Kelly, J.:
On November 5, 1915, the plaintiff was invited by the appellant to ride with her in appellant’s automobile, operated by appellant’s chauffeur, from Garden City to Brooklyn. While traveling west on the Jericho turnpike the automobile came in collision with a motor truck, and the plaintiff was injured. She brought this action against the appellant Williams and the owner of the motor truck, alleging that both of said vehicles were carelessly operated, and that she was injured through the negligence of defendants and without fault on her part. The jury rendered .a verdict in favor of plaintiff against the defendant, appellant, acquitting the defendant motor truck owner of blame. The accident happened about dusk, and the evidence as to the speed of appellant’s automobile, failure to observe the motor truck [702]*702or to stop or otherwise avoid the collision, necessitated the submission of the question of appellant’s negligence to the jury, and their verdict cannot be said to be against the evidence. The only matter on which there is any difference of opinion among the members of this court is whether the rule of respondeat superior applies in this case as between the appellant and her chauffeur so as to make her hable for his negligence. The learned trial justice charged the jury that a master is responsible for the acts of his servant within the scope of that servant’s employment, and if the servant be negligent and that negligence results in an injury to a third person, that third person has a cause of action against the master, and that in this case if appellant’s chauffeur was negligent, she was chargeable with such negligence. No exception was taken to the charge, but Mr. Justice Blackmar is of opinion that the relations of plaintiff and appellant in this case make the rule inapplicable.
The doctrine of respondeat superior as a rule of civil liability is one of the most ancient known to our system of jurisprudence, dating back to the fourteenth century. (Professor Wigmore, “ Responsibility for Tortious Acts,” 7 Harvard Law Review, 315.) Judge Holt announced it in 1691: “ For whoever employs another is answerable for him, and undertakes for his care to all that make use of him ” (Boson v. Sandford, 2 Salk. 440; 3 Mod. 321); and Lord Brougham said: “ I am liable for what is done for me and under my orders by the man I employ, for I may turn him off from that employ when I please; and the reason that I am hable is this, that by employing him I set the whole thing in motion; and what he does, being done for my benefit and under my direction, I am responsible for the consequences of doing it.” (Duncan v. Findlater, 6 CL & Fin. 910.) The principle is laid down by Blackstone (1 Black. Com. chap. 14): “ As for those things which a servant may do on behalf of his master, they seem all to proceed upon tis principle, that the master is answerable for the act of his servant, if done by his command, either expressly given or implied: nam quifacit per odium, facit per se [for he who does a thing by the agency of another, does it himself].” Chancellor Kent sustains it (Kent Com. pt. IV, Lect. XXXII), and we know that originally the civil law held the pater familias [703]*703liable for all the misdeeds of his servants and children. It is based not only on the inherent justice of holding a man responsible for the conduct of others acting for him at his request or by his command, but is adopted from general considerations of policy and security. (Farwell v. Boston & Worcester R. R. Corp., 4 Metc. [Mass.] 49, 56.) It enters into the every day life of all of us, and under modern conditions is part and parcel of our civilization. It is said that the doctrine is not applicable as between master and servant in relation to a gratuitous guest, invited by the master, as in the present case, to ride in a carriage or automobile purely as a courtesy or kindness. The question of appellant’s liability presented by the plaintiff must be answered from the cold legal standpoint, unaffected by other considerations. That the owner of a vehicle inviting another to ride with him as a favor, nevertheless owes some duty to his guest, cannot be disputed. He cannot willfully injure him or expose him to unnecessary or unusual dangers. Nor can it be disputed that in such case the owner would be responsible for his own personal negligence in caring for his guest. Such was the case of Patnode v. Foote (153 App. Div. 494), where the guest recovered for damages sustained by reason of the reckless driving of the host. The contention that the owner is not responsible seems to be based upon the theory that the plaintiff, accepting defendant’s invitation, and placing herself, as did appellant, in the care of the chauffeur, the latter was acting for her as much as for the appellant, and for the time being was the servant of both. The doctrine of Massaletti v. Fitzroy (228 Mass. 487; 118 N. E. Rep. 168) appears to turn upon degrees of negligence whether slight, ordinary or gross, which the court holds still exist in Massachusetts. In that case the court held that "the defendant could not be held hable to an invited guest save for gross negligence. We do not] recognize these distinctions or degrees of negligence in this State, referring" entirely to the degree of care required in the particular case presented, some relations demanding] extraordinary and others but ordinary care. If a man ful-l fills the obligation of care placed upon him, he is not negligent, and if he fails he may be adjudged negligent. It seems to us that once it is conceded that' the appellant owed [704]*704to her guest the duty of reasonable care, she cannot escape liability for the negligence of her chauffeur on the facts in this case. It may be that the doctrine of respondeat superior does not apply to every case of a person riding gratuitously upon a friendly invitation from the owner of a vehicle. There may be cases where the relation of the owner of the vehicle and the person so invited would partake of the nature of a joint adventure, in which the chauffeur, the general servant of the owner, would, for the time being, become the servant of both, or where the doctrine of assumption of risk might bar recovery. In such cases the doctrine of respondeat superior might not apply. But on the evidence here there is nothing to justify a finding of joint adventure or assumption of risk. Indeed there is some evidence from appellant’s chauffeur tending to show active personal supervision of the operation of the automobile by the appellant. But the mere fact that the plaintiff was a guest, riding free, accepting a courtesy and kindness from appellant, does not prevent the application of the rule. In Philadelphia & Reading R. R. Co. v. Derby (14 How. [U. S.] 468) the Supreme Court of the United States held the railroad company hable to Derby, a stockholder, and the president of another railroad company, for injuries received while the guest of the president of the defendant company riding on one of its locomotives in collision. Mr. Justice Grier, writing for the court, said: “ It is no answer to an action against the master for such injury, either, that the plaintiff was riding for pleasure, or that he was a stockholder in the road, or that he had not paid his toll, or that he was the guest of the defendant, or riding in a carriage borrowed from him, or that the defendant was the friend, benefactor, or brother of the plaintiff.
