FILED OCTOBER 17, 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
LORI A. SWEENEY, and JEROLD L. ) SWEENEY, husband and wife, ) No. 36154-3-III ) Appellants, ) ) v. ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION JAMES N. DUNLAP, M.D. and JANE ) DOE DUNLAP, husband and wife and the ) marital community thereof; and ) ) PROVIDENCE HEALTH SERVICES, ) d/b/a PROVIDENCE ORTHOPEDIC ) SPECIALTIES, a Washington ) Corporation, ) ) Respondents. )
KORSMO, J. — This is the second time Lori Sweeney’s medical malpractice claim
against Dr. James Dunlap has been before this court following a successful motion for
dismissal at summary judgment. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
FACTS
The significant facts governing this appeal are primarily procedural in nature. Ms.
Sweeney, a resident of Montana, suffered an injury to her right shoulder in April 2010 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
when she tripped at a gas station in Ritzville. She was seen at the East Adams Rural
Hospital by physician assistant (PA-C), Allen Noble. He determined that her shoulder
was dislocated.
Mr. Noble contacted Dr. Dunlap in Spokane before attempting a closed reduction
of the dislocation. After that reduction was performed, it was discovered that Ms.
Sweeney’s humerus was broken. Soon thereafter, Dr. Dunlap performed a partial
shoulder replacement on Ms. Sweeney. In April 2012, Dr. Dunlap performed a surgical
repair of the rotator cuff in Ms. Sweeney’s right shoulder.
Ms. Sweeney sued Mr. Noble in Adams County Superior Court. In January 2014,
she added Dr. Dunlap to that case, alleging that he also was negligent in advising PA-C
Noble concerning the 2010 procedure. Dr. Dunlap ultimately prevailed on summary
judgment, successfully arguing that the claim was barred by the statute of limitations.
Ms. Sweeney appealed to this court in May 2014, asserting, among other claims, that Dr.
Dunlap was liable on the basis that he treated her continuously from 2010 to 2012.
On June 17, 2014, Ms. Sweeney sued Dr. Dunlap in Spokane County Superior
Court, alleging that he provided negligent care “about April 25th, 2010, and continuing
thereafter into 2012.”1 Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 4. The Spokane County cause was stayed
1 The complaint in the Adams County case had alleged that the defendants “on or about April 25th, 2010, and continuing thereafter . . .” breached the standard of care owed to Ms. Sweeney. Clerk’s Papers (CP) (No. 32486-9-III) at 63.
2 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
by agreement of the parties pending the outcome of the appeal in the Adams County case.
This court heard oral argument of the Adams County appeal on June 10, 2015, and then
stayed its decision pending the outcome of a case before the Washington Supreme Court. 2
This court lifted its stay and heard argument again on March 15, 2016, after
allowing supplemental briefing. Thereafter, we issued an opinion that affirmed the
dismissal of the claim against Dr. Dunlap.3 In the course of rejecting Ms. Sweeney’s
argument that the negligence claim against Dr. Dunlap for the 2010 treatment was timely
in light of his continuing treatment of her through 2012 (a period within the statute of
limitations), we stated:
There was no continuing course of care between 2010 and 2012. Furthermore, there is no showing the 2012 surgery was due to negligence in 2010. Finally, the negligence allegations relate to the care provided in 2010. There is no allegation Dr. Dunlap provided substandard care in 2012.
Sweeney, et vir. v. Adams County Pub. Hosp. Dist., et al., No. 32486-9-III, slip op. at 14
(Wash. Ct. App. Oct. 25, 2016) (unpublished), http://courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/324869
_opn.pdf.
The opinion appended a footnote to the final sentence quoted above. It read:
Even if the issue had been presented, the affidavits of the plaintiff’s experts do not satisfy Keck. There is no showing what a reasonable doctor would
2 Keck v. Collins, 184 Wn.2d 358, 357 P.3d 1080 (2015). 3 The dismissal of the claim against Mr. Noble was reversed and the matter remanded to Adams County. We were advised at oral argument of this case that Sweeney’s claim against Noble has been settled.
3 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
or would not have done during the 2012 surgery, or that Dr. Dunlap failed to meet those standards. Keck, 184 Wn.2d at 371. Merely alleging a continuing course of conduct does not revive a claim that appellants initially had waived.
Id. at n.2 (as amended Oct. 25, 2016).
The stay of the Spokane County case eventually was lifted and Dr. Dunlap
ultimately moved for summary judgment. He argued that the claim was resolved by this
court’s decision in the Adams County appeal and, alternatively, that Ms. Sweeney lacked
evidence that he performed the 2012 surgery negligently. CP at 50-63. In response, Ms.
