Love v. Marriott Hotel Services, Inc.

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: March 3, 2021
• Docket: 3:20-cv-07137
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 SAMUEL LOVE, Case No. 20-cv-07137-TSH

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 v. DISMISS

10 MARRIOTT HOTEL SERVICES, INC., Re: Dkt. No. 16 11 Defendant.

12 13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 Plaintiff Samuel Love brings this case under the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 15 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101, et seq., challenging the reservation policies and practices of Defendant 16 Marriott Hotel Services, Inc. Pending before the Court is Marriott’s Motion to Dismiss pursuant 17 to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). ECF No. 16. Love filed an Opposition (ECF No. 21) 18 and Defendant filed a Reply (ECF No. 23). The Court finds this matter suitable for disposition 19 without oral argument and VACATES the March 11, 2021 hearing. See Civ. L.R. 7-1(b). Having 20 considered the parties’ positions, relevant legal authority, and the record in this case, the Court 21 GRANTS Marriott’s motion for the following reasons. 22 II. BACKGROUND 23 Love is a paraplegic who is substantially limited in his ability to walk and uses a 24 wheelchair for mobility. First Am. Compl. (“FAC”), ¶ 1, ECF No. 13. Marriott owns and 25 operates the San Francisco Marriott Marquis located at 780 Mission St., San Francisco, California 26 (the “Hotel”). Id. ¶ 2. Love needs an accessible guestroom, and he needs to be given information 27 about accessible features in hotel rooms so that he can confidently book those rooms and travel 1 Love “planned on making a trip in February of 2021” to the San Francisco area, and he 2 chose the Hotel for lodging. Id. ¶¶ 14-15. On September 11, 2020, Love went to the reservation 3 website at https://www.marriott.com/hotels/maps/travel/sfodt-san-francisco-marriott-marquis/ 4 seeking to book an accessible room, but he alleges “there are very few, if any, accessible features 5 identified for any given room.” Id. ¶¶ 16, 18. Instead, the reservations website has an 6 “Accessibility” tab that “provides a general list of supposedly accessible features but does not 7 provide any actual data or information beyond a naked label of ‘accessible.’” Id. ¶ 18. He 8 maintains “it is nowhere near enough to permit a profoundly disabled wheelchair user to have any 9 confidence or come to any conclusions about whether any given hotel room works for him or her.” 10 Id. ¶ 23. He alleges that

11 because the defendant has failed to identify and describe—and/or failed to provide the necessary information to the third party operator 12 of the website reservation system—the core accessibility features in enough detail to reasonably permit individuals with disabilities to 13 assess independently whether a given hotel or guest room meets his accessibility needs, the defendant fails to comply with its ADA 14 obligations and the result is that the plaintiff is unable to engage in an online booking of the hotel room with any confidence or knowledge 15 about whether the room will actually work for him due to his disability. 16 17 Id. ¶ 32. Love would like to patronize the Hotel but is deterred from doing so “because of the lack 18 of detailed information through the hotel’s reservation system. Id. ¶ 37. 19 Love filed this case on October 14, 2020 and filed an amended complaint on January 4, 20 2021. He brings claims (1) under the ADA, alleging Marriott’s failure to ensure its reservation 21 policies and procedures identify and describe accessible features in the hotels and guest rooms in 22 enough detail to reasonably permit individuals with disabilities to assess independently whether a 23 given hotel or guest room meets his or her accessibility needs, and (2) under the California Unruh 24 Civil Rights Act, which provides that a violation of the ADA is a violation of the Unruh Act. Cal. 25 Civ. Code § 51(f). He seeks injunctive relief, compelling Marriott to comply with the ADA and 26 Unruh Act, damages under the Unruh Act, and attorney’s fees and costs. 27 Marriott filed the present motion on January 21, 2021, arguing that at least four courts in 1 website fully complies with the ADA, and that commentary from the U.S. Department of Justice 2 (“DOJ”) makes clear the Hotel has provided all the information that is required. 3 III. LEGAL STANDARD 4 A complaint must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 5 pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Thus, to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to 6 dismiss, a complaint must plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 7 face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). Plausibility does not mean 8 probability, but it requires “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” 9 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 687 (2009). A complaint must therefore provide a defendant with 10 “fair notice” of the claims against it and the grounds for relief. