Electronically Filed Supreme Court SCEC-XX-XXXXXXX 09-JAN-2019 01:17 PM
SCEC-XX-XXXXXXX
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAIʻI
MATTHEW S. LOPRESTI, Plaintiff,
vs.
STATE OF HAWAIʻI; SCOTT T. NAGO, as Chief Election Officer for the State of Hawaiʻi; and OFFICE OF ELECTIONS, State of Hawaiʻi, Defendants.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING
FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW AND JUDGMENT (By: Recktenwald, C.J., Nakayama, McKenna, Pollack, and Wilson, JJ.)
We have considered (1) the election complaint, filed by
plaintiff Matthew S. LoPresti (“LoPresti”) on November 26, 2018,
(2) the statement by Sherrie J. Course (“Course”), filed by
LoPresti on November 29, 2018, (3) the motion to dismiss
complaint or, in the alternative, motion for summary judgment,
filed by defendants State of Hawaiʻi, Chief Election Officer
Scott Nago (“Chief Election Officer Nago”), and the Office of
Elections (collectively, “the State Defendants”) on December 6,
2018, (4) the State Defendants’ response to the court’s December
28, 2018 order, filed on December 31, 2018, (5) LoPresti’s reply
to the State Defendants’ response, filed on January 4, 2019, (6) the respective supporting documents, and (7) the record in
this matter. Having heard this matter without oral argument and
in accordance with HRS § 11-174.5(b) (2009) (requiring the
supreme court to “give judgment, stating all findings of fact and
of law”), we set forth the following findings of fact and
conclusions of law and enter the following judgment.
FINDINGS OF FACT
The November 6, 2018 General Election
1. LoPresti was the Democratic Party candidate for
the Office of State Senate, District 19 in the November 6, 2018
general election.
2. State Senate, District 19 consists of district/
precincts 40-02, 40-03, 40-04, 41-01, 41-02, 41-03, and 41-05.
3. Each district/precinct has its own unique ballot
type containing the contests and questions that the voters in
those district/precincts are eligible to vote on, based on where
they live.
4. The election results for the race for State
Senate, District 19 was as follows: (R) FAVELLA, Kurt 6,205 (48.0%) (D) LOPRESTI, Matthew S. (Matt) 6,089 (47.1%) Blank Votes 623 ( 4.8%) Over Votes 7 ( 0.1%)
5. Kurt Favella (“Favella”) received the highest
number of votes.
6. The difference in the votes between LoPresti and
Favella was 116 votes.
2 The Election Contest
7. On November 26, 2018, LoPresti timely filed a
complaint1 challenging the election results for Office of State
Senate, District 19.
8. LoPresti alleges that irregularities in voting or
in counting of votes could have caused a difference in the
election outcome or could have precluded the correct result from
being ascertained. LoPresti also alleges that the 116-vote
difference in the election equaled 0.9% of the total votes cast
and, therefore, calls into doubt the election results. LoPresti
further alleges that irregularities at district/precinct 41-02,
including potential tampering of the ballots, may have affected
the election results.
9. LoPresti contends that the electronic tabulation
machines were not working from the start on election day at
district/precinct 41-02 (and possibly at some of the other six
polling precincts in the district), that voters were told to take
the ballots away from the machine and deposit them in another box
that was not locked and secured, that precinct officials had
access to the box of ballots throughout the day, that a precinct
official (Michele Golojuch (“Golojuch”)) who was openly hostile
to his candidacy was present at district/precinct 41-02, and that
ballots that needed to be tabulated by machine were
1 LoPresti’s complaint was in the form of a 7-page letter addressed to this court.
3 “intentionally and deliberately physically altered and
manipulated by poll workers.” Lopresti maintains that these
irregularities invited voter tampering and may have influenced
some voters to vote against him. LoPresti also maintains that
the precinct captain for district/precinct 41-02 did not closely
oversee the process and “admitted to [him] that if she were in
[his] shoes she would certainly ask for a recount of the
votes[.]”
