MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any FILED court except for the purpose of establishing Aug 17 2017, 8:50 am
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK Indiana Supreme Court estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Andrea L. Ciobanu Ryan H. Cassman Ciobanu Law, P.C. Cathy M. Brownson Indianapolis, Indiana Coots, Henke & Wheeler, P.C. Carmel, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
L.R., August 17, 2017 Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No. 49A02-1608-DR-1827 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court G.R., The Honorable David J. Dryer, Appellee-Respondent. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 49D10-1404-DR-13060
Bailey, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1608-DR-1827 | August 17, 2017 Page 1 of 8 Case Summary [1] L.R. (“Mother”) appeals portions of the trial court’s order dissolving her
marriage to G.R. (“Father”) and establishing custody of their three children (the
“Children”).
[2] We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand with instructions.
Issues [3] Mother presents several issues, which we consolidate1 and restate as:
I. Whether the trial court committed reversible error when it ordered Mother and Father to attend counseling; and
II. Whether the trial court lacked the authority to limit Mother’s right to make educational decisions for the Children when it failed to make a finding, required by statute, regarding the Children’s emotional development.
Facts and Procedural History 2
[4] On July 12, 2016, the trial court entered an order dissolving Mother’s and
Father’s Marriage. The order granted Mother sole legal custody and primary
1 Mother directs arguments toward actions of the trial court subsequent to entry of the appealed order. Having denied Mother’s motion to consider those arguments, we address only issues pertaining to the appealed order. 2 Because we are not addressing Mother’s arguments concerning the trial court’s subsequent actions, we include only the procedural history pertinent to the instant appeal.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1608-DR-1827 | August 17, 2017 Page 2 of 8 physical custody of the Children. The order specified that the Children were
not to be home-schooled, rather, they were to be “enrolled in the appropriate
public school according to Mother’s residence, or private school as agreed by
the parties.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 32. The order also required that
Mother and Father participate in three months of counseling services, and
provided that “[e]ach party shall be individually responsible for their respective
appointments and shall share equally the cost of any joint appointments.”
Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 28. The trial court appointed the same counselor for
Mother and Father, and appointed a different counselor for the Children.
[5] Mother filed a Notice of Appeal on August 10, 2016. The next day, Father
filed a motion to correct error, which the trial court subsequently granted. The
trial court responsively made several corrections to its order, none of which
impacted provisions terminating home-schooling and requiring counseling.
Discussion and Decision Standard of Review [6] “[A] general judgment will control as to the issues upon which there are no
findings,” and we will affirm a general judgment if it can be sustained on any
legal theory supported by the evidence. Yanoff v. Muncy, 688 N.E.2d 1259, 1262
(Ind. 1997). However, in accordance with Trial Rule 52(A), even where the
parties have not requested special findings, the trial court is obligated to make
special findings in several circumstances, including when “provided . . . by
statute.” Where the failure to make findings deprives a trial court of statutory Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1608-DR-1827 | August 17, 2017 Page 3 of 8 authority, the offending portion of the trial court’s order cannot stand. See Jones
v. Jones, 832 N.E.2d 1057, 1061 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (striking a portion of an
order due to the trial court’s failure to make required findings because the trial
court lacked, ab initio, a statutory basis for entering that portion of the order).
Counseling [7] Mother argues that the trial court committed reversible error when it ordered
Mother and Father to participate in three months of counseling. Presumably,
the counseling has taken place as ordered because more than a year has passed
since the trial court ordered the brief period of counseling. Thus, it appears that
this issue is moot. See In re F.S., 53 N.E.3d 582, 590 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016)
(observing that an “issue is deemed moot when no effective relief can be
rendered to the parties before the court”). And, although we generally do not
consider moot issues, see id., because of the potential for this issue to recur, we
choose to address it on its merits.
[8] Mother directs us to provisions of the Indiana Code limiting the trial court’s
authority to order counseling, however, those provisions apply to the fashioning
of a provisional order in a dissolution action; the instant order was not a
provisional order. Mother also points out, and Father does not dispute, that
Mother obtained a protective order against Father. However, the order did not
mandate joint counseling. Rather, the order instead contemplated that the
parties would have “their respective appointments” for which they were
financially responsible, and proactively provided a cost-sharing provision
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1608-DR-1827 | August 17, 2017 Page 4 of 8 should there be “any joint appointments.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 28.
Finally, we are not persuaded by Mother’s suggestion that the trial court must
have “made a typographical error in ordering the parties into counseling
because the topic of conversation at the relevant hearing was about Children
potentially going into counseling.” Appellant’s Br. at 25. Moreover, the trial
court specifically appointed different counselors for the parents and the
Children, and drafted a separate financial-responsibility provision relating to the
cost of the Children’s appointments.