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 11 (quotations and citation omitted); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) (A complaint must contain a “short and 12 plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.”). In considering a 13 motion to dismiss, the court accepts factual allegations in the complaint as true and construes the 14 pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine 15 Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008).; Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93-94 (2007). 16 However, “the tenet that a court must accept a complaint’s allegations as true is inapplicable to 17 threadbare recitals of a cause of action’s elements, supported by mere conclusory statements.” 18 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 19 If a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is granted, the “court should grant leave to amend even if no 20 request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly 21 be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en 22 banc) (citations and quotations omitted). However, a court “may exercise its discretion to deny 23 leave to amend due to ‘undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on part of the movant, repeated 24 failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing 25 party . . ., [and] futility of amendment.’” Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 629 F.3d 876, 26 892–93 (9th Cir. 2010) (alterations in original) (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 27 (1962)). 1 IV. REQUESTS FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE 2 As part of its motion, Marriott requests the Court take judicial notice of the following 3 documents: 4 1) A copy of the “Landing page” and Accessibility Tab of Marriott’s website, 5 https://www.marriott.com/hotels/travel/sfodt-san-francisco-marriott-marquis/ (Ex. 1). 6 2) A copy of the relevant pages from Marriott’s website showing the various 7 accessible room descriptions (Ex. 2). 8 3) A list of Love’s cases filed in California federal court from PACER (Ex. 3). 9 4) A copy of relevant pages from the online building permit records for 10 Marriott’s Hotel from the public website of San Francisco government, 11 https://sfplanninggis.org/pim/?pub=true (Ex. 4) 12 5) The Consent Decree in United States v. Hilton Worldwide Inc., No. 10-cv-1924, ECF 13 No. 5 (D.D.C. Nov. 29, 2010) (Ex. 5). 14 Request for Judicial Notice (“RJN”), ECF No. 16-2. As part of its reply, Marriott requests the 15 Court take judicial notice of the following additional documents: 16 1) A copy of the Order Dismissing Complaint with Prejudice, Arroyo v. JWMFE Anaheim, 17 LLC, Case No. 8::21-cv-00014-CJC-KES (C.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2021). 18 2) A copy of the Accessibility Page of JWMFE Anaheim’s Marriott website, 19 https://www.marriott.com/hotels/fact-sheet/travel/laxoc-fairfield-anaheim- 20 resort/#accessibil 21 3) A copy of the Order Dismissing Complaint with Prejudice, Salinas v. Apple Ten SPE 22 Capistrano, LLC, Case No. 8:20-cv-02379-CJC-DFM (C.D. Cal. Feb. 18, 2021). 23 Love requests the Court not grant the request for judicial notice regarding his litigation 24 history on the basis that it is not relevant to the issues before the Court. Opp’n at 2. 25 In general, the Court may not look beyond the four corners of a complaint in ruling on a 26 Rule 12(b)(6) motion, except for documents incorporated into the complaint by reference and any 27 relevant matters subject to judicial notice. Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 476 F.3d 756, 763 (9th Cir. 1 judicial notice of matters that are either (1) generally known within the trial court’s territorial 2 jurisdiction or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose 3 accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned. Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). 