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Kelly, J.:
On November 5, 1915, the plaintiff was invited by the appellant to ride with her in appellant’s automobile, operated by appellant’s chauffeur, from Garden City to Brooklyn. While traveling west on the Jericho turnpike the automobile came in collision with a motor truck, and the plaintiff was injured. She brought this action against the appellant Williams and the owner of the motor truck, alleging that both of said vehicles were carelessly operated, and that she was injured through the negligence of defendants and without fault on her part. The jury rendered .a verdict in favor of plaintiff against the defendant, appellant, acquitting the defendant motor truck owner of blame. The accident happened about dusk, and the evidence as to the speed of appellant’s automobile, failure to observe the motor truck [702]*702or to stop or otherwise avoid the collision, necessitated the submission of the question of appellant’s negligence to the jury, and their verdict cannot be said to be against the evidence. The only matter on which there is any difference of opinion among the members of this court is whether the rule of respondeat superior applies in this case as between the appellant and her chauffeur so as to make her hable for his negligence. The learned trial justice charged the jury that a master is responsible for the acts of his servant within the scope of that servant’s employment, and if the servant be negligent and that negligence results in an injury to a third person, that third person has a cause of action against the master, and that in this case if appellant’s chauffeur was negligent, she was chargeable with such negligence. No exception was taken to the charge, but Mr. Justice Blackmar is of opinion that the relations of plaintiff and appellant in this case make the rule inapplicable.
The doctrine of respondeat superior as a rule of civil liability is one of the most ancient known to our system of jurisprudence, dating back to the fourteenth century. (Professor Wigmore, “ Responsibility for Tortious Acts,” 7 Harvard Law Review, 315.) Judge Holt announced it in 1691: “ For whoever employs another is answerable for him, and undertakes for his care to all that make use of him ” (Boson v. Sandford, 2 Salk. 440; 3 Mod. 321); and Lord Brougham said: “ I am liable for what is done for me and under my orders by the man I employ, for I may turn him off from that employ when I please; and the reason that I am hable is this, that by employing him I set the whole thing in motion; and what he does, being done for my benefit and under my direction, I am responsible for the consequences of doing it.” (Duncan v. Findlater, 6 CL & Fin. 910.) The principle is laid down by Blackstone (1 Black. Com. chap. 14): “ As for those things which a servant may do on behalf of his master, they seem all to proceed upon tis principle, that the master is answerable for the act of his servant, if done by his command, either expressly given or implied: nam quifacit per odium, facit per se [for he who does a thing by the agency of another, does it himself].” Chancellor Kent sustains it (Kent Com. pt. IV, Lect. XXXII), and we know that originally the civil law held the pater familias [703]*703liable for all the misdeeds of his servants and children. It is based not only on the inherent justice of holding a man responsible for the conduct of others acting for him at his request or by his command, but is adopted from general considerations of policy and security. (Farwell v. Boston & Worcester R. R. Corp., 4 Metc. [Mass.] 49, 56.) It enters into the every day life of all of us, and under modern conditions is part and parcel of our civilization. It is said that the doctrine is not applicable as between master and servant in relation to a gratuitous guest, invited by the master, as in the present case, to ride in a carriage or automobile purely as a courtesy or kindness. The question of appellant’s liability presented by the plaintiff must be answered from the cold legal standpoint, unaffected by other considerations. That the owner of a vehicle inviting another to ride with him as a favor, nevertheless owes some duty to his guest, cannot be disputed. He cannot willfully injure him or expose him to unnecessary or unusual dangers. Nor can it be disputed that in such case the owner would be responsible for his own personal negligence in caring for his guest. Such was the case of Patnode v. Foote (153 App. Div. 494), where the guest recovered for damages sustained by reason of the reckless driving of the host. The contention that the owner is not responsible seems to be based upon the theory that the plaintiff, accepting defendant’s invitation, and placing herself, as did appellant, in the care of the chauffeur, the latter was acting for her as much as for the appellant, and for the time being was the servant of both. The doctrine of Massaletti v. Fitzroy (228 Mass. 487; 118 N. E. Rep. 168) appears to turn upon degrees of negligence whether slight, ordinary or gross, which the court holds still exist in Massachusetts. In that case the court held that "the defendant could not be held hable to an invited guest save for gross negligence. We do not] recognize these distinctions or degrees of negligence in this State, referring" entirely to the degree of care required in the particular case presented, some relations