UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_________________________________
No. 93-3658 ________________________________
LOR, INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SEUMAS IAIN COWLEY, as representative of those certain UNDERWRITERS AT LLOYD'S, LONDON, ET AL.,
Defendants-Appellees.
___________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana
_____________________________________________ (July 22, 1994)
Before JOHNSON, BARKSDALE, AND DeMOSS, Circuit Judges:
RHESA HAWKINS BARKSDALE, Circuit Judge:
At issue is whether the punitive damages exclusion in the
policy by certain Underwriters at Lloyd's precludes coverage for
their insured, Lor, Inc., for its liability under the Alabama
Wrongful Death Act, for which the only recoverable damages have
been judicially interpreted to be punitive. Because those damages
are not punitive as that term is generally understood, the
exclusion is not applicable. We REVERSE and RENDER.
I.
In December 1989, Lor obtained an excess insurance policy from
Underwriters, containing an exclusion for punitive damages.
Several months later, an employee of a Lor operating division was involved in an automobile accident in Alabama, resulting in the
death of Brenda May.
May's estate filed an action against Lor and the employee
under the Alabama Wrongful Death Act, Ala. Code § 6-5-410 (1975),
with the claims sounding in negligence. There was no claim of any
wanton, willful, or intentional conduct, nor was there a request
for punitive damages. But, Underwriters denied coverage on the
basis that the action allowed only excluded punitive damages.
Lor settled with the May estate for $1.75 million dollars, of
which $1 million was paid by its primary insurer. Lor sought a
declaratory judgment that the loss was covered by the policy.1 On
cross motions for summary judgment, judgment was awarded
Underwriters.
II.
We review a summary judgment de novo, applying the same
standard as the district court. E.g., Waltman v. International
Paper Co., 875 F.2d 468, 474 (5th Cir. 1989). Summary judgment is
appropriate if there is no genuine issue of material fact, and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P.
56. In this instance, no material fact issue exists; we are
presented solely with an issue of law.
That issue is prompted by the fact that Alabama's Wrongful
Death Act, the sole remedy available to the May estate, has been
interpreted to permit only punitive damages, even though the Act
1 This action was filed in the Northern District of Alabama and transferred to the Eastern District of Louisiana.
- 2 - does not refer to them. See, e.g., Killough v. Jahandarfard, 578
So. 2d 1041, 1044 (Ala. 1991). As discussed in note 2, infra,
Alabama appears to be unique in this regard.
Under Alabama law, a person injured through the fault of
another may recover compensatory damages and, under certain
circumstances, punitive damages. When the May estate action was
pending against Lor, however, if that person died as a result of
the injuries, punitive damages under the Wrongful Death Act was the
only recovery.2 Relying on this, Underwriters denied coverage.
2 Several months after the May estate settled with Lor, the Alabama Supreme Court reversed more than 100 years of precedent and held that a personal injury action does survive death and may be prosecuted along with a wrongful death action. King v. National Spa and Pool Institute, Inc., 607 So. 2d 1241, 1246 (Ala. 1992) ("The fact that the injury that serves as the basis for the personal injury action later gives rise to a wrongful death claim does not extinguish the original personal injury claim.") The court stated:
Although Alabama's law of wrongful death is unique in the United States, the unique nature of a "punitive only" wrongful death statute can no longer extend to the deprivation of a universally recognized right to compensation. This Court is aware of no other jurisdiction in the United States where there is no right to recover for personal injuries that result in death. That is, whether by statute or by judicially recognized tort law, the appropriate party may recover compensation for personal injuries that cause death in every other American jurisdiction. We will no longer stand alone on this point.
Id. at 1247. King held also that, because the Act "provides for punitive damages for the act causing death, it also displaces any claim for punitive damages in the personal injury action based on the same act." Id. at 1248.
Because the May estate had already settled, it was not affected by the reversal in King. Therefore, the issue before us is addressed only in relation to the pre-King wrongful death recovery.
- 3 - Subject, inter alia, to its exclusions, the policy provided
coverage to Lor for its "operations anywhere in the World, for ...
the liability imposed upon [Lor] by law ... which arises" from
bodily injury, among other things. The relevant exclusion was for
"fines, penalties, punitive damages, exemplary damages, or any
additional damages resulting from the multiplication of
compensatory damages". Punitive damages were not defined by the
policy.
The parties agree that Louisiana law controls our construction
of the policy.3
An insurance policy is a contract between the parties and should be construed using the general rules of interpretation of contracts set forth in the [Louisiana] Civil Code.... If the words of the policy are clear and explicit and lead to no absurd consequences, no further interpretation may be made in search of the parties' intent and the agreement must be enforced as written.
