Pottle, J.
(After stating the foregoing facts.) 1-2. It is argued in behalf of the defendant that if the plaintiff was entitled to recover at all, he could not recover more than $100 for each of the mules, that being the valuation agreed on in the contract of affreightment. While the liability of a carrier of live stock is somewhat different from that of a common carrier of other things, growing out of the inherent differences between live stock and inanimate property, nevertheless, a common carrier of goods which transports live stock is, as to such property, a corrímon carrier. In this State a common carrier is not permitted to relieve itself, by contract, from liability resulting from its own negligence, except that it may stipulate for liability only in the event of gross negligence. Cooper v. Raleigh & Gaston R. Co., 110 Ga. 659 (36 S. E. 240). As a corollary from this principle, it follows that a common carrier can not, by a mere arbitrary preadjustment of damages, enter into an agreement that in case of loss or damage it shall be liable only for a named sum, less than the actual damages .which have been sustained by the owner. This question was thoroughly considered by the Supreme Court in the case of Central Railway Co. v. Hall, 124 Ga. 322 (52 S. E. 679, 4 L. R. A. (N. S.) 898, 110 Am. St. Rep. 170, 4 Ann. Cas. 128), where, after reviewing the previous decisions of the Supreme Court, the rule was announced to be as follows: “A railway company in its capacity as a common carrier may, as a basis for fixing its charges and limiting the amount of its corresponding liability, lawfully make with a shipper a contract of affreightment embracing an actual and bona fide agreement as to the value of the property to be transported; and in such case the latter, when loss, damage, or destruction occurs, will be bound by the agreed valuation. But a mere general limitation as to value, expressed in a bill of lading, and amounting to no more than an arbitrary preadjustment of the measure of damages, will not, though the shipper assent in writing to the terms of the document, serve to exempt a.negligent carrier from liability for the true value,”
There is no evidence in the present case that there was any actual [469]*469bona fide agreement between the shipper or the owner and the carrier as to the value of the property to be transported. So far .as appears, the sum fixed in the contract of affreightment was a mere arbitrary amount, without any reference to the real value •of the property transported. The fact that on the bill of lading there was an endorsement that the. shipper’s attention had been called to all of the terms of the bill of lading and that he had assented thereto does not alter the rule. It is contended, however, that this stipulation ought at least to cast the burden on the owner of the stock to prove that the stipulation as to the value was not a bona fide agreement, but only an arbitrary preadjustment of damages. We can not assent to this view. A common carrier can not stipulate against negligence. To permit it to contract in case of loss on account of its negligence to pay a sum greatly less than the real value of the article lost would be in effect to permit it to contract -against its own negligence. Where it is shown that the article transported is lost as a result of the negligence of the carrier, and the value of the article thus lost is also made to appear, and this value is largely in excess of the amount fixed in the contract of affreightment, the presumption is that the carrier has endeavored by contract to relieve itself from liability resulting from its negligence, and the law casts upon the carrier the burden of showing that that which appears to be a contract against negligence and a mere arbitrary preadjustment of damages was really an agreement entered into in good faith between the parties, upon a sufficient consideration, that the real value of the property was as stated in the bill of lading. In this case the owner testified that he did not make any agreement in reference to the value, and that, so far as he knew, the shipper had made no such agreement in his behalf. This being so, the carrier could reduce the amount of its liability below the actual value of the mules only by showing that a bona fide agreement was entered into between.the shipper and the carrier, fixing the value of the property at-the amount stated in the bill of lading. Not having carried this burden, the carrier can not rely upon what appears to be a mere arbitrary statement in the bill of lading as to the value of the property transported. See Hutchinson, Carriers (3d ed.), § 427, p. 449. This we think is the right result, irrespective of the provisions of the act of Congress known as the “Hepburn [470]*470act.” That act provides that a common carrier transporting property from a point in one State to a point in another State shall issue a hill of lading therefor, and “shall be liable to the lawful holder thereof for any loss, damage, or injury to such property caused by it or by any common carrier, railroad, or transportation company to which such property may be delivered or over whose line or lines such property may pass, and no contract, receipt, rule, or regulation shall exempt such common carrier, railroad, or transportation company from the liability hereby imposed.” The language of this section is very broad, and probably prohibits 'any limitation, even by express bona fide agreement, on the value of the goods shipped. Indeed, Mr. Hutchinson states broadly that such a limitation would be absolutely void as in violation of the section of the “Hepburn act” above quoted. Hutchinson, Carriers (3d ed.), § 548. As stated above, however, it is not necessary for us to make any authoritative ruling upon this question.
