be $3,931.71 for her 66% Split of the monies recovered by Defendant-Debtor 21 but not distributed to her as the Assignment Agreement provides “SHALL” be disbursed to her as 22 such monies were recovered on the judgment.7 23 / / / 24 / / / 25 26 6 Exhibit 12 is a copy of the Order on the Objection to the Claim of Defendant-Debtor in the Ex- Husband’s Bankruptcy Case. That Order allows Defendant-Debtor’s claim on the assigned State Court 27 Judgment in the amount of $16,341.30. 28 7 Assignment Agreement, fifth paragraph; Exhibit 2. 1 APPLICABLE LAW AND DETERMINATION THAT THE ASSIGNMENT WAS 2 AN ASSIGNMENT FOR COLLECTION 3 The court first determines the applicable law for determining whether the Assignment 4 Agreement and the Acknowledgment of Assignment constitute an absolute assignment of the State 5 Court Judgment to Defendant-Debtor or is an assignment for collection. The court then applies the 6 law to the Assignment Agreement and Acknowledgment of Assignment, making such factual 7 determinations and rulings as necessary. 8 Assignment for Collection Law 9 The court reviews California law concerning the assignment of obligations owed to a creditor 10 to a third-party for collection. As discussed above, under California law, though obtaining all of the 11 rights and interests to enforce the debt, when a debt is assigned for collection, a fiduciary 12 relationship arises between the assignor original creditor and the assignee for collection. 13 In Elam v. Arzaba, 122 Cal. App. 742 (1932), the California Court of Appeal discussed the 14 rights, duties, and obligations obtained and owed when a debt is assigned for collection. The 15 discussion by the court in Elam v. Arzaba of these rights, duties, and obligation when there is an 16 assignment for collection includes: 17 Upon assignment for the purpose of collection the assignee has been referred to as 18 the trustee or agent of the assignor. ( Toby v. Oregon Pacific R. R. Co., 98 Cal. 490, at page 497.) Whether regarded as the agent or the trustee of the assignor the 19 obligations of the assignee are practically the same. (Civ. Code, sec. 2322; Darrow v. Klein, 111 Cal. App. 310.) . . . A fiduciary relationship existed between [assignor] 20 and all those connected with the [assignee for collection] in the prosecution of the claim and appellant and his associates were under obligation to act in the highest 21 good faith by reason of such relationship. They could not obtain any advantage by the slightest misrepresentation or concealment (Civ. Code, sec. 2228); nor could they 22 take part in any transaction in connection with the justice court action in their own interest and for their own benefit without the consent of [assignor] after full 23 knowledge of the facts and of their motives. (Civ. Code, sec.2230.) . . . 24 Elam v. Arzaba, 122 Cal. App. at 746. 25 The California Supreme Court revisited the vesting of rights for an assignment for collection 26 in National Reserve Co. v. Metropolitan Trust, Co., 17 Cal. 2d 827, 831 (1941), stating: 27 It is well established that an assignment of a chose in action for collection vests the legal title in the assignee whether or not any consideration is paid therefor. In such 28 case the assignee may maintain a suit thereon in his own name, even though the 1 assignor retains an equitable interest in the thing assigned. ( Greig v. Riordan, 99 Cal. 316; Morrison v. Veach, 190 Cal. 507; Cohn v. Thompson, 128 Cal. App. 2 (Supp.) 783.) The instrument in question therefore constitutes a valid assignment of the certificate to plaintiff. 3 4 The California Supreme Court followed up a year later in R.E. Harrison v. Adams, 20 Cal. 5 2d 646, 650 (1942), reaffirming that while the assignee has the right and power to enforce the 6 obligation and recover payment thereon, the assignor retains an equitable interest in the obligation 7 assigned and the assignee owes a fiduciary duty to the assignor. 8 In 2012, the California Court of Appeal in California Insurance Guarantee Association v. 9 Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board et al, 203 Cal. App. 4th 1328, 1335 (2012), restated that 10 when an obligation is assigned for collection, while the assignee has the right and power to enforce 11 the obligation, the assignee has fiduciary duties to the assignor of the obligation. Further, the court 12 also addressed determining the intention of the parties and whether an assignment of an obligation 13 is for collection, stating: 14 In determining whether an assignment has been made, “the intention of the 15 parties as manifested in the instrument is controlling.” (National R. Co. v. Metropolitan T. Co., supra, 17 Cal.2d at p. 832.) “‘[A]n assignment, to be effective, 16 must include manifestation to another person by the owner of his intention to transfer the right, without further action, to such other person or to a third person. …’” 17 (Recorded Picture Company [Productions] Ltd. v. Nelson Entertainment, Inc., supra, 53 Cal.App.4th at p. 368.) “The language of a contract governs its 18 interpretation, if the language is clear. (Civ. Code, § 1638.) ‘A contract must be so interpreted as to give effect to the mutual intention of the parties as it existed 19 at the time of contracting, so far as the same is ascertainable and lawful.’ (Id., § 1636; see 1 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (9th ed. 1987) Contracts, § 684, p. 20 617.)” (County of San Joaquin v. Workers' Comp. Appeals Bd. (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 1180, 1184.) The entire contract must be considered, not just 21 isolated parts, and the words of the contract are to be given their usual and customary meaning. (Civ. Code, §§ 1641, 1644; Sass v. Hank (1951) 108 22 Cal.App.2d 207, 215.) 23 California Insurance Guarantee Association v. Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board et al, 203 24 Cal. App. 4th at 1335-1336 (emphasis added). 