PRINGLE, C.
Appeal from judgment. Action to quiet title brought by the respondent, a married woman. The appellant answers, and files a cross-complaint, setting up a contract in writing between the parties for the exchange of the land described in the complaint for lands of his own, with bonus of fifteen thousand dollars to be paid by him. The consideration is the mutual covenants of the parties. The contract is signed by both parties, the husband of the respondent signing her name as her attorney to the first contract, and the respondent affirming it by a supplemental agreement signed by herself. But the contract was never acknowledged by the respondent. The court below held for that reason that it was not her contract, and gave judgment in her favor. The case is an exceptional one, growing out of the transition state of the law in reference to married women, when the code was gradually throwing off the disabilities which were meant as a shield for her, but were often used by her as a sword.
The appellant by his cross-complaint claims specific performance of the contract and damages for its breach. But deferring [493]*493to the ruling of this court in the cases of Jackson v. Torrence, 83 Cal. 521, Banbury v. Arnold, 91 Cal. 606, and Mathews v. Davis, 102 Cal. 202, which denied the relief of a specific performance when there was no acknowledgment by the married woman, he urges now only his claim for damages. His contention is, that a denial of the gracious equitable remedy of a specific performance does not necessarily involve a denial of the legal remedy in damages. His main contention, however, is that the cases above cited were decided before the amendments to the Civil Code of 1891, and that as a result of those amendments the necessity of any acknowledgment by a married woman was removed. The contract was executed in December, 1894, between the time of the amendments of March 19, 1891, and the amendment of March 14, 1895.
The appellant’s position is that the true effect of the amendments of 1891 was to repeal all the provisions requiring an acknowledgment by a married woman to a conveyance of her property. If he is right in this position he would he entitled to a specific performance.
The argument is based upon the implication of repeal attending the express repeals of 1891. The argument is necessarily technical; and, in order to appreciate the scope and intent of the repeals of 1891, it is best to put the sections before the eye as they stood before and after the repeals.
Before 1891 they stood as follows:
“The acknowledgment of a married woman to an instrument purporting to be executed by her, must not be taken unless she is made acquainted by the officer with the contents of the instrument on an examination without the hearing of her husband; nor certified unless she thereupon acknowledges to the officer that she executed the instrument, and that she does not wish to retract such execution.” (Civ. Code, sec. 1186.)
“A conveyance by a married woman has the same effect as if she were unmarried, and may be acknowledged in the same manner (except as mentioned in the last section, but such conveyance has no validity until so acknowledged).” (Civ. Code, sec. 1187.)
The certificate of acknowledgment by a married woman must be substantially in the following form. (Then follows the special form of acknowledgment apart from the husband.) (Civ. Code, sec. 1191.)
[494]*494“Ho estate in the real property of a married woman passes by grant purporting to be executed or acknowledged by her, unless the grant or instrument is acknowledged by her in the manner prescribed by sections 1186 and 1191.” (Civ. Code, sec. 1093.)
By this system a certain form of acknowledgment was required of a married woman to give validity to conveyances of her separate property. By the act of March 19, 1891, sections 1186 and 1191 and a part of section 1187, as italicized, were repealed. But 1093 was left unrepealed and unamended.
Undoubtedly, there was careless legislation, for the effect was to leave section 1093 with references made wholly meaningless by the repeal of the sections referred to in it. But the question presented is whether the section was left without meaning when these references were left without meaning. That the legislation was careless and awkward is no reason why the courts should not seek for a meaning in the “fragment”"left. If by reasonable interpretation there is any force or significance discernible in the section, there is no repeal by implication. If there is no meaning in what the express repeals have left standing, they must be held to have repealed it by implication. The argument of the appellant is, that the repeals of sections 1186 and 1191 and of the latter part of 1187 leave no form or manner of acknowledgment provided for, and that the intention is apparent to require no acknowledgment at all.
Consolidate the provisions which survive the repeals of 1891 and the sections will read substantially as follows:
“Sec. 1093. Ho estate in the real property of a married woman passes by grant purported to be executed or acknowledged by her, unless the grant or instrument is acknowledged by her.”
“Sec. 1187. A conveyance by a married woman has the same effect as if she were unmarried, and may be acknowledged in the same manner.” By this collocation it is apparent that there is meaning left in section 1093 in spite of the amendment of section 1187—1187 as amended providing that a married woman may acknowledge, and 1093 providing that no estate shall pass unless she does acknowledge, the instrument. Thus 1093 can well exist, and be read in conjunction with 1187 as amended. A certain meaning, indeed, is obvious. The code provides for the [495]*495certification of an instrument, either upon acknowledgment by the party or upon proof by subscribing witness. It may be that in 1891 the code, in gradually removing the obstructions by which the law had protected the conveyances of a married woman, still designed to require of her to appear before an officer and make her personal acknowledgment. That formality might assist her to escape fraud, undue influence, or over-persuasion. It allowed some little focus poenitentiae before the instrument took effect.