Crabtree v. State Farm Ins. Co., 632 So. 2d 736, 741 (La. 1994)
(citations omitted). See La. Civ. Code Ann. arts. 2045-2057 (West
1987). "Interpretation of the contract is the determination of the
common intent of the parties.... Intent is determined in
accordance with the plain, ordinary and popular sense of the
language used in the agreement." Thomas v. Kilgore, 537 So. 2d
828, 830 (La. App. 1989) (citations omitted). Along that line, and
citing La. Civ. Code Ann. art. 2047, the Louisiana Supreme Court
has noted that, "[e]xcept for technical terms, the words of a
3 The policy was issued and delivered in Louisiana; and, under the applicable choice of law provisions, Louisiana law governs interpretation. See Industrial Chem. & Fiberglas Corp. v. North River Ins. Co., 908 F.2d 825, 829 n.3 (11th Cir. 1990).
- 4 - contract must be given their generally understood meaning."
Capital Bank & Trust Co. v. Equitable Life, 542 So. 2d 494, 496
(La.
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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_________________________________
No. 93-3658 ________________________________
LOR, INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SEUMAS IAIN COWLEY, as representative of those certain UNDERWRITERS AT LLOYD'S, LONDON, ET AL.,
Defendants-Appellees.
___________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana
_____________________________________________ (July 22, 1994)
Before JOHNSON, BARKSDALE, AND DeMOSS, Circuit Judges:
RHESA HAWKINS BARKSDALE, Circuit Judge:
At issue is whether the punitive damages exclusion in the
policy by certain Underwriters at Lloyd's precludes coverage for
their insured, Lor, Inc., for its liability under the Alabama
Wrongful Death Act, for which the only recoverable damages have
been judicially interpreted to be punitive. Because those damages
are not punitive as that term is generally understood, the
exclusion is not applicable. We REVERSE and RENDER.
I.
In December 1989, Lor obtained an excess insurance policy from
Underwriters, containing an exclusion for punitive damages.
Several months later, an employee of a Lor operating division was involved in an automobile accident in Alabama, resulting in the
death of Brenda May.
May's estate filed an action against Lor and the employee
under the Alabama Wrongful Death Act, Ala. Code § 6-5-410 (1975),
with the claims sounding in negligence. There was no claim of any
wanton, willful, or intentional conduct, nor was there a request
for punitive damages. But, Underwriters denied coverage on the
basis that the action allowed only excluded punitive damages.
Lor settled with the May estate for $1.75 million dollars, of
which $1 million was paid by its primary insurer. Lor sought a
declaratory judgment that the loss was covered by the policy.1 On
cross motions for summary judgment, judgment was awarded
Underwriters.
II.
We review a summary judgment de novo, applying the same
standard as the district court. E.g., Waltman v. International
Paper Co., 875 F.2d 468, 474 (5th Cir. 1989). Summary judgment is
appropriate if there is no genuine issue of material fact, and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P.
56. In this instance, no material fact issue exists; we are
presented solely with an issue of law.
That issue is prompted by the fact that Alabama's Wrongful
Death Act, the sole remedy available to the May estate, has been
interpreted to permit only punitive damages, even though the Act
1 This action was filed in the Northern District of Alabama and transferred to the Eastern District of Louisiana.
- 2 - does not refer to them. See, e.g., Killough v. Jahandarfard, 578
So. 2d 1041, 1044 (Ala. 1991). As discussed in note 2, infra,
Alabama appears to be unique in this regard.
Under Alabama law, a person injured through the fault of
another may recover compensatory damages and, under certain
circumstances, punitive damages. When the May estate action was
pending against Lor, however, if that person died as a result of
the injuries, punitive damages under the Wrongful Death Act was the
only recovery.2 Relying on this, Underwriters denied coverage.
2 Several months after the May estate settled with Lor, the Alabama Supreme Court reversed more than 100 years of precedent and held that a personal injury action does survive death and may be prosecuted along with a wrongful death action. King v. National Spa and Pool Institute, Inc., 607 So. 2d 1241, 1246 (Ala. 1992) ("The fact that the injury that serves as the basis for the personal injury action later gives rise to a wrongful death claim does not extinguish the original personal injury claim.") The court stated:
Although Alabama's law of wrongful death is unique in the United States, the unique nature of a "punitive only" wrongful death statute can no longer extend to the deprivation of a universally recognized right to compensation. This Court is aware of no other jurisdiction in the United States where there is no right to recover for personal injuries that result in death. That is, whether by statute or by judicially recognized tort law, the appropriate party may recover compensation for personal injuries that cause death in every other American jurisdiction. We will no longer stand alone on this point.