[9] The evidence favorable to the order indicates that Mother shared her negative
thoughts and feelings about Father with the Children, and the Children were
influenced by those communications. During the pendency of the dissolution
proceeding, the Children had become increasingly distressed, and there was an
extended time when Mother refused to let Father see the Children. Here, given
the tenor of Mother’s and Father’s relationship, the trial court could reasonably
conclude, based on the record before it, that requiring Mother and Father to
participate in counseling services would provide a benefit to the Children.
[10] Mother has not persuaded us that the trial court erred in this respect.
Education [11] The trial court granted Mother sole legal custody, while specifying that the
Children were not to be home-schooled. The trial court’s authority to limit a
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any FILED court except for the purpose of establishing Aug 17 2017, 8:50 am
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK Indiana Supreme Court estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Andrea L. Ciobanu Ryan H. Cassman Ciobanu Law, P.C. Cathy M. Brownson Indianapolis, Indiana Coots, Henke & Wheeler, P.C. Carmel, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
L.R., August 17, 2017 Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No. 49A02-1608-DR-1827 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court G.R., The Honorable David J. Dryer, Appellee-Respondent. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 49D10-1404-DR-13060
Bailey, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1608-DR-1827 | August 17, 2017 Page 1 of 8 Case Summary [1] L.R. (“Mother”) appeals portions of the trial court’s order dissolving her
marriage to G.R. (“Father”) and establishing custody of their three children (the
“Children”).
[2] We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand with instructions.
Issues [3] Mother presents several issues, which we consolidate1 and restate as:
I. Whether the trial court committed reversible error when it ordered Mother and Father to attend counseling; and
II. Whether the trial court lacked the authority to limit Mother’s right to make educational decisions for the Children when it failed to make a finding, required by statute, regarding the Children’s emotional development.
Facts and Procedural History 2
[4] On July 12, 2016, the trial court entered an order dissolving Mother’s and
Father’s Marriage. The order granted Mother sole legal custody and primary
1 Mother directs arguments toward actions of the trial court subsequent to entry of the appealed order. Having denied Mother’s motion to consider those arguments, we address only issues pertaining to the appealed order. 2 Because we are not addressing Mother’s arguments concerning the trial court’s subsequent actions, we include only the procedural history pertinent to the instant appeal.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1608-DR-1827 | August 17, 2017 Page 2 of 8 physical custody of the Children. The order specified that the Children were
not to be home-schooled, rather, they were to be “enrolled in the appropriate
public school according to Mother’s residence, or private school as agreed by
the parties.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 32. The order also required that
Mother and Father participate in three months of counseling services, and
provided that “[e]ach party shall be individually responsible for their respective
appointments and shall share equally the cost of any joint appointments.”
Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 28. The trial court appointed the same counselor for
Mother and Father, and appointed a different counselor for the Children.
[5] Mother filed a Notice of Appeal on August 10, 2016. The next day, Father
filed a motion to correct error, which the trial court subsequently granted. The
trial court responsively made several corrections to its order, none of which
impacted provisions terminating home-schooling and requiring counseling.
Discussion and Decision Standard of Review [6] “[A] general judgment will control as to the issues upon which there are no
findings,” and we will affirm a general judgment if it can be sustained on any
legal theory supported by the evidence. Yanoff v. Muncy, 688 N.E.2d 1259, 1262
(Ind. 1997). However, in accordance with Trial Rule 52(A), even where the
parties have not requested special findings, the trial court is obligated to make
special findings in several circumstances, including when “provided . . . by
statute.” Where the failure to make findings deprives a trial court of statutory Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1608-DR-1827 | August 17, 2017 Page 3 of 8 authority, the offending portion of the trial court’s order cannot stand. See Jones
v. Jones, 832 N.E.2d 1057, 1061 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (striking a portion of an
order due to the trial court’s failure to make required findings because the trial
court lacked, ab initio, a statutory basis for entering that portion of the order).
Counseling [7] Mother argues that the trial court committed reversible error when it ordered
Mother and Father to participate in three months of counseling. Presumably,
the counseling has taken place as ordered because more than a year has passed
since the trial court ordered the brief period of counseling. Thus, it appears that
this issue is moot. See In re F.S., 53 N.E.3d 582, 590 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016)
(observing that an “issue is deemed moot when no effective relief can be
rendered to the parties before the court”). And, although we generally do not
consider moot issues, see id., because of the potential for this issue to recur, we
choose to address it on its merits.
[8] Mother directs us to provisions of the Indiana Code limiting the trial court’s
authority to order counseling, however, those provisions apply to the fashioning
of a provisional order in a dissolution action; the instant order was not a
provisional order. Mother also points out, and Father does not dispute, that
Mother obtained a protective order against Father. However, the order did not
mandate joint counseling. Rather, the order instead contemplated that the
parties would have “their respective appointments” for which they were
financially responsible, and proactively provided a cost-sharing provision
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1608-DR-1827 | August 17, 2017 Page 4 of 8 should there be “any joint appointments.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 28.