25 Also in 2012, the California Fourth District Court of Appeal in Fink v. Shemtov 210 Cal. 26 App. 4th 599 (2012) addressed a collection contract with very similar language to the Assignment 27 Agreement drafted by Defendant-Debtor at issue in this Adversary Proceeding. In Fink, the court 28 reviewed the well-established law that an assignment for collection vests the legal title to the 1 obligation in the assignee, and such assignee may maintain suit and enforce the obligation in its own 2 name. Fink v. Shemtov, 210 Cal. App. 4th at 610. However, the assignor retains an equitable 3 interest in the obligation assigned. Id. 4 Contract Interpretation 5 The application of California law in determining the terms of a contract was recently 6 addressed by the California Sixth District Court of Appeal in Hewlett-Packard co. v. Oracle Corp., 7 65 Cal.App. 5th 506 ( 2021), stating: 8 To interpret a contract, we look to its language (§ 1638) and ascertain the intent of 9 the parties, if possible, based solely on the contract's written provisions (§ 1639). In doing so, we apply the “ ‘clear and explicit’ meaning of these provisions, interpreted 10 in their ‘ordinary and popular sense,’ unless ‘used by the parties in a technical sense or a special meaning is given to them by usage’ [citation] . . . Thus, if the meaning 11 a layperson would ascribe to contract language is not ambiguous, we apply that meaning.” (AIU Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d 807, 822, 274 Cal.Rptr. 12 820, 799 P.2d 1253 (AIU Ins.).) At the same time, we “recognize[ ] the ‘interpretational principle that a contract must be understood with reference to the 13 circumstances under which it was made and the matter to which it relates. (Civ. Code, § 1647.)’ ” (Mountain Air Enterprises, LLC v. Sundowner Towers, LLC (2017) 14 3 Cal.5th 744, 752, 220 Cal.Rptr.3d 650, 398 P.3d 556.) 15 The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has also weighed in on how the court properly 16 determines whether an assignment has been for collection, stating: 17 In their brief filed before this court, the Thornburgs point out that the Note and the 18 Thornburgs' personal guaranty did not contain any language stating that the May 18, 1984 assignment was for the purpose of collection. The absence of any limiting 19 language in the documents does not affect the nature of the assignment. "An assignment absolute in form can be shown to be for collection only." Arthur Pew 20 Constr. Co., 965 F.2d at 1575. 21 United States v. Thornburg, 82 F.3d 886, 892 (9th Cir. 1996) (emphasis added). 22 California law provides additional statutory rules of contractual interpretation, which include 23 the following: 24 California Civil Code § 1636. Mutual intention to be given effect 25 A contract must be so interpreted as to give effect to the mutual intention of the parties as it existed at the time of contracting, so far as the same is 26 ascertainable and lawful. 27 California Civil Code § 1639. Ascertainment of intention; written contracts 28 When a contract is reduced to writing, the intention of the parties is to be 1 ascertained from the writing alone, if possible; subject, however, to the other provisions of this Title. 2 California Civil Code § 1642. Several contracts as parts of one transaction 3 Several contracts relating to the same matters, between the same parties, and 4 made as parts of substantially one transaction, are to be taken together. 5 California Civil Code § 1644. Sense of words 6 The words of a contract are to be understood in their ordinary and popular sense, rather than according to their strict legal meaning; unless used by the 7 parties in a technical sense, or unless a special meaning is given to them by usage, in which case the latter must be followed. 8 California Civil Code § 1645. Sense of words; technical words 9 Technical words are to be interpreted as usually understood by persons in the 10 profession or business to which they relate, unless clearly used in a different sense. 11 California Civil Code § 1654. Uncertainty; interpretation against person causing 12 In cases of uncertainty not removed by the preceding rules, the language of 13 a contract should be interpreted most strongly against the party who caused the uncertainty to exist. 14 15 The forgoing is not an exhaustive list of the statutory provisions, but representative of provision 16 relevant to interpreting the Assignment Agreement for the State Court Judgment entered into 17 between Plaintiff and Defendant-Debtor. 18 DETERMINATION THAT THE ASSIGNMENT 19 IS AN ASSIGNMENT FOR COLLECTION 20 At the core of the dispute is Defendant-Debtor’s contention that there was no assignment for 21 collection, but rather that Defendant-Debtor purchased the State Court Judgment outright, with only 22 promises of payments for the purchase to be made at later dates. 23 Here, both the Assignment Agreement and the Acknowledgment of Assignment were drafted 24 by the Defendant-Debtor who is self-admittedly very experienced in taking assignments of 25 judgments and then enforcing such judgments to the benefit of himself and the various assignors. 26 Beginning with the Assignment Agreement, Exhibit 2, it first provides that Plaintiff “agrees 27 to assign” to Defendant-Debtor the State Court Judgment. While stated in the apparent future tense 28 (“agrees to assign” as opposed to “Plaintiff assigns”) it is clear from the testimony and documentary 1 evidence presented that this was a present assignment of the State Court Judgment. 2 Continuing with the Assignment Agreement, it includes a provision where Plaintiff is 3 obligated to “cooperate fully” with Defendant-Debtor and provide any information that may help 4 in Defendant-Debtor in enforcing the State Court Judgment. This locked Plaintiff into assisting in 5 order for Plaintiff to receive her 66% Split of the monies recovered on the State Court Judgment. 6 Nowhere in the Assignment Agreement are either the words “assignment for collection” or 7 “absolute assignment” used. The clear language of the contractual relationship of the two parties 8 to the Assignment Agreement manifests itself first in the “consideration” for the assignment. It 9 states that Defendant-Debtor shall share with Plaintiff the monies recovered in his enforcing the 10 State Court Judgment with a Split of 34% of such monies going to Defendant-Debtor and 66% of 11 such monies going to Plaintiff. Stating that Defendant-Debtor “shall share” (a contractual 12 mandatory sharing) in the monies, it conversely states that Defendant-Debtor does not share, or 13 have an interest in, the other 66% share of Plaintiff in the monies recovered from the enforcement 14 of the State Court Judgment. The Assignment Agreement does not say that all of the monies 15 recovered are Defendant-Debtor’s. The Assignment Agreement does not say that Plaintiff is only 16 entitled to payment of monies from some other source by Defendant-Debtor at some times in the 17 future. 