demanding] extraordinary and others but ordinary care. If a man ful-l fills the obligation of care placed upon him, he is not negligent, and if he fails he may be adjudged negligent. It seems to us that once it is conceded that' the appellant owed [704]*704to her guest the duty of reasonable care, she cannot escape liability for the negligence of her chauffeur on the facts in this case. It may be that the doctrine of respondeat superior does not apply to every case of a person riding gratuitously upon a friendly invitation from the owner of a vehicle. There may be cases where the relation of the owner of the vehicle and the person so invited would partake of the nature of a joint adventure, in which the chauffeur, the general servant of the owner, would, for the time being, become the servant of both, or where the doctrine of assumption of risk might bar recovery. In such cases the doctrine of respondeat superior might not apply. But on the evidence here there is nothing to justify a finding of joint adventure or assumption of risk. Indeed there is some evidence from appellant’s chauffeur tending to show active personal supervision of the operation of the automobile by the appellant. But the mere fact that the plaintiff was a guest, riding free, accepting a courtesy and kindness from appellant, does not prevent the application of the rule. In Philadelphia & Reading R. R. Co. v. Derby (14 How. [U. S.] 468) the Supreme Court of the United States held the railroad company hable to Derby, a stockholder, and the president of another railroad company, for injuries received while the guest of the president of the defendant company riding on one of its locomotives in collision. Mr. Justice Grier, writing for the court, said: “ It is no answer to an action against the master for such injury, either, that the plaintiff was riding for pleasure, or that he was a stockholder in the road, or that he had not paid his toll, or that he was the guest of the defendant, or riding in a carriage borrowed from him, or that the defendant was the friend, benefactor, or brother of the plaintiff. These arguments, arising- from the social or domestic relations of life may, in some cases, successfully appeal to the feelings of the plaintiff, but will usually have little effect where the defendant is a corporation, which is itself incapable of such relations or the reciprocation of such feelings.” And in writing of the obligation of the railroad company to the plaintiff the court said: “ This duty does not result alone from the consideration paid for the service. It is imposed by the law, even where the service is gratuitous. ‘The confidence -induced by undertaking any service for [705]*705another, is a sufficient legal consideration to create a duty in the performance of it.’ See Coggs v. Bernard, and cases cited in 1 Smith’s Leading Cases, 95. It is true, a distinction has been taken, in some cases, between simple negligence, and great or gross negligence; and it is said, that one who acts gratuitously is liable only for the latter. But this case does not call upon us to define the difference (if it be capable of definition), as the verdict has found this to be a case of gross negligence. When carriers undertake to convey persons by the powerful but dangerous agency of steam, public policy and safety require that they be held to the greatest possible care and diligence. And whether the consideration for such transportation be pecuniary or otherwise, the personal safety of the passengers should not be left to the sport of chance or the negligence of careless agents. Any negligence, in such cases, may well deserve the epithet of ' gross.’ ” And our own Court of Appeals has decided that a railroad company is liable to a guest riding on a locomotive with the permission of the engineer contrary to the rules, who was injured in a collision, Judge Willard Bartlett writing for the court: “ The concrete rule of law which we deem applicable to such a collision as occurred in this case is that the defendant whose freight train ran into the Wabash engine at the crossing was bound to exercise ordinary care not to injure any person riding upon that engine whose presence thereon was not of such a character as to constitute him a wrongdoer.” (Grimshaw v. L. S. & M. S. R. Co., 205 N. Y. 371.) If the appellant here owed the plaintiff the duty of reasonable care, she was responsible for the conduct of her servant, doing her work, carrying out her orders in her immediate presence not only from the necessities of the case but on the ordinary principles of right and wrong. The plaintiff was powerless to interfere. Granted the obligation of reasonable care, we do not think we can abandon this well-settled salutary and reasonable doctrine on the facts here. There is an interesting discussion of the rule in Dr. Baty’s “ Vicarious Liabifity ” (Oxford University Press, 1916), but, like other critics of existing conditions, the learned author does not give us anything in place of it. In this age of radical reforms in the relations of [706]*706mankind, no one has suggested any better or different doctrine. We conclude, therefore, that the learned trial justice correctly stated the law, and that the judgment must be affirmed.
Mills, J., concurred; Putnam, J., concurred in separate memorandum; Blackmar, J., read for reversal and for dismissal of the complaint, with whom Rich, J., concurred.