4 Proper subjects of judicial notice when ruling on a motion to dismiss include court 5 documents already in the public record and documents filed in other courts. Reyn’s Pasta Bella, 6 LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n.6 (9th Cir. 2006). Thus, Reply Exhibits 1 and 3, and 7 Motion Exhibit 5 are the proper subjects of judicial notice. As to Exhibit 3, the Court finds a list 8 of Love’s other cases is the proper subject of judicial notice, but it is not relevant here. 9 Websites and their contents may also be proper subjects for judicial notice. Threshold 10 Enterprises Ltd. v. Pressed Juicery, Inc., 445 F. Supp. 3d 139, 146 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (and cases 11 cited therein); Wible v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 375 F. Supp. 2d 956, 965 (C.D. Cal. 2005) 12 (recognizing that “websites and their contents may be proper subjects for judicial notice” where 13 party “supplied the court with hard copies of the actual web pages of which they sought to have 14 the court take judicial notice). Further, under the doctrine of incorporation by reference, the Court 15 may consider not only documents attached to the complaint, but also documents whose contents 16 are alleged in the complaint, provided the complaint “necessarily relies” on the documents or 17 contents thereof, the document’s authenticity is uncontested, and the document’s relevance is 18 uncontested. Coto Settlement v. Eisenberg, 593 F.3d 1031, 1038 (9th Cir. 2010); United States v. 19 Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Even if a document is not attached to a complaint, it 20 may be incorporated by reference into a complaint if the plaintiff refers extensively to the 21 document or the document forms the basis of the plaintiff’s claim.”). “The defendant may offer 22 such a document, and the district court may treat such a document as part of the complaint, and 23 thus may assume that its contents are true for purposes of a motion to dismiss under Rule 24 12(b)(6).” Ritchie, 342 F.3d at 908. The purpose of this rule is to “prevent plaintiffs from 25 surviving a Rule 12(b)(6) motion by deliberately omitting documents upon which their claims are 26 based.” Swartz, 476 F.3d at 763 (internal marks omitted). 27 Here, Motion Exhibits 1 and 2 and Reply Exhibit 2 are publicly-accessible web pages, and 1 Court may consider these documents in evaluating Marriott’s motion. Barnes v. Marriott Hotel 2 Servs., Inc., 2017 WL 635474, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2017) (taking judicial notice of pages of 3 Marriott’s website in website accessibility claim). Exhibit 4 is a copy of the online building 4 permit records from the San Francisco government website for the Hotel. Because it is an official 5 government record from a government website, the Court may take judicial notice of it. Cota v. 6 Maxwell-Jolly, 688 F. Supp. 2d 980, 998 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (“The Court may properly take judicial 7 notice of the documents appearing on a governmental website.”). 8 As this information is not subject to reasonable dispute, the Court GRANTS Marriott’s 9 request and takes judicial notice of these matters. 10 V. DISCUSSION 11 A. Love’s ADA Claim 12 Title III of the ADA prohibits discrimination in places of public accommodation on the 13 basis of disability, including websites. 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a); Robles v. Domino’s Pizza, LLC, 913 14 F.3d 898, 905 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 122 (2019). As Ninth Circuit precedent makes 15 clear, Love can pursue injunctive relief even if he did not actually visit the Hotel. See Civil Rights 16 Educ. & Enf’t Ctr. v. Hosp. Props. Tr., 867 F.3d 1093, 1099 (9th Cir. 2017). To succeed on a 17 discrimination claim under Title III of the ADA, a plaintiff must show that “(1) [s]he is disabled 18 within the meaning of the ADA; (2) the defendant is a private entity that owns, leases, or operates 19 a place of public accommodation; and (3) the plaintiff was denied public accommodation by the 20 defendant because of [her] disability.” Arizona ex rel. Goddard v. Harkins Amusement Enters., 21 Inc., 603 F.3d 666, 670 (9th Cir. 2010). Marriott does not dispute the first two elements. The 22 third element is satisfied when the plaintiff can show a violation of accessibility standards. 23 Rodriguez v. Barrita, Inc., 10 F. Supp. 3d 1062, 1073 (N.D. Cal. 2014). 24 Love contends that Marriott’s reservation system violates 28 C.F.R. § 36.302(e). That 25 section requires that a “public accommodation that owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a place 26 of lodging” must comply with a number of requirements “with respect to reservations made by 27 1 any means,” including when such reservations are made through a third-party.1 In particular, § 2 36.302(e)(1)(ii) requires that public accommodations “[i]dentify and describe accessible features 3 in the hotels and guest rooms offered through its reservations service in enough detail to 4 reasonably permit individuals with disabilities to assess independently whether a given hotel or 5 guest room meets his or her accessibility needs.” 