18 The plain, clear language of the Assignment Agreement states that Plaintiff’s share of the 19 actual monies collected is the remaining 66% Split of the monies recovered. The court finds 20 credible Plaintiff’s testimony that she understood the Assignment Agreement that the 66% of the 21 monies recovered from the enforcement of the State Court Judgment were her monies and that the 22 Split of 34% of the monies were Defendant-Debtor’s monies. 23 The court does not find credible Defendant-Debtor’s testimony and assertion that 100% of 24 the monies recovered in enforcing the State Court Judgment were Defendant-Debtor’s monies and 25 0% of the monies recovered were Plaintiff’s. These statements and assertions are inconsistent with 26 the terms of the Assignment Agreement that was drafted by Defendant-Debtor. 27 The court does not find credible Defendant-Debtor’s testimony and assertion that he had 28 merely a monetary obligation to pay Plaintiff, and that Defendant-Debtor had no obligation to 1 deliver monthly to Plaintiff 66% of the monies recovered by Defendant-Debtor on the State Court 2 Judgment. Defendant-Debtor seeks to ignore, and have the court ignore, the express language of 3 the Assignment Agreement that only a 34% Split of the monies recovered on the State Court 4 Judgment are Defendant-Debtor’s monies, and the 66% Split of the monies are the Plaintiff’s monies 5 which Defendant-Debtor is obligated to disburse to Plaintiff monthly. 6 Consistent with this plain reading of the clear language of the Assignment Agreement is a 7 further provision, in which it states that any monies recovered by Defendant-Debtor for expenses 8 incurred in his enforcing of the State Court Judgment “shall not be Split and shall be the property 9 of [Defendant-Debtor].” Plaintiff’s 66% Split is computed only after deducting 100% of the 10 proceeds that are for recovery of expenses incurred by Defendant-Debtor in enforcing the State 11 Court Judgment from the monies recovered (collected) by Defendant-Debtor. 12 This is a classic collection contract. A creditor assigns an unpaid obligation to a “debt 13 collector” ( that term used in its generic sense for a person responsible for obtaining payment on the 14 obligation, not as may be statutorily defined for special state or federal consumer protection laws). 15 The “debt collector” does not pay any money up front for the assignment of the obligation. The 16 “debt collector” does not pay anything from the collector’s personal funds for the assignment, but 17 only distributes to the assigning creditor a portion of the monies recovered (collected) in enforcing 18 the obligation and the “debt collector” keeps a portion of the monies recovered (collected). The 19 “debt collector” is first reimbursed from the monies recovered (collected) for out of pocket expenses 20 incurred by the “debt collector” up to that point in time in enforcing the obligation. 21 The assignment of the State Court Judgment as an assignment for collection is not 22 contradicted by the Acknowledgment of Assignment drafted by Defendant-Debtor. Exhibit 3. The 23 plain and clear language in the Acknowledgment is consistent with the contract providing for an 24 assignment of the State Court Judgment being an assignment for collection. In this 25 Acknowledgment, Defendant-Debtor includes a clear provision that post-assignment Plaintiff 26 “authorizes [Defendant-Debtor] to recover, compromise, settle (in full or partial) and enforce said 27 [State Court Judgment] at his discretion.” 28 If, as Defendant-Debtor asserts, he had purchased the State Court Judgment and owned the 1 State Court Judgment in full, free and clear of any interests or rights of Plaintiff, such an 2 “authorization” would be not only unnecessary, but of no force and effect. 3 The plain, clear language of the Assignment Agreement and the Acknowledgment of 4 Assignment establishes that it is an assignment of the State Court Judgment for collection - not an 5 absolute assignment in which there are no ongoing duties and obligations owing to Plaintiff. The 6 plain language of the Assignment Agreement (drafted by Defendant-Debtor) states that for every 7 dollar recovered in enforcing the State Court Judgment (after deducting expenses incurred by 8 Defendant-Debtor in enforcing the State Court Judgment), each dollar “shall” be Split between 9 Plaintiff (who gets 66% of each dollar recovered) and Defendant-Debtor (who gets 34% of each 10 dollar recovered). 11 To the extent that Defendant-Debtor seeks to assert that the Assignment Agreement and 12 Acknowledgment of Assignment drafted by Defendant-Debtor are “ambiguous” and as such there 13 is no plain language, he runs afoul of California Civil Code § 1654, stating that the party who caused 14 the uncertainty, here the Defendant-Debtor, should be interpreted most strongly against Defendant- 15 Debtor as the drafter of the Assignment Agreement. 16 Fortunately, in interpreting this Assignment Agreement and Acknowledgment of 17 Assignment, the court is not having to interpret the contract “most strongly” against Defendant- 18 Debtor. Rather, the court only needs to read the plain, clear language of the two documents and then 19 apply what is clearly written – the State Court Judgment was assigned by Plaintiff to Defendant- 20 Debtor as an assignment for collection for which Plaintiff is the owner of 64% of every dollar 21 collected (except for monies recovered for expenses incurred by Defendant-Debtor in enforcing the 22 judgment) and Defendant-Debtor is obligated to deliver that 64% of every dollar collected that is 23 Plaintiff’s to Plaintiff monthly. 24 Defendant-Debtor’s Arguments and Any Testimony That The Assignment Was Not an 25 Assignment for Collection are Not Credible 26 In making this determination that the Assignment Agreement is one for collection, this court 27 makes factual findings and credibility determinations as to testimony provided. 28 To the extent that Defendant-Debtor has testified that the Assignment Agreement and the 1 assignment of the State Court Judgment was not an assignment for collection, but an absolute 2 assignment to Defendant-Debtor for which he had no obligations to Plaintiff other than to pay some 3 monetary obligation at some later date, that testimony is not credible. It is not consistent with the 4 Assignment Agreement. It is inconsistent with the experience in the enforcement of judgment 5 business by Defendant-Debtor as he testifies to this court. 