But even if the effect of the amendments of 1891 were the result, not of design, but of careless legislation, the courts cannot amend what the legislature left unamended. So long as a definite and intelligible scheme is left, deduced from reading the two sections together, one does not efface the other. The position of the appellant that the repeal of the prescribed form of acknowledgment involves a repeal of the requirement of any acknowledgment is unsound. For section 1187 still provides “a conveyance by a married woman, et cetera, .... may be acknowledged,” while section 1093 provides that no estate of a married woman passes “unless the grant or instrument is acknowledged by her.” There is certainly no difficulty in reading the two together. We cannot relegate 1093 to the waste basket as the “lifeless fragment” the appellant calls it, when we find a decided meaning still surviving in it.
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PRINGLE, C.
Appeal from judgment. Action to quiet title brought by the respondent, a married woman. The appellant answers, and files a cross-complaint, setting up a contract in writing between the parties for the exchange of the land described in the complaint for lands of his own, with bonus of fifteen thousand dollars to be paid by him. The consideration is the mutual covenants of the parties. The contract is signed by both parties, the husband of the respondent signing her name as her attorney to the first contract, and the respondent affirming it by a supplemental agreement signed by herself. But the contract was never acknowledged by the respondent. The court below held for that reason that it was not her contract, and gave judgment in her favor. The case is an exceptional one, growing out of the transition state of the law in reference to married women, when the code was gradually throwing off the disabilities which were meant as a shield for her, but were often used by her as a sword.
The appellant by his cross-complaint claims specific performance of the contract and damages for its breach. But deferring [493]*493to the ruling of this court in the cases of Jackson v. Torrence, 83 Cal. 521, Banbury v. Arnold, 91 Cal. 606, and Mathews v. Davis, 102 Cal. 202, which denied the relief of a specific performance when there was no acknowledgment by the married woman, he urges now only his claim for damages. His contention is, that a denial of the gracious equitable remedy of a specific performance does not necessarily involve a denial of the legal remedy in damages. His main contention, however, is that the cases above cited were decided before the amendments to the Civil Code of 1891, and that as a result of those amendments the necessity of any acknowledgment by a married woman was removed. The contract was executed in December, 1894, between the time of the amendments of March 19, 1891, and the amendment of March 14, 1895.
The appellant’s position is that the true effect of the amendments of 1891 was to repeal all the provisions requiring an acknowledgment by a married woman to a conveyance of her property. If he is right in this position he would he entitled to a specific performance.
The argument is based upon the implication of repeal attending the express repeals of 1891. The argument is necessarily technical; and, in order to appreciate the scope and intent of the repeals of 1891, it is best to put the sections before the eye as they stood before and after the repeals.
Before 1891 they stood as follows:
“The acknowledgment of a married woman to an instrument purporting to be executed by her, must not be taken unless she is made acquainted by the officer with the contents of the instrument on an examination without the hearing of her husband; nor certified unless she thereupon acknowledges to the officer that she executed the instrument, and that she does not wish to retract such execution.” (Civ. Code, sec. 1186.)
“A conveyance by a married woman has the same effect as if she were unmarried, and may be acknowledged in the same manner (except as mentioned in the last section, but such conveyance has no validity until so acknowledged).” (Civ. Code, sec. 1187.)
The certificate of acknowledgment by a married woman must be substantially in the following form. (Then follows the special form of acknowledgment apart from the husband.) (Civ. Code, sec. 1191.)
[494]*494“Ho estate in the real property of a married woman passes by grant purporting to be executed or acknowledged by her, unless the grant or instrument is acknowledged by her in the manner prescribed by sections 1186 and 1191.” (Civ. Code, sec. 1093.)
By this system a certain form of acknowledgment was required of a married woman to give validity to conveyances of her separate property. By the act of March 19, 1891, sections 1186 and 1191 and a part of section 1187, as italicized, were repealed. But 1093 was left unrepealed and unamended.
Undoubtedly, there was careless legislation, for the effect was to leave section 1093 with references made wholly meaningless by the repeal of the sections referred to in it. But the question presented is whether the section was left without meaning when these references were left without meaning. That the legislation was careless and awkward is no reason why the courts should not seek for a meaning in the “fragment”"left. If by reasonable interpretation there is any force or significance discernible in the section, there is no repeal by implication. If there is no meaning in what the express repeals have left standing, they must be held to have repealed it by implication. The argument of the appellant is, that the repeals of sections 1186 and 1191 and of the latter part of 1187 leave no form or manner of acknowledgment provided for, and that the intention is apparent to require no acknowledgment at all.