6 Love contends Marriott’s reservation system violates § 36.302(e) because the website does 7 not provide sufficient detail about accessible features to allow a wheelchair user to make an 8 independent assessment of whether these features would meet his needs. FAC ¶ 43. He suggests 9 that more detailed descriptions of rooms or features would be appropriate, including whether there 10 is at least 30 inches width on the side of the bed so his wheelchair can pull up next to the bed for 11 transfer, whether the desk where he will eat and work has sufficient knee and toe clearance, 12 whether he can transfer to and use the toilet, whether the restroom sink provides appropriate knee 13 clearance, whether the restroom mirror is mounted at a lowered height so that wheelchair users can 14 use it, and what type of shower is available and whether it has an in-shower seat grab bars 15 mounted on the walls, and a detachable hand-held shower wand. Id. ¶ 29. 16 In response, Marriott points to an Appendix to the regulations, 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. A, in 17 which the DOJ provides the following commentary regarding accessibility information required 18 under the regulations: 19 1 (1) Reservations made by places of lodging. A public accommodation that owns, leases (or 20 leases to), or operates a place of lodging shall, with respect to reservations made by any means, including by telephone, in-person, or through a third party- 21

(i) Modify its policies, practices, or procedures to ensure that individuals with disabilities 22 can make reservations for accessible guest rooms during the same hours and in the same manner as individuals who do not need accessible rooms; 23

(ii) Identify and describe accessible features in the hotels and guest rooms offered through 24 its reservations service in enough detail to reasonably permit individuals with disabilities to assess independently whether a given hotel or guest room meets his or her accessibility 25 needs;

26 (iii) Ensure that accessible guest rooms are held for use by individuals with disabilities until all other guest rooms of that type have been rented and the accessible room requested 27 is the only remaining room of that type . . .. 1 The Department recognizes that a reservations system is not intended to be an accessibility survey. However, specific information 2 concerning accessibility features is essential to travelers with disabilities. Because of the wide variations in the level of 3 accessibility that travelers will encounter, the Department cannot specify what information must be included in every instance. For 4 hotels that were built in compliance with the 1991 Standards, it may be sufficient to specify that the hotel is accessible and, for each 5 accessible room, to describe the general type of room (e.g., deluxe executive suite), the size and number of beds (e.g., two queen beds), 6 the type of accessible bathing facility (e.g., roll-in shower), and communications features available in the room (e.g., alarms and 7 visual notification devices). Based on that information, many individuals with disabilities will be comfortable making reservations. 8 For older hotels with limited accessibility features, information about 9 the hotel should include, at a minimum, information about accessible entrances to the hotel, the path of travel to guest check-in and other 10 essential services, and the accessible route to the accessible room or rooms. 11 12 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. A, “Title III Regulations 2010 Guidance and Section-by-Section Analysis” 13 (the “2010 Guidance”); see also Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability by Public 14 Accommodations and in Commercial Facilities, 75 FR 56,236, 56,274 (Sept. 15, 2010) (to be 15 codified at 28 C.F.R. pt. 36).2 16 The DOJ’s explanation sets forth four key principles: (1) “a reservations system is not 17 intended to be an accessibility survey”; (2) “it may be sufficient to specify that the hotel is 18 accessible and, for each accessible room, to describe the general type of room (e.g., deluxe 19 executive suite), the size and number of beds (e.g., two queen beds), the type of accessible bathing 20 facility (e.g., roll-in shower), and communications features available in the room (e.g., alarms and 21 visual notification devices)”; (3) “[f]or older hotels with limited accessibility features, information 22 about the hotel should include, at a minimum, information about accessible entrances to the hotel, 23 the path of travel to guest check-in and other essential services, and the accessible route to the 24 accessible room or rooms”; and (4) “[f]or older hotels, information about important features that 25 do not comply with the 1991 Standards.” 