6 The court goes the further step in concluding that the arguments and testimony by 7 Defendant-Debtor that the Assignment Agreement was an absolute assignment in which all monies 8 recovered (collected) are the Defendant-Debtor’s monies are false, and knowingly false, not only 9 in light of the clear language of the Assignment Agreement, but Defendant-Debtor’s self-professed 10 long experience in taking assignments of judgments and collecting those assigned judgments. They 11 are presented by Defendant-Debtor as an excuse for avoiding his fiduciary duties and obligations, 12 including delivering monthly to Plaintiff her 66% Split of the monies recovered by Defendant- 13 Debtor on the assigned State Court Judgment. 14 Defendant-Debtor did not provide the court with one shred of credible evidence or any law 15 as to why or how he could have a good faith belief that the Assignment Agreement is not an 16 assignment for collection. The court requested that Defendant-Debtor file a trial brief, and then a 17 post-trial brief, for Defendant-Debtor to provide the court with the law that Defendant-Debtor was 18 relying on and which supported his contention that the Assignment Agreement was not an 19 assignment for collection. Defendant-Debtor failed to file either, though the court went to the extra 20 effort of affording Defendant-Debtor the opportunity to file a post-trial brief. 21 DETERMINATION OF NONDISCHARGEABLE DEBT 22 The court determining that the Assignment Agreement is an assignment for collection, 23 Defendant-Debtor has the corresponding fiduciary and contractual duties owed to Plaintiff. 24 Contractually, Defendant-Debtor was obligated to monthly disburse to Plaintiff 66% of the monies 25 recovered (collected) on the State Court Judgment. Defendant-Debtor was entitled to recover his 26 expenses before making the monthly 66% Split of the monies recovered (collected) to Plaintiff. 27 Defendant-Debtor did not offer any evidence of any expenses which he was entitled to receive “off 28 the top” of the monies recovered (collected) on the State Court Judgment before making the monthly 1 66% Split disbursement to Plaintiff. 2 Breach of Fiduciary Duty and Embezzlement 3 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) 4 Though granting extraordinary relief to debtors and their fresh starts through bankruptcy, 5 Congress provides some limits on what debts may be discharged. These provisions are generally 6 found in 11 U.S.C. § 523. 7 The first asserted basis for why Defendant-Debtor’s obligations arising under the Assignment 8 Agreement are not dischargeable is stated to be pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4), which states: 9 § 523. Exceptions to discharge 10 (a) A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1192, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt— 11 . . . (4) for fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity, embezzlement, or 12 larceny; . . . 13 Defalcation While Acting in a Fiduciary Capacity 14 As addressed by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in Blyler v. Hemmeter (In re Hemmeter), 15 242 F.3d 1186, 1189 - 1190 (9th Cir. 2001), whether a person is under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) is a 16 question of federal law, the court’s analysis includes: 17 The core requirements are that the relationship exhibit characteristics of the 18 traditional trust relationship, and that the fiduciary duties be created before the act of wrongdoing and not as a result of the act of wrongdoing." Runnion, 644 F.2d at 19 758. Fiduciary relationships imposed by statute may cause the debtor to be considered a fiduciary under §523(a)(4). Quaif v. Johnson, 4 F.3d 950, 953-54 (11th 20 Cir. 1993); Runnion, 644 F.2d at 758 n. 2. In general, a statutory fiduciary is considered a fiduciary for the purposes of §523(a)(4) if the statute: (1) defines the 21 trust res; (2) identifies the fiduciary's fund management duties; and (3) imposes obligations on the fiduciary prior to the alleged wrongdoing. Cf. Windsor v. Librandi, 22 183 B.R. 379, 383 (M. D. Pa. 1995) (discussing whether a fiduciary under state securities act qualifies as a fiduciary under §523). See also Runnion, 644 F.2d at 759. 23 . . . . . 24 [T]he definition of defalcation includes both the "misappropriation of trust funds or money held in any fiduciary capacity; [and the] failure to properly account for such 25 funds." Lewis, 97 F.3d at 1186 (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 417 (6th ed. 1990)). Even innocent acts of failure to fully account for money received in trust will be held 26 as non-dischargeable defalcations; no intent to defraud is required. 27 In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court determined that for these defalcations while acting in a 28 fiduciary capacity grounds, there must be a showing that the conduct of the debtor was not merely 1 a mistake. 2 Thus, where the conduct at issue does not involve bad faith, moral turpitude, or other 3 immoral conduct, the term requires an intentional wrong. We include as intentional not only conduct that the fiduciary knows is improper but also reckless conduct of 4 the kind that the criminal law often treats as the equivalent. Thus, we include reckless conduct of the kind set forth in the Model Penal Code. Where actual 5 knowledge of wrongdoing is lacking, we consider conduct as equivalent if the fiduciary “consciously disregards” (or is willfully blind to) “a substantial and 6 unjustifiable risk” that his conduct will turn out to violate a fiduciary duty. 7 Bullock v. BankChampaign, N.A., 569 U.S. 267, 273-274 (2013). 8 As discussed in 4 Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 523.10[1][b], defalcation can be the failure to 9 produce funds entrusted to a fiduciary. The funds entrusted to Defendant-Debtor are the 66% of the 10 monies recovered (collected) in enforcing the State Court Judgment against Ex-Husband. 11 Here, as a matter of California law, when there is an assignment for collection, Defendant- 12 Debtor has duties running to Plaintiff akin to those of a trustee of a trust. California law (dating 13 back to the 1800's) has been clear that the assignee in an assignment for collection owed fiduciary 14 duties to the assignor. Here, the Assignment Agreement, as drafted by Defendant-Debtor, clearly 15 states that 66% of the monies recovered (collected) by Defendant-Debtor are Plaintiff’s monies. 16 Defendant-Debtor knew this, knew that the Assignment Agreement expressly required 17 (stating “SHALL”) that 66% of the monies recovered (collected) be disbursed monthly to Plaintiff. 