Consolidate the provisions which survive the repeals of 1891 and the sections will read substantially as follows:
“Sec. 1093. Ho estate in the real property of a married woman passes by grant purported to be executed or acknowledged by her, unless the grant or instrument is acknowledged by her.”
“Sec. 1187. A conveyance by a married woman has the same effect as if she were unmarried, and may be acknowledged in the same manner.” By this collocation it is apparent that there is meaning left in section 1093 in spite of the amendment of section 1187—1187 as amended providing that a married woman may acknowledge, and 1093 providing that no estate shall pass unless she does acknowledge, the instrument. Thus 1093 can well exist, and be read in conjunction with 1187 as amended. A certain meaning, indeed, is obvious. The code provides for the [495]*495certification of an instrument, either upon acknowledgment by the party or upon proof by subscribing witness. It may be that in 1891 the code, in gradually removing the obstructions by which the law had protected the conveyances of a married woman, still designed to require of her to appear before an officer and make her personal acknowledgment. That formality might assist her to escape fraud, undue influence, or over-persuasion. It allowed some little focus poenitentiae before the instrument took effect.
But even if the effect of the amendments of 1891 were the result, not of design, but of careless legislation, the courts cannot amend what the legislature left unamended. So long as a definite and intelligible scheme is left, deduced from reading the two sections together, one does not efface the other. The position of the appellant that the repeal of the prescribed form of acknowledgment involves a repeal of the requirement of any acknowledgment is unsound. For section 1187 still provides “a conveyance by a married woman, et cetera, .... may be acknowledged,” while section 1093 provides that no estate of a married woman passes “unless the grant or instrument is acknowledged by her.” There is certainly no difficulty in reading the two together. We cannot relegate 1093 to the waste basket as the “lifeless fragment” the appellant calls it, when we find a decided meaning still surviving in it.
By the amendment of 1895, section 1093 was made to read as follows: “A grant or conveyance of real property made by a married woman may be made, executed, and acknowledged in the same manner and has the same effect as if she were unmarried.” But this throws no light upon the question under consideration. For we cannot read the intention of the legislative repeals made in 1891 by the reflex light of a repealing act passed four years later.
The appellant cites three Hew York cases which, he claims, have a bearing on the question. (Blood v. Humphrey, 17 Barb. 660; Andrews v. Shaffer, 12 How. Pr. 288; Yale v. Dederer, 18 N. Y. 271; 72 Am. Dec. 503.) But they will be found to have no analogy. The Revised Statutes contain the general provision that the acknowledgment of a married woman residing in the state shall not be valid unless taken apart from her husband, [496]*496et cetera, and no estate shall pass unless so acknowledged. The statutes of 1848 and 1849 provide that any married woman may take by gift, grant, devise, or bequest from any person other than her husband, and hold and convey in the same manner and with the like effect as if she were unmarried. The cases hold that, “when a married woman has received a grant in fee of lands since the passage of the act of 1848 and the amendment of 1849, she may convey the same in the same manner and with the like effect as if she were unmarried.” It was simply the application of the new statute to property acquired and held under it.
The conclusion thus reached in reference to the effect of these amendments must defeat the appellant’s claim for damages as well as for specific performance.
He founds his claim for damages upon the Civil Code, section 158, which is as follows: “Either husband or wife may enter into any engagement or transaction with the other, or with any other persons, respecting property which either might, if unmarried, subject, in transactions between themselves, to the general rules which control the actions of persons occupying confidential relations with each other, as defined by the title on trusts.”
The purpose of this section is to release the wife from servitude to her husband, and to give her a larger power to contract than she had at common law. It is in the chapter on husband and wife, and not in the chapter on transfers; and while the old forms of acknowledgments were in force this section was never held to relieve the wife from the necessity of complying with those forms in contracts affecting her real estate. It had its. own existence, while - the other sections had theirs. It has its application to the wife’s capacity of contracting, while the others provided forms for the acknowledgment of her contracts. And since the repeals of 1891, section 158 does not dispense with the use of whatever forms survived those repeals any more than it did before the repeals took effect. If the contracts of a married woman relating to her lands were invalid unless she used the forms of acknowledgment prescribed by section 1191, they were invalid in 1894, unless she made the acknowledgment re[497]*497quired by section 1093; and it must follow that the respondent’s contract of December, 1894, was invalid for every purpose.
I advise that the judgment be affirmed.
Haynes, C., and Gray, C., concurred.
For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment is affirmed. Garoutte, J., Harrison, J., Van Dyke, J.