Lopez Segura v. Bondi

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: November 3, 2025
• Docket: 24-4595
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 3 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

HANZ JIM LOPEZ SEGURA; NATALY No. 24-4595 AYALA-RAMIREZ; LUCIANA ROMINA Agency Nos. LOPEZ-AYALA, A241-740-118 A241-740-119 Petitioners, A241-740-120 v. MEMORANDUM* PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted October 20, 2025** San Francisco, California

Before: PAEZ, BEA, and FORREST, Circuit Judges.

Hanz Jim Lopez Segura (“Lopez Segura”), his wife Nataly Ayala-Ramirez

(“Ayala-Ramirez”), and their minor daughter, all citizens of Peru, petition for

review of the denial of their applications for asylum and withholding of removal,

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). Lopez Segura is the

lead petitioner, as Ayala-Ramirez and their minor daughter are derivative

beneficiaries of his asylum application.

We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Our review is limited to the

Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision except to the extent that the

immigration judge’s (“IJ”) opinion was expressly adopted by the BIA. Garcia v.

Wilkinson, 988 F.3d 1136, 1142 (9th Cir. 2021). We review factual findings for

substantial evidence and questions of law de novo. Zhi v. Holder, 751 F.3d 1088,

1091 (9th Cir. 2014).

1. Asylum. To be eligible for asylum, a petitioner “alleging past

persecution,” like Lopez Segura, “has the burden of establishing that (1) his

treatment rises to the level of persecution; (2) the persecution was on account of

one or more protected grounds; and (3) the persecution was committed by the

government, or by forces that the government was unable or unwilling to control.”

Baghdasaryan v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1018, 1023 (9th Cir. 2010). A petitioner may

also be eligible for asylum because of a well-founded fear of future persecution.

See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b). The five statutorily protected grounds include race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group (“PSG”), and political

opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i).

2 24-4595 For persecution to occur “on account of” a petitioner’s membership in a

PSG, his membership in that PSG must be “at least one central reason” for the

persecution. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). “A ‘central’ reason is a reason of

primary importance to the persecutors, one that is essential to their decision to act.”

Parussimova v. Mukasey, 555 F.3d 734, 741 (9th Cir. 2009). This is also called the

“nexus” requirement of an asylum claim. See Aden v. Wilkinson, 989 F.3d 1073,

1084 (9th Cir. 2021).

Here, Lopez Segura claims that he was harmed on account of his

membership in two proposed PSGs: “Peruvian Men with Specialized Skills” and

“Peruvian Men with Specialized Skills in Welding Who Were Threatened,

Assaulted, and Extorted by Cartel Members.” The IJ and BIA determined that,

even if these PSGs were cognizable, Lopez Segura failed to establish that he was

harmed on account of his membership in one of them. This is because “the current

record shows the cartel members were solely motivated by money.”

This finding is supported by substantial evidence. Under the substantial

evidence standard, “[t]he agency’s ‘findings of fact are conclusive unless any

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.’”

Nasrallah v. Barr, 590 U.S. 573, 584 (2020) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)).

Lopez Segura did not introduce sufficient evidence to demonstrate that the cartel

members were primarily motivated by his specialized skills. Indeed, the record

3 24-4595 shows that the cartel members asked Lopez Segura multiple times for money and

asked him at one point to “collaborate,” but never asked him to use his specialized

skills on the cartel’s behalf. The circumstantial evidence, including the theft of

Lopez Segura’s backpack, the location of the attacks, and the references to Lopez

Segura’s job, is also insufficient to compel the conclusion that Lopez Segura was

primarily targeted for his welding skills.

2. Withholding of Removal. “Withholding of removal requires a

substantially similar (though not identical) showing as asylum.” Salguero Sosa v.

Garland, 55 F.4th 1213, 1220 (9th Cir. 2022). To satisfy the nexus requirement

for a withholding of removal claim, a petitioner must establish that his protected

ground will be “a reason” for his persecution. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(C). This

nexus standard is “less demanding” than that for asylum claims. Barajas-Romero

v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 360 (9th Cir. 2017).

Here, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s finding that, without a nexus to a protected

ground, Lopez Segura’s withholding of removal claim also fails. We agree. Lopez

Segura did not present evidence to compel the conclusion that membership in his

proposed PSGs was even “a reason” for his persecution.

3. CAT. To qualify for CAT relief, a petitioner must establish that it is more

likely than not that he would be tortured if returned to the country of removal. 8

C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). “Torture is defined as any act by which severe pain or

4 24-4595 suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person,” 8

C.F.R. § 1208.18(a), and for CAT relief, acts of torture must be inflicted “by, or at

the instigation of, or with the consent or acquiescence of, a public official or other

person acting in an official capacity.” Id. Here, the IJ denied CAT protection to

Lopez Segura because (1) Lopez Segura’s past persecution did not rise to the level

of torture, and (2) “nothing in the record” suggested that the Peruvian government

would torture Lopez Segura or consent to or acquiesce in his torture. The BIA

affirmed the IJ on both grounds.

These findings are supported by substantial evidence. The past harm and

threats suffered by Lopez Segura may have constituted persecution, but the

evidence presented does not compel a finding that it is more likely than not that he

would be tortured. The agency’s finding is consistent with our holding that the

definition of torture is “reserved for extreme cruel and inhuman treatment that

results in severe pain or suffering.” Tzompantzi-Salazar v. Garland, 32 F.4th 696,

706 (9th Cir. 2022) (citing 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)). Additionally, Lopez Segura’s

generalized country conditions evidence does not compel the conclusion that he, as

an individual, is at risk of future torture. See Andrade-Garcia v. Lynch, 828 F.3d

829, 836 (9th Cir. 2016). Accordingly, the agency did not err in denying CAT

relief.

PETITION DENIED.

5 24-4595