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. A. The DOJ guidance is 26 “entitled to substantial deference.” Kohler v. Presidio Int’l, Inc., 782 F.3d 1064, 1069 (9th Cir. 27 1 2015) (DOJ’s guidance interpreting requirements of the ADA is “entitled to substantial 2 deference”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Robles, 913 F.3d at 904 (“DOJ’s 3 administrative guidance on ADA compliance is entitled to deference”) (citing Bragdon v. Abbott, 4 524 U.S. 624, 646 (1998)); Fortyune v. City of Lomita, 766 F.3d 1098, 1104 (9th Cir. 2014) (“The 5 DOJ’s interpretation of its ADA implementing regulations is entitled to controlling weight unless 6 it is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation.”) (internal quotation marks and citations 7 omitted). 8 Based on Love’s own allegations and the evidence provided by Marriott, the Court finds 9 Marriott provides accessible features descriptions that exceed the level of detail proposed by the 10 ADA guidance. Although the FAC asserts that the website “does not provide any actual data” 11 about the accessibility features offered by the Hotel, Love attached a copy of portions of 12 Marriott’s website into his FAC that contradict his allegation. For example, the room description 13 of Love’s room, copied and pasted into his complaint, confirms that the room provides: 14 “Accessible guest rooms with 32” wide doorways,” “Accessible route from public entrance to 15 accessible guest rooms,” “Alarm clock telephone ringers,” “Bathroom grab bars,” “Bathtub grab 16 bars Bathtub seat,” “Deadbolt locks, lowered,” “Door night guards, lowered,” “Doors with lever 17 handles,” “Electrical outlets, lowered,” “Flashing door knockers,” “Hearing accessible rooms 18 and/or kits,” “Roll-in shower,” “Shower wand, adjustable,” “TTY/TTD available,” “TV with 19 close-captioning,” “Toilet seat at wheelchair height,” “Transfer shower,” “Vanities, accessible,” 20 “Viewports, lowered.” FAC ¶ 20. The Hotel website, as quoted by Love, further confirms other 21 “Accessible Hotel Features” including “Accessible Self-parking,” “Self-parking, accessible 22 spaces,” “Service animals are welcome,” “Elevators,” and “Accessible Routes from Public 23 Entrance” to all areas of the Hotel including the “Business Center,” “Fitness Center,” “Meeting 24 spaces and ballrooms,” “Public entrance alternative,” “Registration Desk Pathway,” and 25 “Registration desk,” “Restaurant(s)/Lounge(s). Id. ¶¶ 18-19. The Court finds these descriptions 26 and this level of detail is appropriate and acceptable. Previous decisions confirm as much. In 27 Barnes, the plaintiff argued that Marriott’s reservation system violated 28 C.F.R. § 36.302(e) 1 wheelchair user to make an independent assessment of whether these features would meet her 2 needs.” 2017 WL 635474, at *9. The court noted that Marriott’s website described “Accessible 3 Room Features” for individual room types: “[t]his room type offers mobility accessible rooms[;] 4 [t]his room type offers accessible rooms with roll in showers[.]”. Id. (alterations in original). It 5 found “this level of detail is appropriate and acceptable” under the guidelines and granted 6 summary judgment in Marriott’s favor. Id. at *10. The information provided by Marriott in this 7 case (and by Love in his FAC) is far more extensive than the information provided in Barnes. 8 In Strojnik v. Orangewood, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11743 (C.D. Cal. January 22, 2020), 9 aff’d Strojnik v. Orangewood LLC, 829 F. App’x 783 (9th Cir. 2020), the court rejected another 10 ADA litigant’s claim that the website contained insufficient information. “A website need not list 11 its compliance or non-compliance with every [ADA Standards for Accessible Design] provision to 12 satisfy 28 C.F.R. § 36.302(e)(ii).” Id. at *20-22. The court noted that the guidance on this 13 provision “recognizes that a reservations system is not intended to be an accessibility survey,” and 14 “[b]ecause of the wide variations in the level of accessibility that travelers will encounter . . . it 15 may be sufficient to specify that the hotel is accessible” and to provide basic facts about each 16 accessible room. Id. at *20-21 (citing 28 C.F.R. § Pt. 36, App. A). It also noted “the DOJ 17 acknowledges that ‘individuals with disabilities may wish to contact the hotel or reservations 18 service for more detailed information.’” Id. at *21 (citing 28 C.F.R. § Pt. 36, App. A). In granting 19 the defendant’s motion to dismiss without leave to amend, the court held “that websites need not 20 include all potentially relevant accessibility information; if a website was required to have all 21 relevant information, individuals would not need to call the hotel to get further information.” Id. 22 In Strojnik v. Kapalua Land Company, the court rejected the plaintiff’s contention that 23 insufficient information on a website constituted an actionable ADA violation that actually denied 24 him equal access to the hotel property. 