10. LoPresti also contends that HRS § 11-172 is
unconstitutional.
11. LoPresti acknowledges that he was not present at
any of the precincts on the day of the general election and that
the concerns he raises in the complaint arise from conversations
with the precinct captain or chair, Office of Election officials,
and a voter who voted at district/precinct 41-02.
12. LoPresti seeks the following relief:
• an order requiring a hand recount and entering judgment invalidating the election results for the Office of State Senate, District 19 on the ground that a correct result cannot be ascertained because of a mistake or fraud on the part of the precinct officials;
• if the recount shows that LoPresti received the highest number of votes, then judgment be entered electing him the winner;
• an order compelling witnesses and taking the necessary steps to fully determine what occurred on the general election day at the polling precincts in the State Senate District 19 race; and
• an order requiring the State Defendants to disclose the margin of error for their voting and tabulating systems.
4 Statement of Sherrie J. Course
13. On November 29, 2018, LoPresti submitted a
statement that purports to be from Course, who was a voter at
district/precinct 41-02.
14. According to the statement, Course was the first
voter to attempt to scan her ballot at district/precinct 41-02 on
the day of the general election. Course states that the scanner
did not work and after several attempts to scan her ballot, the
precinct worker “removed a piece of equipment from the left side
of the ballot box underneath the scanner” to insert the ballots
through the slot. Course states that, “[h]aving seen inside the
box, [she] could tell that this slot was in the correct spot to
allow the ballots to drop into the receptable below, so [she]
went ahead and slipped [her] paper ballot through the slot[.]”
When Course re-entered the polling place to get a slip of paper
to take back to work, she noticed additional voters waiting to
drop their ballots through the slot into the ballot box. Course
states that she wondered whether the ballots in the bin would be
properly counted. After learning that LoPresti lost the election
for Senate District 19, Course contacted her friend who voted at
the same precinct at approximately 8:00 a.m. or 8:30 a.m. and
learned that the scanner had not been fixed. Course states that
with her consent, her friend provided her telephone number to
LoPresti, who contacted her to see if she would be willing to
provide a statement regarding her experiences.
5 The Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, Motion for Summary Judgment
15. On December 6, 2018, the State Defendants moved to
dismiss the complaint or, in the alternative, for summary
judgment. They contend that the complaint fails to state a claim
for relief because LoPresti fails to present any evidence of
“errors, mistakes or irregularities,” or any other such basis,
such as “provable fraud, overages, or underages, that could cause
a difference in the election results” as mandated by HRS § 11-
172. In addition, they contend that the remedies requested by
LoPresti are improper and cannot be awarded by this court in a
general election contest.
16. The State Defendants argue that LoPresti’s
allegations of possible election fraud and voter tampering are
conclusory and speculative as LoPresti does not present actual
information of mistakes or errors that would have resulted in a
change of 59 votes in his favor. They contend that LoPresti’s
suspicion of ballot tampering at district/precinct 41-02 or other
precincts are insufficient to warrant relief. The State
Defendants explain that there is a system in place in the event
there is an equipment failure in the handling and processing of
cast ballots on election day and that the procedures were
followed during the period of time the eScan machine did not work
properly at district/precinct 41-02 –- during that time, voters
cast their ballots in the secured Emergency Ballot bin or on the
6 direct recording voting machine and when the eScan machine was
replaced, the voters continued using the scanner. The State
Defendants further explain that at the end of the night, the
Emergency Ballot bin was opened and the ballots that were placed
inside were removed and scanned; those ballots that were folded
in the ballot box were flattened by the workers for scanning.
17. The State Defendants also argue that LoPresti
fails to prove that HRS § 11-172 is invalid and unconstitutional
beyond a reasonable doubt.
18. Attached to the motion to dismiss or, in the
alternative, for summary judgment, are declarations from Chief
Election Officer Nago, Joann Anoc (“Anoc”), the precinct chair
for district/precinct 41-02 at Ilima Intermediate School for the
2018 elections, and Rich Geppert (“Geppert”), one of the
professional services managers for Hart Intercivic, Inc.