Sweeney argued that res judicata did not apply because this action related solely to the
2012 surgery, the Adams County case did not result in a judgment on the merits, and that
her expert provided evidence that Dr. Dunlap was negligent because he did not recognize
the need for augmentation material during the 2012 shoulder surgery. CP at 71-82. In
reply, Dr. Dunlap argued that res judicata applied and this court had already determined
that he was not negligent.
The trial court granted summary judgment, ruling that the Spokane County claim
was barred by the decision in the Adams County appeal. Report of Proceedings at 23-24.
An order was entered to that effect. Ms. Sweeney timely appealed to this court. A panel
again heard oral argument of her appeal.
4 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
ANALYSIS
The sole issue we reach is whether res judicata applied to the Spokane County
case in light of the ruling in the Adams County appeal.4 The previous appeal did not
address the alleged negligence in the 2012 surgery other than to rule it was not properly
part of that case.5 Accordingly, res judicata did not bar the current action.
This court reviews a summary judgment de novo, performing the same inquiry as
the trial court. Lybbert v. Grant County, 141 Wn.2d 29, 34, 1 P.3d 1124 (2000). The
facts, and all reasonable inferences to be drawn from them, are viewed in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. If there is no genuine issue of material fact,
summary judgment will be granted if the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Id.
The doctrine of res judicata, also known as claim preclusion, applies to related
lawsuits between parties. In general, a final ruling involving the same cause of action
between the same parties will govern subsequent cases involving the same action.
Hadley v. Cowan, 60 Wn. App. 433, 440-441, 804 P.2d 1271 (1991). See generally,
4 We need not assess whether plaintiff provided sufficient evidence that the 2012 surgery was negligently performed to defeat summary judgment since the trial court did not weigh in on that topic and we believe the pleading should be amended in light of the two appeals.
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FILED OCTOBER 17, 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
LORI A. SWEENEY, and JEROLD L. ) SWEENEY, husband and wife, ) No. 36154-3-III ) Appellants, ) ) v. ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION JAMES N. DUNLAP, M.D. and JANE ) DOE DUNLAP, husband and wife and the ) marital community thereof; and ) ) PROVIDENCE HEALTH SERVICES, ) d/b/a PROVIDENCE ORTHOPEDIC ) SPECIALTIES, a Washington ) Corporation, ) ) Respondents. )
KORSMO, J. — This is the second time Lori Sweeney’s medical malpractice claim
against Dr. James Dunlap has been before this court following a successful motion for
dismissal at summary judgment. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
FACTS
The significant facts governing this appeal are primarily procedural in nature. Ms.
Sweeney, a resident of Montana, suffered an injury to her right shoulder in April 2010 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
when she tripped at a gas station in Ritzville. She was seen at the East Adams Rural
Hospital by physician assistant (PA-C), Allen Noble. He determined that her shoulder
was dislocated.
Mr. Noble contacted Dr. Dunlap in Spokane before attempting a closed reduction
of the dislocation. After that reduction was performed, it was discovered that Ms.
Sweeney’s humerus was broken. Soon thereafter, Dr. Dunlap performed a partial
shoulder replacement on Ms. Sweeney. In April 2012, Dr. Dunlap performed a surgical
repair of the rotator cuff in Ms. Sweeney’s right shoulder.
Ms. Sweeney sued Mr. Noble in Adams County Superior Court. In January 2014,
she added Dr. Dunlap to that case, alleging that he also was negligent in advising PA-C
Noble concerning the 2010 procedure. Dr. Dunlap ultimately prevailed on summary
judgment, successfully arguing that the claim was barred by the statute of limitations.
Ms. Sweeney appealed to this court in May 2014, asserting, among other claims, that Dr.
Dunlap was liable on the basis that he treated her continuously from 2010 to 2012.
On June 17, 2014, Ms. Sweeney sued Dr. Dunlap in Spokane County Superior
Court, alleging that he provided negligent care “about April 25th, 2010, and continuing
thereafter into 2012.”1 Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 4. The Spokane County cause was stayed
1 The complaint in the Adams County case had alleged that the defendants “on or about April 25th, 2010, and continuing thereafter . . .” breached the standard of care owed to Ms. Sweeney. Clerk’s Papers (CP) (No. 32486-9-III) at 63.
2 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
by agreement of the parties pending the outcome of the appeal in the Adams County case.
This court heard oral argument of the Adams County appeal on June 10, 2015, and then
stayed its decision pending the outcome of a case before the Washington Supreme Court. 2
This court lifted its stay and heard argument again on March 15, 2016, after
allowing supplemental briefing. Thereafter, we issued an opinion that affirmed the
dismissal of the claim against Dr. Dunlap.3 In the course of rejecting Ms. Sweeney’s
argument that the negligence claim against Dr. Dunlap for the 2010 treatment was timely
in light of his continuing treatment of her through 2012 (a period within the statute of
limitations), we stated:
There was no continuing course of care between 2010 and 2012. Furthermore, there is no showing the 2012 surgery was due to negligence in 2010. Finally, the negligence allegations relate to the care provided in 2010. There is no allegation Dr. Dunlap provided substandard care in 2012.