18 In violation of his fiduciary duties to Plaintiff, Defendant-Debtor diverted the 66% of the monies 19 belonging to Plaintiff to Defendant-Debtor’s own and other purposes. 20 Defendant-Debtor offered no evidence that his failure to disburse to Plaintiff her 66% of the 21 monies recovered (collected) on the State Court Judgment was by “mere” mistake or done without 22 the conscious disregard for Plaintiff’s interest in her 66% Split. The evidence shows that Defendant- 23 Debtor knew of Plaintiff’s interests and right to the 66% of the monies recovered (collected), that 24 Defendant-Debtor initially disbursed a portion of the monies recovered (collected) on the State 25 Court Judgment to Plaintiff for her 66% Split, and then later Defendant-Debtor failed to disburse 26 to Plaintiff her 66% split. 27 The Defendant-Debtor’s obligation for the monies owed to Plaintiff pursuant to the 28 Assignment Agreement is nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) as arising from 1 defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity. 2 Embezzlement 3 As separate grounds under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4), a debt is nondischargeable if it is due to 4 embezzlement. The embezzlement grounds do not require there to be a fiduciary relationship. 5 4 Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 523.10[1][d], [2]; In re Littleton, 942 F.2d 551, 555 (1991). 6 Under federal law, embezzlement in the context of nondischargeability has often been defined as "the fraudulent appropriation of property by a person to whom such 7 property has been entrusted or into whose hands it has lawfully come." Moore v. United States, 160 U.S. 268, 269, 40 L. Ed. 422, 16 S. Ct. 294 (1885). 8 Embezzlement, thus, requires three elements: "(1) property rightfully in the possession of a nonowner; (2) nonowner's appropriation of the property to a use 9 other than which [it] was entrusted; and (3) circumstances indicating fraud." In re Hoffman, 70 Bankr. 155, 162 (Bankr. W.D. Ark. 1986); In re Schultz, 46 Bankr. 10 880, 889 (Bankr. D. Nev. 1985). 11 In re Littleton, 942 F.2d at 555. Whether there was an intent to defraud through the embezzlement 12 is a question of fact. Id. 13 Here, Defendant-Debtor was properly in possession of Plaintiff’s money, the 66% Split of 14 the monies recovered (collected) by Defendant-Debtor on the State Court Judgment obligation of 15 Ex-Husband. In going through the three elements of embezzlement, Defendant-Debtor hits all three: 16 (1) Property Rightfully in the Possession of a Nonowner. 17 As addressed herein, Defendant-Debtor, pursuant to the terms of the Assignment 18 Agreement, was properly in possession of Plaintiff’s 66% Split of all monies recovered (collected) 19 on the State Court Judgment. 20 (2) Nonowner's Appropriation of the Property to a Use Other Than Which it was Entrusted. 21 Once the monies were recovered (collected) in enforcing the State Court Judgment, 22 Plaintiff’s 66% Split was entrusted to Defendant-Debtor solely for the purpose of disbursing the 23 66% Split to Plaintiff monthly. Other than taking the portion off the top (prior to computing the 24 respective Splits of the monies recovered (collected) on the State Court Judgment) for Defendant- 25 Debtor’s expenses incurred in enforcing the State Court Judgment, Defendant-Debtor had no right 26 to use, divert, or disburse Plaintiff’s 66% Split to anyone or any purpose, other than to Plaintiff. 27 Defendant-Debtor offers no law, authority, or other reason why he diverted Plaintiff’s 66% 28 Split away from Plaintiff. Defendant-Debtor offered no credible explanation or reason why he did 1 not follow the mandate of the Assignment Agreement that “[Defendant-Debtor] shall share in any 2 monies recovered from [Ex-Husband for the State Court Judgment Obligation] in a split of 34% for 3 [Defendant-Debtor] and 66% for [Plaintiff].”8 4 Further, Defendant-Debtor offers no credible explanation or basis for why he violated the 5 express requirements that: 6 All funds received shall be divided by the agreed split on or about the first of each 7 month as the monies come in to satisfy the [State Court Judgment].9 8 The evidence clearly establishes that Defendant-Debtor knew that he was holding Plaintiff’s 9 66% Split in the monies recovered (collected); that Defendant-Debtor knew that his only share of 10 the monies recovered (collected) was his 34% Split; and that Defendant-Debtor knew that he had 11 to disburse to Plaintiff monthly her money, the 66% Split. 12 Defendant-Debtor offered no credible evidence as why he could have any belief that he was 13 entitled to 100% of the monies recovered (collected) on the State Court Judgment and Plaintiff’s 14 Split was 0.00%. 15 The obligations owed on the Assignment Agreement are nondischargeable pursuant to 16 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) as arising from embezzlement. 17 Willful and Malicious Injury 18 The third basis for seeking determination that Defendant-Debtor’s obligations to Plaintiff 19 are nondischargeable are pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6) – willful and malicious injury to the 20 property of Plaintiff. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6) provides that a bankruptcy discharge does not discharge 21 the debtor of an obligation which is a debt 22 (6) for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the 23 property of another entity; 24 The modern application of this law has been clearly enunciated by the Supreme Court and 25 augmented by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal. In Kawaauhua v. Geiger, 523 U.S. 57, 61-62, 64 26 27 8 Assignment Agreement, Fifth Paragraph; Exhibit 2. 28 9 Id. 1 (1998), a unanimous Supreme Court stated that the standard for a debt being nondischargeable 2 under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6) as: 3 The word "willful" in (a)(6) modifies the word "injury," indicating that nondischargeability takes a deliberate or intentional injury, not merely a deliberate 4 or intentional act that leads to injury. Had Congress meant to exempt debts resulting from unintentionally inflicted injuries, it might have described instead "willful acts 5 that cause injury." Or, Congress might have selected an additional word or words, i.e., "reckless" or "negligent," to modify "injury." Moreover, as the Eighth Circuit 6 observed, the (a)(6) formulation triggers in the lawyer's mind the category "intentional torts," as distinguished from negligent or reckless torts. Intentional torts 7 generally require that the actor intend "the consequences of an act," not simply "the act itself." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 8A, comment a, p. 15 (1964) (emphasis 8 added). . . . 9 We hold that debts arising from recklessly or negligently inflicted injuries do not fall within the compass of § 523(a)(6). For the reasons stated, the judgment of 10 the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit is Affirmed.