(“Hart”), the vendor of the electronic voting machines used in
the 2018 elections.
19. In his declaration, Geppert states that the voting
system used in the 2018 election has been used by the Office of
Elections since 2008. Geppert explains that the Hart voting
system is comprised of three main components to record votes --
(1) eSlate - “a direct recording electronic voting unit that
provides accessible voting to individuals with disabilities” and
“includes a verifiable ballot option, whereby a paper record of
each vote cast is printed and retained by the device[;]” (2)
7 eScan - “a digital ballot imaging precinct counter, in which a
voter inserts his or her ballot to be counted and deposited into
the precinct counter[;]” and (3) Ballot Now - “utilizes high-
speed scanners to scan absentee ballots to be counted.” In
calculating ballots, Ballot Now uses commercial full-sheet
scanning technology to record a full digital image of the voted
ballot. Typical resolution of the full-sheet scan is 200 dots
per inch (dpi), which provides a high-quality digital image of
the voted ballot that is saved on the Ballot Now system and is
used for all subsequent election activities. The software counts
the number of pixels inside each option box in the digital image.
According to Geppert, the Ballot Now digital scanning system “has
been validated in multiple studies of real election data[,]” “has
been certified for use both federally and at the state level in
numerous states[,]” and “has been used in hundreds, if not
thousands, of elections and has accurately processed millions of
votes.”
20. In his declaration, Chief Election Officer Nago
explains that ballots are strictly controlled through a detailed
process that involves securing the ballots at the polling place
as well as when the ballots are transported from the polling
place. The ballots are secured in ballot transportation
containers with uniquely numbered wire hasp seals and the use of
Ballot/Seal Control Forms to track the ballots from the packing
through the distribution and collection, along with the
8 requirement that ballots are handled in the presence of not less
than two officials assigned in accordance with HRS §§ 11-71, 11-
72, or 16-45.
21. Chief Election Officer Nago explains that the
voting system that was used during the 2018 general election was
“inspected and tested by official observers in preparation for
use for the general election at absentee walk sites, polling
places, and absentee mail voting.” Chief Election Officer Nago
notes that these official observers were present at the State
Capitol to observe the counting of ballots.
22. Chief Election Officer Nago explains that a series
of result reports are issued on election night after the polls
close as supplies and equipment are transferred to the counting
center. There are 4 scheduled releases of result reports
targeted to be released (1) upon the close of polls, (2) at 8:30
p.m., (3) at 10:00 p.m., and (4) at 11:30 p.m. followed by an
election night final report to be released once all ballots have
been counted. Chief Election Officer Nago states that on the
night of the general election, the manual audit team, pursuant to
HAR § 3-172-102(a), audited the computer-generated results
related to ballots voted at the polls in a different precinct, so
as to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the voting and vote
counting system; the official observers did not request an
expanded audit and Chief Election Officer Nago did not see any
9 basis to question the accuracy and integrity of the voting and
vote counting system.
23. Chief Election Officer Nago states that post-
election audits showed no errors in the counting of votes by the
voting and vote counting system. He states that the distribution
of overages and underages among the district/precincts associated
with State Senate, District 19 (e.g., 40-02, 40-03, 40-04, 41-01,
41-02, 41-03, and 41-05) “shows no pattern of fraud or mistake
from which it could be concluded that the correct result of the
election had not been ascertained.” Chief Election Officer Nago
states that there is no evidence that the vote counting system
“has misreported or produced inaccurate results and that
[LoPresti] would prevail if the ballots were counted again” and
that he is “not aware of any issues or problems with the accuracy
of the vote counting system, the handling of ballots, or any
other matters that would impact the integrity of the general
election results of State Senate, District 19.”
24. Anoc was the precinct chair for district/precinct
41-02 for the 2018 general election and previously served as
precinct chair for the 2018 primary election, the 2006, 2008, and
2016 primary and general elections, the 2010 general election,
and the 2012 primary election. Anoc indicated that for the 2018
election cycle, she attended a precinct chair training and was
provided a detailed manual.