Id. at 1247. King held also that, because the Act "provides for punitive damages for the act causing death, it also displaces any claim for punitive damages in the personal injury action based on the same act." Id. at 1248.
Because the May estate had already settled, it was not affected by the reversal in King. Therefore, the issue before us is addressed only in relation to the pre-King wrongful death recovery.
- 3 - Subject, inter alia, to its exclusions, the policy provided
coverage to Lor for its "operations anywhere in the World, for ...
the liability imposed upon [Lor] by law ... which arises" from
bodily injury, among other things. The relevant exclusion was for
"fines, penalties, punitive damages, exemplary damages, or any
additional damages resulting from the multiplication of
compensatory damages". Punitive damages were not defined by the
policy.
The parties agree that Louisiana law controls our construction
of the policy.3
An insurance policy is a contract between the parties and should be construed using the general rules of interpretation of contracts set forth in the [Louisiana] Civil Code.... If the words of the policy are clear and explicit and lead to no absurd consequences, no further interpretation may be made in search of the parties' intent and the agreement must be enforced as written.
Crabtree v. State Farm Ins. Co., 632 So. 2d 736, 741 (La. 1994)
(citations omitted). See La. Civ. Code Ann. arts. 2045-2057 (West
1987). "Interpretation of the contract is the determination of the
common intent of the parties.... Intent is determined in
accordance with the plain, ordinary and popular sense of the
language used in the agreement." Thomas v. Kilgore, 537 So. 2d
828, 830 (La. App. 1989) (citations omitted). Along that line, and
citing La. Civ. Code Ann. art. 2047, the Louisiana Supreme Court
has noted that, "[e]xcept for technical terms, the words of a
3 The policy was issued and delivered in Louisiana; and, under the applicable choice of law provisions, Louisiana law governs interpretation. See Industrial Chem. & Fiberglas Corp. v. North River Ins. Co., 908 F.2d 825, 829 n.3 (11th Cir. 1990).
- 4 - contract must be given their generally understood meaning."
Capital Bank & Trust Co. v. Equitable Life, 542 So. 2d 494, 496
(La. 1989).4 We need not decide whether "punitive damages" is a
"technical term". For our purposes, its "technical" definition and
"generally understood meaning" are one and the same.5
In determining such generally understood meaning,
Louisiana courts have looked to a variety of sources. See, e.g.,
4 Article 2047 provides:
The words of a contract must be given their generally prevailing meaning.
Words of art and technical terms must be given their technical meaning when the contract involves a technical matter.
La. Civ. Code Ann. art. 2047 (West 1987). 5 Underwriters asserts, however, that the issue at hand is controlled by the designation that Alabama has given to damages under its Wrongful Death Act. But, Alabama's interpretation does not automatically define the same terms used in a private insurance contract. It is undisputed that the damages under the Act are called punitive, but our task is to determine, regardless of nomenclature, if they are the same as punitive damages excluded under the policy. We do so by first determining the general and popular meaning of the term and then comparing it to Alabama's definition.
Underwriters contends also that Painter v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 476 F.2d 943 (5th Cir. 1973) controls; it concerned whether Alabama wrongful death damages were recoverable against the Tennessee Valley Authority, in light of the fact that "Congress has made no provisions allowing suit against it for punitive damages." Id. at 944. There, our court was interpreting a waiver of sovereign immunity, not a private insurance contract; it goes without saying that the rules governing our interpretation differ greatly. "A waiver of sovereign immunity cannot be implied but must be unequivocally expressed." United States v. Mitchell, 445 U.S. 535, 538 (1980) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In contrast, when interpreting the policy, as noted above, we are bound by Louisiana law and must look for the generally understood meaning of the policy's language.
- 5 - Central Louisiana Elec. Co., Inc. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 579
So. 2d 981, 986 (La. 1991) (Webster's Third New International
Dictionary); Capital Bank & Trust, 542 So. 2d at 497, n.9
(Webster's Third New International Dictionary); Tracy v. Travelers
Ins. Cos., 594 So. 2d 541, 544 (La. App. 1992) (Webster's Third New
International Dictionary and Black's Law Dictionary). See also
Loeblich v. Garnier, 113 So. 2d 95, 103 (La. App. 1959) (using
definition of punitive/exemplary damages in Black's Law Dictionary
in determining availability of punitive damages under certain
circumstances under Louisiana law).