3. It is further contended that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover, because he failed to give notice in writing of his claim, as provided in the contract of affreightment. This contract provides that written notice of the claim for damages shall be given to the agent of the carrier before the animals are “removed from the place of destination above mentioned, or from the place of delivery of the same to said shipper, and before said animals are mingled with other animals.” Such a stipulation is reasonable and valid. Roberts v. G. S. & F. Ry. Co., 10 Ga. App. 100 (72 S. E. 942), and citations. In order, however, for such a stipulation to be held to be reasonable, it must be given a reasonable construction. See Hutchinson, Carriers (3d ed.), § 443. The purpose of the notice is to enable the carrier to examine into the claim of damages before the animals become mingled with other stock, and. thus, either through mistake or through fraud, the carrier may be deceived in reference to the extent of the damages or loss. Hutchinson, Carriers (3d ed.), § 444. To hold that the stipulation required notice of damage to be given before it was. discovered, or could by the exercise of ordinary care be discovered, would be to give the stipulation an unreasonable construction. It is argued in behalf of the plaintiff that as Moultrie was the place of destination named in the bill of lading, i. e. “the place above mentioned,” a notice given before the animals were removed from [471]*471Moultrie would be a compliance with the contract. We do not think, however, that this is a fair meaning to give the stipulation.
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Pottle, J.
(After stating the foregoing facts.) 1-2. It is argued in behalf of the defendant that if the plaintiff was entitled to recover at all, he could not recover more than $100 for each of the mules, that being the valuation agreed on in the contract of affreightment. While the liability of a carrier of live stock is somewhat different from that of a common carrier of other things, growing out of the inherent differences between live stock and inanimate property, nevertheless, a common carrier of goods which transports live stock is, as to such property, a corrímon carrier. In this State a common carrier is not permitted to relieve itself, by contract, from liability resulting from its own negligence, except that it may stipulate for liability only in the event of gross negligence. Cooper v. Raleigh & Gaston R. Co., 110 Ga. 659 (36 S. E. 240). As a corollary from this principle, it follows that a common carrier can not, by a mere arbitrary preadjustment of damages, enter into an agreement that in case of loss or damage it shall be liable only for a named sum, less than the actual damages .which have been sustained by the owner. This question was thoroughly considered by the Supreme Court in the case of Central Railway Co. v. Hall, 124 Ga. 322 (52 S. E. 679, 4 L. R. A. (N. S.) 898, 110 Am. St. Rep. 170, 4 Ann. Cas. 128), where, after reviewing the previous decisions of the Supreme Court, the rule was announced to be as follows: “A railway company in its capacity as a common carrier may, as a basis for fixing its charges and limiting the amount of its corresponding liability, lawfully make with a shipper a contract of affreightment embracing an actual and bona fide agreement as to the value of the property to be transported; and in such case the latter, when loss, damage, or destruction occurs, will be bound by the agreed valuation. But a mere general limitation as to value, expressed in a bill of lading, and amounting to no more than an arbitrary preadjustment of the measure of damages, will not, though the shipper assent in writing to the terms of the document, serve to exempt a.negligent carrier from liability for the true value,”
There is no evidence in the present case that there was any actual [469]*469bona fide agreement between the shipper or the owner and the carrier as to the value of the property to be transported. So far .as appears, the sum fixed in the contract of affreightment was a mere arbitrary amount, without any reference to the real value •of the property transported. The fact that on the bill of lading there was an endorsement that the. shipper’s attention had been called to all of the terms of the bill of lading and that he had assented thereto does not alter the rule. It is contended, however, that this stipulation ought at least to cast the burden on the owner of the stock to prove that the stipulation as to the value was not a bona fide agreement, but only an arbitrary preadjustment of damages. We can not assent to this view. A common carrier can not stipulate against negligence. To permit it to contract in case of loss on account of its negligence to pay a sum greatly less than the real value of the article lost would be in effect to permit it to contract -against its own negligence. Where it is shown that the article transported is lost as a result of the negligence of the carrier, and the value of the article thus lost is also made to appear, and this value is largely in excess of the amount fixed in the contract of affreightment, the presumption is that the carrier has endeavored by contract to relieve itself from liability resulting from its negligence, and the law casts upon the carrier the burden of showing that that which appears to be a contract against negligence and a mere arbitrary preadjustment of damages was really an agreement entered into in good faith between the parties, upon a sufficient consideration, that the real value of the property was as stated in the bill of lading. In this case the owner testified that he did not make any agreement in reference to the value, and that, so far as he knew, the shipper had made no such agreement in his behalf. This being so, the carrier could reduce the amount of its liability below the actual value of the mules only by showing that a bona fide agreement was entered into between.the shipper and the carrier, fixing the value of the property at-the amount stated in the bill of lading. Not having carried this burden, the carrier can not rely upon what appears to be a mere arbitrary statement in the bill of lading as to the value of the property transported. See Hutchinson, Carriers (3d ed.), § 427, p. 449. This we think is the right result, irrespective of the provisions of the act of Congress known as the “Hepburn [470]*470act.” That act provides that a common carrier transporting property from a point in one State to a point in another State shall issue a hill of lading therefor, and “shall be liable to the lawful holder thereof for any loss, damage, or injury to such property caused by it or by any common carrier, railroad, or transportation company to which such property may be delivered or over whose line or lines such property may pass, and no contract, receipt, rule, or regulation shall exempt such common carrier, railroad, or transportation company from the liability hereby imposed.” The language of this section is very broad, and probably prohibits 'any limitation, even by express bona fide agreement, on the value of the goods shipped. Indeed, Mr. Hutchinson states broadly that such a limitation would be absolutely void as in violation of the section of the “Hepburn act” above quoted. Hutchinson, Carriers (3d ed.), § 548. As stated above, however, it is not necessary for us to make any authoritative ruling upon this question.