10 25. According to Anoc’s declaration, on the day of the
general election, prior to the opening of the polls, her precinct
performed the open polls procedure, but the eScan equipment was
not able to scan the ballot of the first voter and, therefore,
that ballot had to be deposited in the Emergency Ballot Bin.2
Anoc called the control center and reported the problem and,
after trying to resolve the problem over the phone, a
troubleshooter was dispatched to the polling place.
26. Anoc stated that in the interim, while waiting for
a troubleshooter, voters were informed that they could wait for
the eScan to be repaired, vote on the eSlate (e.g., the direct
recording electronic voting machine), or deposit their ballot in
the Emergency Ballot Bin. When the Emergency Ballot Bin reached
capacity, the eScan ballot box seal was cut and the ballot box
unlocked with a precinct official; the Emergency Ballot Bin was
then removed carefully to ensure that no ballot fell out. Anoc
prepared a transport container and transferred the ballots from
the Emergency Ballot Bin and packed them into the container.
Anoc explained that she placed the transport container with the
unscanned ballots into the bottom of the eScan ballot box to be
scanned at the end of the night and returned the Emergency Ballot
Bin into the ballot box, locked the ballot box door, and secured
2 The Emergency Ballot Bin is a separate bin in the ballot box and voted ballots can only be deposited through the designated slot. The slot is secured and if the eScan is inoperable, the voters may deposit their ballot in the Emergency Ballot bin.
11 the ballot box with a pull tight seal. According to Anoc, the
eScan equipment was replaced at approximately 9:20 a.m.
27. Anoc stated that at the end of the day, after the
last voter had voted at her precinct, close polls procedures were
performed. The eScan ballot box seal was cut, the ballot box was
unlocked, and the ballots were carefully removed to ensure that
no ballot fell out. Precinct officials scanned the ballots from
the Emergency Ballot Bin and the ballots that had been removed
from the Emergency Ballot Bin and packed in the transport
container when the eScan equipment was inoperable. For those
ballots that were folded, the precinct officials unfolded the
ballot to smooth it out before it was scanned.
28. The precinct officials then performed the close
polls procedures on the eScan unit. The precinct officials
removed the scanned ballots from the ballot box and packed them
into voted ballot containers, which were sealed with a wire
hasped seal. The seal numbers were recorded on the Ballot Seal
Control Form and the voted ballot containers and various election
supplies were picked up by the Delivery Collection Team to
transport back to the counting center at the State Capitol.
29. Anoc explained that she was responsible for ten
other precinct officials, including Golojuch, who was a voter
assistance official. Anoc did not observe any inappropriate
conduct by Golojuch or any other precinct official at any time.
12 Anoc explained that, after the election, she was contacted by the
Office of Elections due to an inquiry by LoPresti and agreed to
speak with him. Anoc stated that she explained to LoPresti
everything that had occurred in the precinct on election day but
never expressed that any inappropriate conduct occurred or that
any precinct official altered the contents of any ballot before
it was scanned. Anoc further stated that at no time did she
advise LoPresti to ask for a recount; rather, she told him “it
was up to him.” Anoc contended that she was not aware of any
issues or problems associated with district/precinct 41-02 that
would have impacted the security of the ballots.
The December 28, 2018 Order
30. On December 28, 2018, this court issued an order
directing the State Defendants to provide the following
information: 1. Information setting forth the margin of error for the electronic vote counting machines, when applying the tabulation procedures established by or in accordance to chapter 3-172 of the Hawaii Administrative Rules, that were used in the November 6, 2018 general election.
2. Information setting forth how the intent of the voter is ensured in a close election without a hand count, such as when a ballot contains marginal marks.
The State Defendants’ Response to December 28, 2018 Order
31. On December 31, 2018, the State Defendants filed a
response to the court’s December 28, 2018 order.