11 Kawaauhua v. Geiger, 523 U.S. at 61-62, 64. 12 In 2010, twelve years after Geiger, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals had the opportunity 13 to address this willful and malicious injury standard. As stated by the Ninth Circuit in Ormsby v. 14 First Am. Title Co. (In re Ormsby), 591 F.3d 1199, 1206 (9th Cir. 2010), the willful injury standard 15 in this Circuit is met "only when the debtor has a subjective motive to inflict injury or when the 16 debtor believes that injury is substantially certain to result from his own conduct." Carrillo v. Su (In 17 re Su), 290 F.3d 1140, 1142 (9th Cir. 2002). This second part, “the debtor believes the injury is 18 substantially certain to result from his own conduct” requires such a belief be shown, not merely that 19 others would conclude such. 20 In Lockerby v. Sierra, 535 F.3d 1038, 1043 (9th Cir. 2008), the Ninth Circuit noted that a 21 mere breach of a contract did not automatically result in a willful and malicious injury, but that the 22 court needed to look to determine whether such conduct rose to that of a tort. The elements for a 23 conversion under California law are stated as: 24 (2) Elements. The basic elements of the tort of conversion are (a) plaintiff's ownership or right to possession of personal property, (b) defendant's disposition of 25 property in a manner inconsistent with plaintiff's property rights, and (c) resulting damages. (Fremont Indem. Co. v. Fremont General Corp. (2007) 148 C.A.4th 97, 26 119, 55 C.R.3d 621, infra, § 814.) The property need not be appropriated to the use of the defendant; it may be destroyed, or merely damaged. (Staley v. McClurken 27 (1939) 35 C.A.2d 622, 628, 96 P.2d 805; see Hernandez v. Lopez (2009) 180 C.A.4th 932, 939, 103 C.R.3d 376 [cause of action labeled “intentional tort” stated claim for 28 conversion; business owners alleged that prospective buyers sold business that did 1 not belong to them to third party]; Rest.2d, Torts §§ 223, 226; on destruction or alteration, see infra, § 823.) 2 3 5 Witkin, Summary 11th Torts § 810(2) (2022) 4 In the Adversary Proceeding now before the court, Defendant-Debtor did not “merely” elect 5 to breach a contract and thereby cause contractual damages to be owed to Plaintiff. Rather, 6 Defendant-Debtor, with the knowledge that the 66% Split of the monies recovered (collected) on 7 the State Court Judgment were Plaintiff’s monies, and monies in which Defendant-Debtor had no 8 interest in or right to, knowingly and intentionally took Plaintiff’s monies. This taking is akin to 9 taking money off Plaintiff’s table, taking money from Plaintiff’s bank account, or diverting money 10 from Plaintiff’s Venmo account without authorization to take such monies. 11 Defendant-Debtor knew that Plaintiff owned the 66% Split of the monies recovered 12 (collected) on the State Court Judgment and intentionally took the monies. There was no dispute 13 as to Defendant-Debtor knowingly taking the monies. There was no dispute that the taking of 14 Plaintiff monies was not authorized by Plaintiff. There was no dispute that Plaintiff was not 15 damaged by the taking of Plaintiff’s monies by Defendant-Debtor. 16 In taking Plaintiff’s monies, the 66% Split of the monies recovered (collected) on the State 17 Court Judgment, Defendant-Debtor permanently deprived Plaintiff of those monies she owned. 18 Those monies are gone, and Defendant-Debtor’s desire to “convert” his taking of Plaintiff’s monies 19 into a mere dischargeable contractual obligation does not alter the fact that as a matter of California 20 law Defendant-Debtor committed the tort of conversion of Plaintiff’s monies. 21 The obligations arising from the conversion of Plaintiff’s monies which were her 66% Split 22 of the monies recovered (collected) on the State Court Judgment are nondischargeable pursuant to 23 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). 24 COMPUTATION OF DAMAGES 25 There was no bona fide dispute by Defendant-Debtor as to the amount of damages suffered 26 by Plaintiff due to Defendant-Debtor taking Plaintiff’s 66% Split of the monies recovered (collected) 27 on the State Court Judgment. Chapter 13 Trustee Jan Johnson disbursed $7,472.29 to Defendant- 28 Debtor for the obligation on the State Court Judgment. Computing Plaintiff’s 66% Split on the 1 monies recovered (collected) on the State Court Judgment from the Chapter 13 Trustee is as follows. 2 Total Amount Recovered (Collected) By $7,472.29 Defendant-Debtor on the State Court 3 Judgment 4 Defendant-Debtor’s 34% Split of Monies Plaintiff’s 66% Split of Monies Recovered Recovered (Collected) on the State Court (Collected) on the State Court Judgment 5 Judgment 6 $2,540.58 $4,931.71 7 March 2018 Payment ($1,000.00) From Defendant- 8 Debtor to Plaintiff for Plaintiff’s 66% 9 Split =============== 10 Damages to Plaintiff $3,931.71 11 by Defendant-Debtor Taking Plaintiff’s 12 66% Split 13 In Plaintiff’s Direct Testimony Statement, she computes her 66% Split of the monies 14 disbursed by Chapter 13 Jan Johnson to be $5,092.33, from which she then subtracts the ($1,000.00) 15 payment for damages of $4,092.33. However, when the court used the payments shown by 16 Chapter 13 Trustee Jan Johnson on the Creditor Distribution History for the payments made to 17 Defendant-Debtor on the State Court Judgment, the court’s computation is that Plaintiff’s damages 18 are $3,931.71. It appears that on Plaintiff’s calculation a distribution of $243.14 is included for 19 December 2017, where no distribution for December 2017 is shown by the Chapter 13 Trustee. This 20 appears to be a simple clerical error by Plaintiff. 21 Defendant-Debtor offered no evidence of any expenses to which Defendant-Debtor was 22 entitled to be paid before the 34%/66% Splits were determined based on the $7,472.31 disbursed 23 by Chapter 13 Trustee Jan Johnson. 24 These damages of $3,931.71 are nondischargeable as arising from defalcation while acting 25 in a fiduciary capacity, embezzlement, and willful and malicious injury (each a separate and 26 independent legal basis) by Plaintiff. 