Finally, we are not persuaded by Mother’s suggestion that the trial court must
have “made a typographical error in ordering the parties into counseling
because the topic of conversation at the relevant hearing was about Children
potentially going into counseling.” Appellant’s Br. at 25. Moreover, the trial
court specifically appointed different counselors for the parents and the
Children, and drafted a separate financial-responsibility provision relating to the
cost of the Children’s appointments.
[9] The evidence favorable to the order indicates that Mother shared her negative
thoughts and feelings about Father with the Children, and the Children were
influenced by those communications. During the pendency of the dissolution
proceeding, the Children had become increasingly distressed, and there was an
extended time when Mother refused to let Father see the Children. Here, given
the tenor of Mother’s and Father’s relationship, the trial court could reasonably
conclude, based on the record before it, that requiring Mother and Father to
participate in counseling services would provide a benefit to the Children.
[10] Mother has not persuaded us that the trial court erred in this respect.
Education [11] The trial court granted Mother sole legal custody, while specifying that the
Children were not to be home-schooled. The trial court’s authority to limit a
legal custodian’s decision-making authority is addressed by statute:
(a) Except: Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1608-DR-1827 | August 17, 2017 Page 5 of 8 (1) as otherwise agreed by the parties in writing at the time of the custody order; and
(2) as provided in subsection (b);
the custodian may determine the child’s upbringing, including the child’s education, health care, and religious training.
(b) If the court finds after motion by a noncustodial parent that, in the absence of a specific limitation of the custodian’s authority, the child’s:
(1) physical health would be endangered; or
(2) emotional development would be significantly impaired;
the court may specifically limit the custodian’s authority.
Ind. Code § 31-17-2-17.
[12] Mother argues3 that the trial court improperly limited her decision-making
authority because it failed to make any findings concerning the Children’s
emotional development or physical health, as required by the statute. Father
3 Mother briefly asserts that the trial court failed to comply with the statute because Father did not move to limit Mother’s decision-making authority. However, we have recognized that a request for legal custody can amount to the “functional equivalent” of a motion under subsection (b) of the statute. Gonzalez v. Gonzalez, 893 N.E.2d 333, 336 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). Here, Father sought legal custody, both Father and Mother elicited testimony concerning the propriety of home-schooling the Children, and Mother never objected to consideration of the issue. We conclude that this issue was properly before the trial court for the purposes of subsection (b).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1608-DR-1827 | August 17, 2017 Page 6 of 8 responds that the trial court’s decision to address home-schooling reflects a
determination that the Children’s emotional development would be
significantly impaired and that there was a “mountain of evidence” supporting
a decision to terminate the Children’s home-schooling. Appellee’s Br. at 21.
[13] It does appear that the trial court drafted the provision out of concern for the
emotional development of the Children, and those concerns may well have
evidentiary support. However, where a trial court determines as much, Indiana
Code section 31-17-2-17 imposes on trial courts an affirmative obligation to
articulate a specific finding that each affected child’s emotional development
would be significantly impaired—or physical health endangered—before
placing a limitation on the parent’s authority. This is so because of the
constitutional dimension of a parent’s right to direct a child’s upbringing
without undue governmental interference. See generally In re Visitation of M.L.B.,
983 N.E.2d 583, 586 (Ind. 2013) (interpreting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57
(2000)). When a trial court fails to comply with Indiana Code section 31-17-2-
17, the trial court lacks the authority to limit a legal custodian’s rights. See
Jones, 832 N.E.2d at 1061 (concluding that the trial court lacked the authority to
limit a parent’s ability to direct a child’s religious training when the trial court
failed to make the finding required by statute).
[14] Although Father invites us to apply the general-judgment standard of review,
we are precluded from doing so under these circumstances. Rather, because the
trial court did not make the requisite findings as to the Children, the trial court
had no statutory authority to curtail Mother’s right to direct their upbringing.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1608-DR-1827 | August 17, 2017 Page 7 of 8 We must therefore vacate that portion of the order relating to the termination of
home-schooling, and remand for the trial court to determine whether any
restriction on Mother’s authority is warranted. 4
Conclusion [15] Mother has not persuaded us that the trial court erred in ordering the three-
month period of counseling. As to the termination of home-schooling, the trial
court improperly restricted Mother’s authority to make educational decisions
for the Children because the trial court did not make specific findings required
by Indiana Code section 31-17-2-17. We accordingly vacate that portion of the
order terminating home-schooling of the Children, and remand for further
proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. We affirm the order of the trial
court in all other respects.
[16] Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded.
Baker, J., and Altice, J., concur.
4 Because we resolve this issue on statutory grounds, we do not consider Mother’s constitutional arguments.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1608-DR-1827 | August 17, 2017 Page 8 of 8