32. The State Defendants’ response includes a
13 declaration from Chief Election Officer Nago and a declaration
from David Magedson (“Magedson”), a program manager for Hart.
33. In his declaration, Chief Election Officer Nago
states that, consistent with the Help America Vote Act of 2002,
the State of Hawaiʻi’s election statutes and administrative rules
“provide for a uniform standard as to what constitutes a vote and
what will be counted as a vote.” He explains that the
legislature authorized the Chief Election Officer to adopt a
voting and vote counting system and to define what constitutes a
proper mark for voting purposes of using the system, as has been
done by administrative rules. He then describes a proper voting
mark, a marginal voting mark, and an improper voting mark.
34. Chief Election Officer Nago states that on the
night of the general election, the manual audit team audited the
computer-generated results related to ballots voted at the polls.
He explained that the audit is a hand count of the voted ballots
which involved reviewing the physical ballots from the polling
places associated with the selected district/precincts and
confirming that the manual audit results for a selected contest
on the ballot matched the computer-generated results for the
selected contest. If discrepancies are found in the audit, the
Chief Election Officer may authorize an expanded audit to
determine the extent of misreporting within the system. For the
2018 general election, the manual audit team did not request an
14 expanded audit and Chief Election Officer Nago stated that he
similarly saw no basis to question the accuracy and integrity of
the voting and vote counting system.
35. Chief Election Officer Nago also states that
official observers audited the computer-generated results related
to absentee mail ballots. If discrepancies were found, the Chief
Election Officer may authorize an expanded audit to determine the
extent of misreporting within the system. For the 2018 general
election, the official observers did not request an expanded
audit, and Chief Election Officer Nago stated that he similarly
saw no basis to question the accuracy and integrity of the voting
and vote counting system.
36. Chief Election Officer Nago also explains that,
going into the election, the State adopted a voting and vote
counting system and, with that, a fixed objective standard as to
how ballots would be counted based on a properly functioning
voting and vote counting system that would be subject to
inspection, audit, and testing by qualified observers before and
after an election. He states that “[a]s we cannot change the
rules after an election, any audit of results is focused on
confirming how a properly functioning voting and vote counting
system would count ballots.” Thus, Chief Election Officer
contends that objective evidence that the system was not
operating properly would need to be presented, in order to
15 require additional auditing to occur. He states that “[u]nder no
circumstances, is a different set of rules or a different
standard used after an election to count ballots that were
originally intended to be counted with a particular voting and
vote counting system. At all times, one strives to replicate the
counting by the original voting system.”
37. Chief Election Officer Nago also explains his
understanding of the technical nature of the voting system’s
handling of marginal marks and the concept of error.
38. Chief Election Officer Nago states that the
machines are tested, voters are instructed in the manner in which
to properly mark their ballots, and there are audits. As such,
Chief Election Officer has no reason to believe there is a
“margin of error” as it relates to marks made in the uniform
manner established by the Office of Elections. He notes that any
references to “margin of error” may be a mistaken reference to
the “error rate” that is used as part of the certification of the
voting system under federal standards and relates to the initial
testing of the machines. In this context, “error rate” does not
involve errors “attributable to an act of the voter” but instead
relates to an error occurring despite all ballots being properly
marked. Under Voting Systems Standards, “the system shall
achieve a target error rate of no more than one in 10,000,000
ballot positions, with a maximum acceptable error rate in the
16 test process of one in 500,000 ballot positions.” According to
Chief Election Officer Nago, the federal standards state that
“[t]his rate is set at a sufficiently stringent level such that
the likelihood of voting system errors affecting the outcome of
an election is exceptionally remote even in the closest of
elections.” He explains that based on the tests and audits of
the system, he has no reason to believe that any error rate
occurred with this election.
39. Chief Election Officer Nago states that the term
“margin of error” may be a misnomer to describe the possible
consequence of voters who make “marginal marks” that are close to
the threshold that the voting system would record as a vote. He
explains that “marginal marks” are not “proper marks” and are
made contrary to the instructions on the ballot and, therefore,
he does not consider them to constitute a “margin of error.”