11 U.S.C. § 623(a)(4), (6). 27 /// 28 /// 1 PUNITIVE DAMAGES 2 California provides for an award of punitive damages, in addition to actual damages, in 3 connection with some tort claims. This analysis begins with California Civil Code § 3294, which 4 provides in pertinent part: 5 § 3294. When permitted 6 (a) In an action for the breach of an obligation not arising from contract, where it is 7 proven by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice, the plaintiff, in addition to the actual damages, may 8 recover damages for the sake of example and by way of punishing the defendant. . . . 9 (c) As used in this section, the following definitions shall apply: 10 (1) “Malice” means conduct which is intended by the defendant to cause 11 injury to the plaintiff or despicable conduct which is carried on by the defendant with a willful and conscious disregard of the rights or safety of 12 others. 13 (2) “Oppression” means despicable conduct that subjects a person to cruel and unjust hardship in conscious disregard of that person’s rights. 14 (3) “Fraud” means an intentional misrepresentation, deceit, or concealment 15 of a material fact known to the defendant with the intention on the part of the defendant of thereby depriving a person of property or legal rights or 16 otherwise causing injury. . . . 17 The California Supreme Court discussed the proper awarding of punitive damages as provided for 18 in California Code of Civil Procedure § 3294, stating: 19 As we [California Supreme Court] ourselves have recently observed, in order to justify the imposition of punitive damages the defendant "'. . . must act with the 20 intent to vex, injure, or annoy, or with a conscious disregard of the plaintiff's rights. [Citations.]'" (Italics added; Neal v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (1978) 21 Cal. 3d 910, 21 922, 148 Cal. Rptr. 389, 582 P.2d 980, quoting from Silberg v. California Life Ins. Co. (1977) 11 Cal. 3d 452, 462, 113 Cal. Rptr. 711, 521 P.2d 1103; accord, Seimon 22 v. Southern Pac. Transportation Co. (1977) 67 Cal. App. 3d 600, 607, 136 Cal. Rptr. 787; G. D. Searle & Co. v. Superior Court (1975) 49 Cal. App. 3d 22, 122 Cal. Rptr. 23 218.) 24 Taylor v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 24 Cal. 3d 890, 895, (1979). As noted in Colonial 25 Life & Accident Ins. Co. V. Superior Court, 31 Cal. 3d 785, 792 (1982), “These elements [for 26 punitive damages] may be proven directly or by implication. ( Neal, supra, at p. 923, fn. 6; Bertero 27 v. National General Corp. (1974) 13 Cal.3d 43, 65-66 [118 Cal. Rptr. 184, 529 P.2d 608, 65 28 A.L.R.3d 878].)” 1 In addressing the propriety of a punitive damage award in federal court, the United States 2 Supreme Court has stated, 3 In light of these concerns [procedural and substantive constitutional limitations], in 4 Gore supra, 517 U.S. 559, we instructed courts reviewing punitive damages to consider three guideposts: (1) the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant's 5 misconduct; (2) the disparity between the actual or potential harm suffered by the plaintiff and the punitive damages award; and (3) the difference between the punitive 6 damages awarded by the jury and the civil penalties authorized or imposed in comparable cases. Id., at 575, considers the proportionality of the punitive damages 7 to the compensatory damages awarded to the Plaintiff-Debtor. 8 State Farm Mutual Auto Insurance Company v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 418, 123 S. Ct. 1513, 155 9 L. Ed. 2d 585 (2004). The Supreme Court opined that while a punitive damage award of more than 10 four times the amount of compensatory damages might be close to the line of constitutional 11 impropriety, higher multiples have been awarded. Id. at 425. 12 In this Adversary Proceeding, the evidence shows that Defendant-Debtor knew that he had 13 only a 34% Split of the monies recovered (collected) on the State Court Judgment and knew that 14 Plaintiff had a 66% Split of the monies recovered (collected) on the State Court Judgment. 15 Defendant-Debtor knew the 66% Split was Plaintiff’s monies and that Plaintiff’s 66% Split 16 “SHALL” be disbursed at the first of each month to Plaintiff. 17 Though knowing that Plaintiff’s 66% Split was Plaintiff’s money, Defendant-Debtor 18 intentionally and willfully diverted Plaintiff’s monies to his own uses. This was a willful and 19 conscious disregard to, and violation of, Plaintiff’s rights to her 66% Split of the monies recovered 20 (collected) on the State Court Judgment. 21 As documented in the Direct Testimony Statement of Chapter 13 Trustee Jan Johnson, and 22 the information incorporated therein, Defendant-Debtor received the payments on the State Court 23 Judgment during the period September 1, 2017, through August 9, 2019. In March 2018, Defendant- 24 Debtor made the one and only disbursement in the amount of $1,000.00 to Plaintiff for her 66% Split 25 in the monies recovered (collected) by Plaintiff-Debtor on the State Court Judgment 26 In August 2019, Defendant-Debtor commenced his voluntary Chapter 7 bankruptcy case. 27 “Coincidentally,” this was right after the final distribution was made by Chapter 13 Trustee Jan 28 Johnson on the State Court Judgment in July 2018. Attachment to Declaration of Jan Johnson, 1 incorporated into the Direct Testimony Statement of Jan Johnson. 2 Defendant-Debtor’s conduct is reprehensible, having taken the assignment of the State Court 3 Judgment to enforce it for Plaintiff for the obligations owed to her by her Ex-Husband, and then 4 taking Plaintiff’s 66% Split of the monies recovered (collected) from Plaintiff for Defendant- 5 Debtor’s own purposes. Defendant-Debtor is a very sophisticated, experienced judgment 6 enforcement professional (as he describes himself) who has preyed on the less sophisticated 7 Plaintiff. 8 Again, Defendant-Debtor offered no credible testimony or evidence how he could think that 9 he was not knowingly, intentionally, willfully taking Plaintiff’s money when he took her 66% Split. 10 The Assignment Agreement, which was drafted by Defendant-Debtor, expressly states that 11 Defendant-Debtor shares only in 34% of the monies recovered (collected) on the State Court 12 Judgment.10 13 Not only did Defendant-Debtor act with a conscious disregard of Plaintiff’s rights in and to 14 the 66% Split, but based on the evidence presented Defendant-Debtor intended to cause the injury, 15 and then “jump into bankruptcy” to try and slip out of the obligations arising from his misconduct. 