Sweeney, et vir. v. Adams County Pub. Hosp. Dist., et al., No. 32486-9-III, slip op. at 14
(Wash. Ct. App. Oct. 25, 2016) (unpublished), http://courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/324869
_opn.pdf.
The opinion appended a footnote to the final sentence quoted above. It read:
Even if the issue had been presented, the affidavits of the plaintiff’s experts do not satisfy Keck. There is no showing what a reasonable doctor would
2 Keck v. Collins, 184 Wn.2d 358, 357 P.3d 1080 (2015). 3 The dismissal of the claim against Mr. Noble was reversed and the matter remanded to Adams County. We were advised at oral argument of this case that Sweeney’s claim against Noble has been settled.
3 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
or would not have done during the 2012 surgery, or that Dr. Dunlap failed to meet those standards. Keck, 184 Wn.2d at 371. Merely alleging a continuing course of conduct does not revive a claim that appellants initially had waived.
Id. at n.2 (as amended Oct. 25, 2016).
The stay of the Spokane County case eventually was lifted and Dr. Dunlap
ultimately moved for summary judgment. He argued that the claim was resolved by this
court’s decision in the Adams County appeal and, alternatively, that Ms. Sweeney lacked
evidence that he performed the 2012 surgery negligently. CP at 50-63. In response, Ms.
Sweeney argued that res judicata did not apply because this action related solely to the
2012 surgery, the Adams County case did not result in a judgment on the merits, and that
her expert provided evidence that Dr. Dunlap was negligent because he did not recognize
the need for augmentation material during the 2012 shoulder surgery. CP at 71-82. In
reply, Dr. Dunlap argued that res judicata applied and this court had already determined
that he was not negligent.
The trial court granted summary judgment, ruling that the Spokane County claim
was barred by the decision in the Adams County appeal. Report of Proceedings at 23-24.
An order was entered to that effect. Ms. Sweeney timely appealed to this court. A panel
again heard oral argument of her appeal.
4 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
ANALYSIS
The sole issue we reach is whether res judicata applied to the Spokane County
case in light of the ruling in the Adams County appeal.4 The previous appeal did not
address the alleged negligence in the 2012 surgery other than to rule it was not properly
part of that case.5 Accordingly, res judicata did not bar the current action.
This court reviews a summary judgment de novo, performing the same inquiry as
the trial court. Lybbert v. Grant County, 141 Wn.2d 29, 34, 1 P.3d 1124 (2000). The
facts, and all reasonable inferences to be drawn from them, are viewed in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. If there is no genuine issue of material fact,
summary judgment will be granted if the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Id.
The doctrine of res judicata, also known as claim preclusion, applies to related
lawsuits between parties. In general, a final ruling involving the same cause of action
between the same parties will govern subsequent cases involving the same action.
Hadley v. Cowan, 60 Wn. App. 433, 440-441, 804 P.2d 1271 (1991). See generally,
4 We need not assess whether plaintiff provided sufficient evidence that the 2012 surgery was negligently performed to defeat summary judgment since the trial court did not weigh in on that topic and we believe the pleading should be amended in light of the two appeals. Should the issue arise again, we suggest for clarity’s sake that affidavits address only the 2012 surgery and not the time-barred 2010 treatment. 5 We also need not consider appellant’s argument that res judicata does not apply to a previous judgment not based on the substantive merits of the case.
5 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
Philip A. Trautman, Claim and Issue Preclusion in Civil Litigation in Washington, 60
WASH. L. REV. 805 (1985). There are four criteria that must be found in order to apply
the doctrine of res judicata. The two cases must involve: (1) the same subject matter, (2)
the same cause of action, (3) the same persons and parties, and (4) the quality of the
parties. Hadley, 60 Wn. App. at 441; Trautman, supra, at 812. Because res judicata
presents a legal question, this court’s review is de novo. Emerson v. Dep’t of Corr., 194
Wn. App. 617, 626, 376 P.3d 430 (2016).
At its heart, this appeal involves an interpretation of language we used in the
previous appeal, set into the landscape of a res judicata claim. The determination in that
first appeal that the 2012 rotator cuff surgery was not before the trial court recognized
that the 2012 treatment was different than the 2010 treatment. The two matters fail the
identical subject matter and cause of action elements of res judicata.6
Washington courts have not articulated a test for determining whether cases have
identical subject matter, and have generally dealt with this element in a cursory manner.