40. In his declaration, Magedson explains that the
Hart voting system is comprised of three main components to
record votes -- (1) eSlate; (2) eScan; and (3) Ballot Now. He
explains how Ballot Now scans images (e.g., pixel of darkness
analysis by the system), how the system operates in regard to
marginal marks, the Ballot Now Overvote Reduction Algorithm to
eliminate false overvotes caused by pen rests, dirt, or other
small marks on the ballot, how votes are counted, and the
instructions to the voters that appear on the ballot, and
17 attaches a copy of a document explaining the manner in which
Ballot Now records votes. 9. As indicated in the document, if more than 4.2% of the pixels are marked, the option box will be recorded as having been marked. Additionally, when an option box is marked so that the number of counted pixels is extremely close to our threshold(+/- 7 pixels), it is possible for an option box to be read as marked in one scan, but read as unmarked in a second scan (or vice-versa). Studies of past election data have shown that only around .046% of option boxes fall into the pixel range where variance can occur. . . .
41. Magedeson states that, as he understands the term
“margin of error,” there is “no ‘margin of error[]’ for properly
marked ballots” but notes that the election industry is a highly
technical industry and uses the term “error rate” in its
certification of systems. Magedson also explains that the Ballot
Now system has been validated in multiple studies of real
election data and has been certified for use both federally and
at the state level in numerous states in compliance with 52
U.S.C. § 21081(a)(5) (which addresses error rate standards of the
voting system) and Section 3.2.1 of the 2002 Voting System
Standards (entitled “Accuracy Requirements”) and that the system
is tested by official observers prior to the election and that
there is an auditing process that, in the absence of any
discovery that there was a problem, “there is no basis to believe
there was an error with the machines.”
18 LoPresti’s Reply to the State Defendants’ Response
42. On January 4, 2019, LoPresti filed a reply to the
State Defendants’ response to the December 28, 2018 order.
43. LoPresti contends that the current law, its
enforcement, and/or its interpretation is unconstitutional based
on the “unattainable” standard required to obtain a recount.
LoPresti maintains that the ability to successfully challenge
close or questionable election results is a necessary condition
for voters to realize the right to a free and fair election,
which must include “the opportunity for recounting ballots and/or
. . . investigations into potential wrongdoing.”
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. An election contest is instituted by filing a
complaint in the supreme court “set[ting] forth any cause or
causes, such as but not limited to, provable fraud, overages, or
underages, that could cause a difference in the election
results.” HRS § 11-172.
2. A complaint challenging the results of a general
election pursuant to HRS § 11-172 fails to state a claim unless
the plaintiff[] demonstrate[s] errors, mistakes or irregularities
that could change the outcome of the election. See Tataii v.
Cronin, 119 Hawaiʻi 337, 339, 198 P.3d 124, 126 (2008) (citing
Akaka v. Yoshina, 84 Hawaiʻi 383, 387, 935 P.2d 98, 102 (1997)).
See also Funakoshi v. King, 65 Haw. 312, 317, 651 P.2d 912, 915
19 (1982) (“‘Difference in the election results’ . . . mean[s] a
difference sufficient to overturn the nomination of any
particular candidate[.]”).
3. In order for a complaint to be legally sufficient,
the complaint must “show[] that the specific acts and conduct . .
. complained of would have had the effect of changing the results
of the primary election.” Elkins v. Ariyoshi, 56 Hawaiʻi 47, 49,
527 P.2d 236, 237 (1974); Akaka, 84 Hawaiʻi at 388, 935 P.2d at
103 (in order for an election challenge to have merit, “the
petitioner must ‘show that he [or she] ha[s] actual information
of mistakes or errors sufficient to change the result[;]’” an
election contest cannot be based upon mere belief or indefinite
information). It is not sufficient that a plaintiff point to a
“poorly run and inadequately supervised election process” that
evinces “‘room for abuse’” or “‘possibilities of fraud.’”