16 Plaintiff prudently requests a very modest amount of punitive damages, $6,068.29. This is 17 one and one-half times the amount of the $3,931.71 in actual damages. This is not only reasonable 18 as a percentage of the actual damages, but is a reasonable, modest amount of punitive damages that 19 can work to deter Defendant-Debtor, and others with contracts like his, from taking their clients’ 20 monies. 21 The court awards Plaintiff $6,068.29 in punitive damages. 22 Nondischargabity of the Punitive Damages Awarded 23 The punitive damages are also nondischargeable. As addressed by the Ninth Circuit Court 24 of Appeals in Muegler v. Benning, 413 F.3d 980, 984 (9th Cir. 2005), addressing conduct that 25 rendered a debt nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6), the court stated: 26 When the awards of compensatory damages and punitive damages are based upon the same conduct, the punitive damages award will be nondischargeable under 27 28 10 Assignment Agreement, fifth paragraph; Exhibit 2. 1 § 523(a)(6) if the compensatory damages award is found to be nondischargeable. In re Adams, 761 F.2d 1422, 1428 (9th Cir. 1985). 2 3 This nondischargeability determination is based on the conduct to which the punitive damages relate 4 which resulted in the underlying debt being nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523. See 5 Cohen v. del La Cruz, 523 U.S. 213 (1998). 6 Here we have intentional torts of defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity, 7 embezzlement, and conversion of Plaintiff’s monies by Defendant-Debtor, each of which are 8 grounds for the debt being nondischargeable. The punitive damages award relates directly to and 9 arises out of exactly the same conduct as the three torts. As with the damages caused Plaintiff, the 10 punitive damages are nondischargeable. 11 PREJUDGMENT INTEREST 12 Plaintiff also requests prejudgment interest be awarded on her $3,931.71 in actual damages. 13 The prejudgment interest is requested from the November 28, 2018 filing of the State Court Action 14 against Defendant-Debtor. This was after the last disbursement had been made by Chapter 13 15 Trustee Jan Johnson and the court has been requested that prejudgment interest be computed on the 16 lump sum of $3,931.71 from the last date payment was recovered (collected) by Defendant-Debtor 17 on the State Court Judgment. 18 California Civil Code § 3287 provides that when there is a damages amount that is certain, 19 Plaintiff may recover interest thereon from the day such amount may be computed. California Civil 20 Code § 3288 allows such prejudgment interest damages be awarded in cases not arising out of 21 contract, as may be given by the finder of fact (here, the Bankruptcy Judge rather than a jury). 22 California Civil Code § 3289 provides that if a contract sets a rate of interest, such interest remains 23 chargeable after a breach of the contract. However, if the contract does not provide for a legal rate 24 of interest, then the prejudgment interest is computed at 10% per annum. 25 If the obligation does not arise out of contract, then the prejudgment interest rate is 7% per 26 annum. Michaelson v. Hamada, 29 Cal.App. 4th 1566 (1994). 27 Here, there is a contract between the Plaintiff and the Defendant-Debtor, that contract being 28 the Assignment Agreement in which Defendant-Debtor was obligated to disburse Plaintiff’s 66% 1 Split of the monies recovered (collected) on the State Court Judgment. In failing to do so, 2 Defendant-Debtor committed several torts which have resulted in his obligations not being 3 discharged. Though one may argue that it is a contractual obligation, given that the causes of action 4 stated in the Complaint are for nondischargeable torts and asserting the right to punitive damages 5 based on such torts, the court computes the prejudgement interest at 7% per annum. 6 The prejudgment interest of 7% per annum totals $1,022.12, which has been computed as 7 follows: 8 Principal Amount For Prejudgment Interest 9 Computation of Rate of 7% per annum Prejudgment Interest 10 November 28, 2018 $3,931.71 11 12 Interest From November 28, 2018 to November 30, 2019 (One Year and Two Days) $276.73 13 14 Interest from December 1, 2019 to November 30, 2020 $275.22 15 16 Interest From December 1, 2020 to November 30, 2021 $275.22 17 18 Interest From December 1, 2021 to August 15, 2022 (Eight and One Half Months) $194.95 19 20 ============= 21 Total Prejudgment Interest $1,022.12 22 23 The court awards Plaintiff $1,022.12 in prejudgment interest. 24 ENTRY OF JUDGMENT FOR PLAINTIFF 25 The court grants judgment for Plaintiff and against Defendant-Debtor in the amount of 26 $11,022.10; which consists of the $3,931.71 award for actual damages for the Plaintiff’s monies 27 taken by Defendant-Debtor, $6,068.29 in punitive damages, and $1,022.12 in prejudgment interest. 28 Additionally, the court determines that the $11,022.10 judgment is nondischargeable for each 1 || of the following separate and independent grounds consisting of: (1) Defalcation While Acting in 2 || a Fiduciary Capacity pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4), (2) Embezzlement pursuant to 11 U.S.C. 3 § 523(a)(4), and (3) Willful and Malicious Injury to the Property of Plaintiff pursuant to 11 U.S.C. 4 |} § 523(a)(6). 5 Plaintiff may seek attorney’s fees, if any, and costs as provided in Federal Rule of Civil 6 |] Procedure 54 and Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7054. 7 The court shall enter a separate judgment granting the forgoing relief. 8 || Dated: August 17, 2022 By the Court 9 10 Af] Ronald H. Sargis, Judge 2 United! States Bankeaptcy Court 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 28

1 Instructions to Clerk of Court 2 Service List - Not Part of Order/Judgment 3 The Clerk of Court is instructed to send the Order/Judgment or other court generated document transmitted herewith to the parties below. The Clerk of Court will send the document via the BNC 4 or, if checked ____, via the U.S. mail. 5 Debtor(s) / Defendant-Debtor(s) Attorney for the Debtor(s) / Defendant- 6 Debtor(s) (if any) 7 8 Bankruptcy Trustee (if appointed in the Office of the U.S. Trustee case) Robert T. Matsui United States Courthouse 9 501 I Street, Room 7-500 Sacramento, CA 95814 10 Attorney for the Trustee (if any) Raymond L. Sandelman, Esq. 11 196 Cohasset Road, Ste. 225 Chico, CA 95926 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28