See Hayes v. City of Seattle, 131 Wn.2d 706, 712-713, 934 P.2d 1179 (1997); Hisle v.
Todd Pac. Shipyards Corp., 151 Wn.2d 853, 866, 93 P.3d 108 (2004); Gold Star Resorts,
Inc. v. Futurewise, 167 Wn.2d 723, 738, 222 P.3d 791 (2009); Schroeder v. Excelsior
Mgmt. Grp., LLC, 177 Wn.2d 94, 108, 297 P.3d 677 (2013). Indeed, this element
6 We agree that the third and fourth elements—identity of parties and quality of parties—exist.
6 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
appears to be largely, if not entirely, duplicative of the same cause of action element.
Trautman, 60 Wash. L. Rev. at 812-813.
Our courts have articulated four factors to be considered in assessing whether
causes of action are identical:
(1) [W]hether rights or interests established in the prior judgment would be destroyed or impaired by prosecution of the second action; (2) whether substantially the same evidence is presented in the two actions; (3) whether the two suits involve infringement of the same right; and (4) whether the two suits arise out of the same transactional nucleus of facts.
Rains v. State, 100 Wn.2d 660, 664, 674 P.2d 165 (1983) (quoting Constantini v. Trans
World Airlines, 681 F.2d 1199, 1201-1202 (9th Cir. 1982)).
With these considerations in mind, it is time to turn to our previous opinion in the
Adams County case. There we discussed the facts of the case and the argument involving
Mr. Noble before turning to the claim against Dr. Dunlap. Sweeney, No. 32486-9-III, slip
op. at 1-10. We first ruled that the case against Dr. Dunlap was untimely filed because of
inexcusable neglect. Id. at 10-13. We then turned to Ms. Sweeney’s alternative
argument that “the treatment was ongoing and continuous, culminating with the rotator
cuff repair.” Id. at 13.7 We rejected that argument, finding that the pleading only
referenced the 2010
7 If the argument had been successful, the effect would have been to require Dr. Dunlap to defend against the 2010 claim as well as the 2012 claim due to the fact that the last act of negligence would have occurred within the statute of limitations period and allowed the amendment to relate back to the original filing. See CR 15(c).
7 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
treatment. Id. at 14. We expressly noticed that there was “no allegation Dr. Dunlap
provided substandard care in 2012.” Id. (emphasis added). We then footnoted that
sentence to explain that even “if the issue had been presented,” the expert affidavits did
not sufficiently address the 2012 treatment. Id. at n.2 (as amended Oct. 25, 2016).
The first opinion expressly determined that there was no allegation of ongoing
treatment continuing through the 2012 surgery. The sentences discussed above all arose
in the specific context of answering the continuing treatment argument and why that
exception did not save Ms. Sweeney’s first case—it was not pleaded and there was no
evidentiary support for it. While Dr. Dunlap understandably attempts to run with that last
observation, his argument does not translate well because it is lifted out of its context.
There was no evidentiary support for a continuing course of treatment extending into
2012. We were in no position to opine that there was or was not evidence of negligence
in 2012 because that issue was not part of the case.
It is for that reason that Dr. Dunlap’s res judicata argument fails the first two
factors of the res judicata test. We need not create an analysis for evaluating what
constitutes “same subject matter” for res judicata purposes because the previous opinion
determined the 2012 surgery was not part of the untimely law suit arising from the 2010
injuries. Under any test we might develop, we could not include any subject matter
already excluded by the first appeal.
8 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
Likewise, we have no hesitance in concluding that the two cases do not involve
the same cause of action. The Adams County litigation was limited to the 2010
treatment. As a consequence of that first appeal, this action only involves the 2012
surgery. Our rejection, in that appeal, of the continuing treatment argument necessarily
means that the two actions are not the same. Consideration of the four Rains factors
likewise compels the conclusion that these two actions are not the same—(1) the
dismissal of the 2010 claim against Dr. Dunlap does not resolve the 2012 claim, (2)
different evidence will support the 2012 claim than supported the 2010 action, (3) while
the same shoulder is at issue, the two different injuries occurred separately, and (4) the
same nucleus of facts are not at issue in each case. Rains, 100 Wn.2d at 664. The two
actions are not the same.
The court erred in granting summary judgment on res judicata grounds. In light of
the fact that Ms. Sweeney’s Spokane County pleading references the 2010 events that
have been the subject of two appeals, it may be wise to amend the pleading to delete that
reference or take other action to confirm this lawsuit now involves only the 2012 rotator
cuff surgery.
9 No. 36154-3-III Sweeney, et al. v. Dunlap, et ux, et al.
We reverse the order of dismissal and remand for further action consistent with
this opinion.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
WE CONCUR:
Fearing,