Elkins, 56 Haw. at 48, 527 P.2d at 237.
4. “In the absence of facts showing that
irregularities exceed the reported margin between the candidates,
the complaint is legally insufficient because, even if its truth
were assumed, the result of the election would not be affected.”
Tataii, 119 Hawaiʻi at 339-40, 198 P.3d at 126-27.
5. “An election contest cannot be based upon mere
belief or indefinite information.” Id.
20 6. When reviewing a motion to dismiss a complaint for
failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, the
court must accept the plaintiff’s allegations as true and view
them in the light most favorable to him or her; dismissal is
proper only if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can
prove no set of facts in support of his or her claim that would
entitle him or her to relief. AFL Hotel & Restaurant Workers
Health & Welfare Trust Fund v. Bosque, 110 Hawaiʻi 318, 321, 132
P.3d 1229, 1232 (2006).
7. Conclusory allegations and unwarranted inferences
are not sufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss. Kealoha v.
Machado, 131 Hawaiʻi 62, 74, 315 P.3d 213, 225 (2013).
8. The court’s consideration of matters outside the
pleadings converts a motion to dismiss into one for summary
judgment. Buscher v. Boning, 114 Hawaiʻi 202, 212, 159 P.3d 814,
824 (2007).
9. Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Silva v. City and
County of Honolulu, 115 Hawaiʻi 1, 6, 165 P.2d 247, 252 (2007).
10. LoPresti does not provide “specific facts” or
“actual information” of mistakes, errors, irregularities, error
rates, or variances that could change the result of the general
election or the reported differential in votes between himself
21 and Favella. LoPresti’s unsubstantiated contention that the
temporary inability of the eScan equipment to scan ballots and
the subsequent deposit of ballots in the Emergency Ballot Bin
while the eScan equipment was replaced “possibl[y]” invited vote
tampering does not demonstrate actual fraud or mistakes by
precinct officials that could change the reported difference in
the votes between LoPresti and Favella. Both Nago and Anoc
detailed the procedures in place when a voting machine
malfunctions and the procedures that were followed at
district/precinct 41-02 when the eScan machine needed to be
replaced in the early hours of the commencement of the general
election and in scanning those ballots that were placed in the
Emergency Ballot during that time. Neither Nago nor Anoc
concluded that the process that was followed negatively impacted
the security of the ballots or altered the election result.
LoPresti has not presented specific evidence to dispute this
conclusion such that it would change the election result.
11. In addition, LoPresti’s contention that a recount
must be done for all “close” races does not prove that HRS § 11-
172 is unconstitutional beyond a reasonable doubt.
12. LoPresti has not shown in his submissions to this
court actual information of errors, mistakes, irregularities,
error rates, or variances sufficient to change the outcome of the
election or change the reported margin of votes between himself
and Favella.
22 JUDGMENT
Based upon the foregoing findings of fact and
conclusions of law, there is no genuine issue of material fact
and judgment is entered in favor of the State Defendants and
against LoPresti. Kurt Favella received the highest number of
the votes cast in the November 6, 2018 general election and has
been elected to the Office of State Senate, District 19 pursuant
to HRS § 11-155 (2009).3
A copy of this judgment shall be served on Chief
Election Officer Nago who shall act in accordance with the
requirements set forth in HRS § 11-174.5(b) (“If the court shall
decide which candidate or candidates have been elected, a copy of
the judgment shall be served on the chief election officer or
county clerk, who shall sign and deliver to the candidate or
candidates certificates of election, and the same shall be
conclusive of the right of the candidate or candidates to the
offices.”).
DATED: Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, January 9, 2019.
/s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
/s/ Paula A. Nakayama
/s/ Sabrina S. McKenna
/s/ Richard W. Pollack
/s/ Michael D. Wilson
3 HRS § 11-155 provides, in relevant part, that “[t]he number of candidates to be elected receiving the highest number of votes in any election district shall be declared to be elected.”