The Random House Dictionary 499 (1981) defines punitive
(exemplary) damages as "damages awarded to a plaintiff in excess of
due compensation for his injury to punish the defendant for wanton
or reckless behavior causing the injury." Black's Law Dictionary
provides:
Exemplary damages are damages on an increased scale, awarded to the plaintiff over and above what will barely compensate him for his property loss, where the wrong done to him was aggravated by circumstances of violence, oppression, malice, fraud, or wanton and wicked conduct on the part of the defendant, and are intended to solace the plaintiff for mental anguish, laceration of his feelings, shame, degradation, or other aggravations of the original wrong, or else to punish the defendant for his evil behavior or to make an example of him, for which reason they are also called "punitive" or "punitory" damages or "vindictive" damages. Unlike compensatory or actual damages, punitive or exemplary damages are based upon an entirely different public policy consideration -- that of punishing the defendant or of setting an example for similar wrongdoers, as above noted. In cases in which it is proved that a defendant has acted willfully, maliciously, or fraudulently, a plaintiff may be awarded exemplary damages in addition to compensatory or actual
- 6 - damages. Damages other than compensatory damages which may be awarded against [a] person to punish him for outrageous conduct. Wetherbee v. United Ins. Co. of America, 18 C.A.3d 266, 95 Cal. Rptr. 678, 680. Such are given as an enhancement of compensatory damages because of wanton, reckless, malicious or oppressive character of acts complained of. Cape Publications, Inc. v. Bridges, Fla. App. 387 So. 2d 436, 440.
Black's Law Dictionary 390-91 (6th ed. 1991) (emphasis added).
Other definitions include "damages awarded in excess of normal
compensation to the plaintiff to punish a defendant for a serious
wrong", Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 955 (1990); and
"damages awarded in excess of compensatory damages or nominal
damages to punish a defendant for a gross wrong", Webster's Third
New International Dictionary 1843 (1986).
While each of these definitions differs in some respect, they
all provide that punitive damages are available upon proof of
something more than mere negligence, such as wanton or reckless
behavior or outrageous conduct.6 We need not determine
conclusively all of the elements of the generally understood
meaning of punitive damages. For purposes of this decision, we
need note only that there is no support in any of these authorities
for the position that, as generally understood, punitive damages
6 This distinction is also consistent with Louisiana Code provisions for the recovery of punitive damages. See La. Civ. Code Ann. art. 2315.4 (Supp. West 1994)(exemplary damages may be awarded upon proof that injuries caused by "wanton or reckless disregard" for rights and safety of others by intoxicated defendant); La. Civ. Code Ann. art 2315.3 (Supp. West 1994) (exemplary damages may be awarded upon proof that injuries caused by wanton or reckless disregard for public safety).
- 7 - are recoverable for simple negligence.7 Therefore, applying the
Louisiana rules of construction, "punitive damages" as used in the
policy means damages recoverable upon proof of more than
negligence.
Damages recoverable under the Alabama Wrongful Death Act do
not satisfy this definition. The Act provides that "[a] personal
representative may commence an action and recover such damages as
the jury may assess ... for the wrongful act, omission, or
negligence of any person...." Ala. Code §6-5-410 (emphasis added).
The Alabama Supreme Court has held that the Act is designed "to
punish negligent, wanton or intentional acts" causing death.
Lankford v. Mong, 214 So. 2d 301, 302 (Ala. 1968). See also Hanna
v. Riggs, 333 So. 2d 563, 566 (Ala. 1976) (gravamen of action is
"wrongful act, omission or negligence" (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted)). Therefore, "punitive" damages, as that
term is used in relation to the Act, can be recovered, inter alia,
upon proof of simple negligence. Significantly, the damages sought
by the May estate were based solely on negligence.
7 Underwriters urges that the references to punitive damages in the policy and interpretation given damages under the Alabama Wrongful Death Act are the same, because they are both non- compensatory and are intended to punish, as discussed infra. Indeed, punitive damages are designed to punish; but the distinctive characteristic of punitive damages in their general and popular meaning is that they are intended to punish a particular quality of conduct -- conduct that is more than negligence. Likewise, the fact that particular damages are not "compensatory" does not alone render them punitive.
- 8 - III.
In sum, the policy excludes coverage for punitive damages,
which, as generally understood, are damages recoverable upon a
showing of something more than negligence. Punitive damages under
the Alabama Wrongful Death Act and the generally understood meaning
of punitive damages clearly share some common characteristics; both
are designed to punish. They are genuinely dissimilar, however,
with regard to the conduct to which they are applicable; this
difference is decisive. Accordingly, because the policy provides
coverage, the district court erred in granting summary judgment in
favor of Underwriters, and denying it for Lor. Therefore, the
judgment is REVERSED, judgment is RENDERED for Lor, Inc., and this
case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
REVERSED, RENDERED, AND REMANDED
- 9 -