2019 WL 4685412 (D. Haw. Aug. 26, 2019), aff’d, 801 F. 25 App’x 531 (9th Cir. 2020). There, the court held that “the facts alleged in support of Plaintiff’s 26 ADA claim relate to his inability to obtain facts about the Property, not the goods and services” 27 provided at the defendant’s hotel. Id. at *6. The court noted that “Plaintiff fails to cite to any 1 accommodation results in an ADA violation.” Id. at *7. In recommending dismissal without 2 leave to amend, the court found the plaintiff failed to allege an actionable violation of the ADA 3 because “there is a critical distinction ‘between an inability to use a website to gain information 4 about a physical location and an inability to use a website that impedes access to enjoy a physical 5 location,’ the former being “insufficient to state a claim.” Id. (citing Price v. Everglades Coll., 6 Inc., 2018 WL 3428156, at *2 (M.D. Fla. July 16, 2018)). 7 Other courts have also made clear that the regulations are not intended to be an 8 accessibility survey. See Strojnik v. 1315 Orange LLC, 2019 WL 5535766, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 9 25, 2019) (Plaintiff “does not cite any authority suggesting a hotel has an obligation to describe to 10 the public the physical layout of its rooms in exhaustive detail without being asked”); Rutherford 11 v. Evans Hotels, LLC, 2020 WL 5257868, at *17 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 3, 2020) (“Mr. Rutherford 12 testified that the Websites described rooms as being ‘accessible,’ some even ‘in some detail.’ But 13 just because Mr. Rutherford would like additional detail does not mean that he is entitled to it 14 under Section 36.302(e)(1)(ii).”) (dismissing complaint for lack of standing (transcript citations 15 omitted). 16 As noted above, Marriott’s website includes a level of detail well beyond what was 17 deemed to be sufficient in these cases. First, there are Love’s allegations in FAC, ¶¶ 18-20, which 18 on their own are sufficiently detailed to establish that there is no ADA violation. Second, there is 19 the Hotel’s Accessibility section on its website, which gives a virtual Accessibility Survey of both 20 the rooms and the property. RJN, Ex. 1. If a guest requires additional information “about the 21 physical features of our accessible rooms, common areas, or special services relating to a specific 22 disability,” they are invited to “call +1 415-896-1600.” Based on the DOJ’s guidance and cases 23 discussed above, the Court finds this is more than sufficient. 24 Second, the 2010 Guidance cited above makes clear that details about a hotel’s accessible 25 features - “such as the specific layout of the room and bathroom, shower design, grab-bar 26 locations, and other amenities available (e.g., bathtub bench)” can be provided “once reservations 27 are made” and do not have to be provided on the reservations website. See 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. 1 the very type of specificity that Love desires in this case is not required on a website. “This 2 provides further support that websites need not include all potentially relevant accessibility 3 information; if a website was required to have all relevant information, individuals would not need 4 to call the hotel to get further information.” Orangewood LLC, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11743, at 5 *21. Love refers to the 2010 Guidance “musings by the DOJ,” Opp’n at 4, but, as noted above, 6 the DOJ’s guidance is entitled to substantial deference. Kohler, 782 F.3d at 1069. 7 The DOJ’s enforcement position in litigation about the accessibility guidelines further 8 reinforces the sufficiency of the website’s information. See RJN, Ex. 5 (Consent Decree in United 9 States v. Hilton Worldwide, Inc., No. 10-cv-1924, ECF No. 5 (D.D.C. Nov. 29, 2010). In the HWI 10 litigation, the DOJ alleged, inter alia, that the defendant’s online reservations system did not 11 “accurately reflect the inventory of accessible types of rooms and amenities available at each 12 property[.]” HWI Consent Decree ¶ 8(c). The consent decree was entered to resolve the DOJ’s 13 ADA enforcement action involving a “system of more than 2,800 hotels throughout the United 14 States . . . .” Id. ¶ 1. Under the HWI Consent Decree, the defendant entity was obligated to ensure 15 that its reservations system:

16 [I]dentify by room type which rooms are accessible, and for each such room type, which of the following accessibility or other features it 17 has: (i) Number of beds 18 (ii) Size of bed(s) (iii) Roll-in shower or accessible tub 19 (iv) Visual alarms (v) Executive level 20 (vi) Suite (vii) Kitchen/kitchenette 21 (viii) View, if a particular hotel charges more for a room based on the view. 22 23 Id. (HWI Consent Decree, ¶ 25(a)(i)-(viii)). In other words, the DOJ required the same guestroom 24 accessibility information enumerated in its 2010 Guidance (and all of which is present, as 25 applicable, on the website in the instant case). Compare HWI Consent Decree, ¶25(a)(i)-(viii) 26 with 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. A (“it may be sufficient . . . for each accessible room, to describe the 27 general type of room (e.g., deluxe executive suite), the size and number of beds (e.g., two queen 1 available in the room (e.g., alarms and visual notification devices”)). This is a further indication 2 of the DOJ’s consistent position concerning the accessibility information required to comply with 3 the regulations. See Price v. Stevedoring Servs. of Am., Inc., 697 F.3d 820, 832 n.8 (9th Cir. 2012) 4 (explaining that “deference to agency litigating positions” is warranted based on “factors such as 5 the consistency of its position and its application of that position through administrative practice”). 6 Moreover, the court’s approval of the HWI Consent Decree reflects a judicial determination that 7 the requirements imposed were “fair, adequate, reasonable, and appropriate under the particular 8 facts[.]” Citizens for a Better Env’t v. Gorsuch, 718 F.2d 1117, 1126 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (quoting 9 Metro. Hous. Dev. Corp. v. Vill. of Arlington Heights, 616 F.2d 1006, 1014 (7th Cir. 1980)); 10 accord United States v. State of Oregon, 913 F.2d 576, 580 (9th Cir. 1990) (“Before approving a 11 consent decree, a district court must be satisfied that it is at least fundamentally fair, adequate and 12 reasonable . . . [i]n addition, because it is a form of judgment, a consent decree must conform to 13 applicable laws.”) (citations omitted). 14 Love contends “the Consent Decree never mentions the relevant regulation, never cites or 15 uses the regulatory language, and was a settlement agreement reached in November of 2010— 16 almost half a year before the regulation at issue in this case because effective and enforceable, i.e., 17 March 15, 2011.” However, the Consent Decree tracks the requirements of the Reservations Rule 18 in ¶ 25, further indication of the DOJ’s consistent position concerning the accessibility 19 information required to comply with the Reservations Rule. See Stevedoring Servs. of Am., Inc., 20 697 F.3d at 832 n.8 (explaining that “deference to agency litigating positions” is warranted based 21 on “factors such as the consistency of its position and its application of that position through 22 administrative practice”). Moreover, the court’s approval of the HWI Consent Decree reflects a 23 judicial determination that the requirements imposed were “fair, adequate, reasonable, and 24 appropriate under the particular facts[.]” Citizens for a Better Env’t, 718 F.2d at 1126 (quoting 25 Metro. Hous. Dev. Corp., 616 F.2d at 1014); United States v. State of Oregon, 913 F.2d at 580 26 (“Before approving a consent decree, a district court must be satisfied that . . . a consent decree 27 must conform to applicable laws.”) (internal citations omitted). 1 above, the Accessibility section of the website not only provides the information contemplated by 2 || the 2010 Guidance (“information about accessible entrances to the hotel, the path of travel to guest 3 check-in and other essential services, and the accessible route to the accessible room or rooms,”28 4 || CFR. Pt. 36, App. A), but also detailed descriptions of the guest rooms’ accessibility features. 5 || Indeed, the information provided under the website’s accessibility tab goes beyond the 2010 6 Guidance. Accordingly, the Court finds Love fails to state a claim under the ADA for which relief 7 can be granted and the first cause of action must be dismissed. As Love’s pleading could not be 8 || cured by the allegation of other facts, the Court finds leave to amend would be futile. 9 || B. Supplemental Jurisdiction 10 The Court, under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c), may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction 11 under circumstances that include when “the district court has dismissed all claims over which it 12 ha[d] original jurisdiction[.]” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3). As the Court has dismissed the only federal 13 || claim before it, which provided the only basis for its original jurisdiction, the Court will exercise 14 || its discretion to decline jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims. g 4 VI. CONCLUSION 16 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS Marriott’s motion to dismiss. As leave 3 17 to amend would be futile, dismissal is WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND. S 18 IT IS SO ORDERED. 19 20 Dated: March 3, 2021 21 7 LU \ - Lj — THOMAS S. HIXSON 22 United States Magistrate Judge 23 24 25 26 27 28