3. It is further contended that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover, because he failed to give notice in writing of his claim, as provided in the contract of affreightment. This contract provides that written notice of the claim for damages shall be given to the agent of the carrier before the animals are “removed from the place of destination above mentioned, or from the place of delivery of the same to said shipper, and before said animals are mingled with other animals.” Such a stipulation is reasonable and valid. Roberts v. G. S. & F. Ry. Co., 10 Ga. App. 100 (72 S. E. 942), and citations. In order, however, for such a stipulation to be held to be reasonable, it must be given a reasonable construction. See Hutchinson, Carriers (3d ed.), § 443. The purpose of the notice is to enable the carrier to examine into the claim of damages before the animals become mingled with other stock, and. thus, either through mistake or through fraud, the carrier may be deceived in reference to the extent of the damages or loss. Hutchinson, Carriers (3d ed.), § 444. To hold that the stipulation required notice of damage to be given before it was. discovered, or could by the exercise of ordinary care be discovered, would be to give the stipulation an unreasonable construction. It is argued in behalf of the plaintiff that as Moultrie was the place of destination named in the bill of lading, i. e. “the place above mentioned,” a notice given before the animals were removed from [471]*471Moultrie would be a compliance with the contract. We do not think, however, that this is a fair meaning to give the stipulation. Such a construction might possibly be admissible if the language, “removed from the place of destination above mentioned,” stood alone; but this language must be taken in connection with the language following, to wit, that the notice must be given before the animals are removed from the place of delivery and before they are mingled with other animals. A fair construction of this stipulation, taking all the language together, would seem to be that after the animals are unloaded from the car and delivered to the consignee, he must give notice of any damage which he discovers, or which, by the exercise of ordinary care, he might discover before he takes the animals away and mingles them with other animals. It is well settled, however, that while such a stipulation is reasonable and valid, it may, nevertheless, be waived by the carrier, either ' expressly or impliedly. Roberts v. G. S. & F. Railway Co., supra, and citations. In Central Railway Co. v. Pickett, 87 Ga. 734 (13 S. E. 750), it was held that where the stock never reached the place of destination and the plaintiff had actual knowledge of the injury from the beginning of the journey, and the stock were taken from the car with the defendant’s consent, written notice as contemplated by the contract was unnecessary. In Hill v. Telegraph Co., 84 Ga. 425, 430 (11 S. E. 874, 21 Am. St. Rep. 166), it was held that while the agent of the carrier was not bound to recognize an oral demand, yet if he did so, making no objection to it on the ground that it was not in writing, this 'would amount to a waiver. In Carter v. Southern Railway Co., 3 Ga. App. 34, 42 (59 S. E. 209), it was held that if the carrier’s agent, without objection to the form of the notice, received and acted upon it, this would amount to a waiver of the requirement as to written notice. In the present case, without reference to the question whether the written notice given on November 16 was a compliance with the terms of the contract, we think there was sufficient evidence to authorize the jury to find that written notice was waived. There was an express agreement between the plaintiff and the agent at Moultrie, that he should be allowed to take the mules and put them in his barn as “railroad mules.” From this it is inferable that until the next day when the bill of lading was surrendered, the plaintiff was the agent of the railroad company to take chargp of [472]*472the car of mules. As soon as it was discovered that the mules were sick the plaintiff notified the local agent at Moultrie and he in turn gave notice to the Central of Georgia Railway Company, one of the connecting carriers. It is thus apparent that the agent at Moultrie, who was, of course, the agent of the initial carrier, received and acted upon the oral ñotice. His conduct was such that the jury might find that he waived the stipulation in the contract requiring written notice to be served upon the carrier.
4. The evidence was conflicting. It may be that under the terms of the contract requiring the shipper or owner to accompany the stock and feed and water them, the railroad company was not bound to feed the stock. See, in this connection, Weaver v. Southern Railway Co., ante, 355 (75 S. E. 447). When the carrier undertook to feed and water the stock, it was, of course, bound to give them proper food, and exercise at least ordinary care and diligence in feeding and watering them. While there was direct evidence in behalf of the carrier that the food given the stock at Montgomery was not defective in anjr respect, there was evidence from which the jury were justified in finding 'that the stock were improperly fed at Montgomery and that this 'improper feeding was the cause of the death of eight of the mules. This being so, it can not be said that the jury were not authorized to find that the defendant had failed to overcome the presumption of its negligence, arising from proof of the damage. There are several special assignments of error as to instructions of the court. What we have said above disposes of all the material questions arising in the case, and there was no such error in any of the instructions complained of as requires the grant of a néw trial.
Judgment affirmed.