NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 11 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
LUIS FREDDY LOPEZ-HERRERA, No. 22-310 Agency No. Petitioner, A205-248-868 v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted December 6, 2023** Pasadena, California
Before: CALLAHAN, R. NELSON, and BADE, Circuit Judges.
Luis Freddy Lopez-Herrera, a native and citizen of Guatemala, timely
petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision
affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of his application for relief. We
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petition.
Born in Santa Rosa, Guatemala in 1994, Lopez-Herrera moved to Guatemala
City to attend school in 2003. Lopez-Herrera testified that, in 2010-2011, he was
attacked by MS-13 gang members in Guatemala City on two separate occasions.
During the first attack, several men beat him and left him unconscious. During the
second attack, he was shot at and a bullet grazed his arm. Neighbors called the police
after the first attack, but none showed up. The second incident was not reported to
the police, and Lopez-Herrera did not seek medical attention after either attack.
Lopez-Herrera fled to the United States in 2012 and testified that he feared continued
gang violence if forced to return to Guatemala.
While his immigration proceedings were pending, Lopez-Herrera was
involved in an altercation in Los Angeles County, resulting in a conviction under
California Penal Code (“CPC”) § 245(a)(4) for assault by means likely to produce
serious bodily injury. Lopez-Herrera’s sentence of five years imprisonment was
suspended, and he was placed on probation for three years. During probation,
Lopez-Herrera returned to his hometown of Santa Rosa, Guatemala for six months.
He testified that while there, he did not face any attacks from gang members because
“[i]t’s a small town. There’s no gang [there].”
The IJ denied Lopez-Herrera’s application for asylum, withholding of
removal, and deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).
2 22-310 The IJ held that Lopez-Herrera was ineligible for asylum and withholding of removal
because he was convicted of a “particularly serious crime.” See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(ii), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii), and 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(d)(2). The
IJ further concluded that Lopez-Herrera failed to prove a risk of future torture
because he could relocate to Santa Rosa.
On appeal, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision, citing Matter of Burbano, 20 I.
& N. Dec. 872 (BIA 1994), but added its own reasoning to address the issues raised
on appeal. We thus review “the decision of the BIA and those parts of the IJ’s
decision upon which it relies.” Salguero Sosa v. Garland, 55 F.4th 1213, 1217 (9th
Cir. 2022) (quoting Duran-Rodriguez v. Barr, 918 F.3d 1025, 1027-28 (9th Cir.
2019)). Factual determinations made by the IJ and BIA (collectively, “agency”) are
reviewed for substantial evidence, which requires affirmance unless “any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Id. at 1217-18
(internal citations omitted).
Before the Ninth Circuit, Lopez-Herrera argues that he is eligible for asylum
because the attacks he endured at a young age amount to past persecution. Lopez-
Herrera does not, however, challenge the agency’s “particularly serious crime”
determination. Arguments relating to the merits of his application for asylum and
withholding of removal are therefore waived. See Singh v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 1152,
1157 n.3 (9th Cir. 2004); Greenwood v. FAA, 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 1994).
3 22-310 Despite Lopez-Herrera’s waiver, we note that the IJ mistakenly referred to
CPC § 245(a)(1), while Lopez-Herrera was convicted under CPC § 245(a)(4). This
mistake was harmless, though, because CPC § 245(a)(4) is also a “crime of violence”
for immigration purposes. The prior version of CPC § 245(a)(1)— which we found
was a “crime of violence” in United States v. Vasquez-Gonzalez, 901 F.3d 1060,
1068 (9th Cir. 2018)—includes both the crime now located at § 245(a)(4) (assault
likely to produce great bodily injury) and the crime of assault with a deadly weapon
(which remains in the current version of § 245(a)(1)). A “crime of violence”
constitutes an “aggravated felony” under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F), and an
“aggravated felony” constitutes a “particularly serious crime” under the relevant
statutes and regulations. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(iv); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(d)(3).
Lopez-Herrera also argues that he warrants CAT protection. To be eligible
for relief, Lopez-Herrera was required to establish that he “is more likely than not to
be tortured” if removed to Guatemala. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.17(a). The agency was
required to consider all evidence relevant to the possibility of Lopez-Herrera’s
likelihood of future torture, including:
(i) evidence of past torture inflicted upon Lopez-Herrera; (ii) evidence that Lopez-Herrera could relocate to a part of Guatemala where he is not likely to be tortured; (iii) evidence of gross, flagrant, or mass violations of human rights within Guatemala; and (iv) other relevant information regarding conditions in Guatemala.
4 22-310 See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(3). Substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of
Lopez-Herrera’s application for CAT relief. After considering the evidence, the
agency determined that Lopez-Herrera can relocate to Santa Rosa where he was
raised. Lopez-Herrera testified that there were no gangs in Santa Rosa, and that he
lived there for six months without incident in 2015. These facts support the agency’s
determination that Lopez-Herrera is not eligible for relief. See Tzompantzi-Salazar
v. Garland, 32 F.4th 696, 704–05 (9th Cir. 2022).
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 11 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
LUIS FREDDY LOPEZ-HERRERA, No. 22-310 Agency No. Petitioner, A205-248-868 v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted December 6, 2023** Pasadena, California
Before: CALLAHAN, R. NELSON, and BADE, Circuit Judges.
Luis Freddy Lopez-Herrera, a native and citizen of Guatemala, timely
petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision
affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of his application for relief. We
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petition.
Born in Santa Rosa, Guatemala in 1994, Lopez-Herrera moved to Guatemala
City to attend school in 2003. Lopez-Herrera testified that, in 2010-2011, he was
attacked by MS-13 gang members in Guatemala City on two separate occasions.
During the first attack, several men beat him and left him unconscious. During the
second attack, he was shot at and a bullet grazed his arm. Neighbors called the police
after the first attack, but none showed up. The second incident was not reported to
the police, and Lopez-Herrera did not seek medical attention after either attack.
Lopez-Herrera fled to the United States in 2012 and testified that he feared continued
gang violence if forced to return to Guatemala.
While his immigration proceedings were pending, Lopez-Herrera was
involved in an altercation in Los Angeles County, resulting in a conviction under
California Penal Code (“CPC”) § 245(a)(4) for assault by means likely to produce
serious bodily injury. Lopez-Herrera’s sentence of five years imprisonment was
suspended, and he was placed on probation for three years. During probation,
Lopez-Herrera returned to his hometown of Santa Rosa, Guatemala for six months.
He testified that while there, he did not face any attacks from gang members because
“[i]t’s a small town. There’s no gang [there].”
The IJ denied Lopez-Herrera’s application for asylum, withholding of
removal, and deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).
2 22-310 The IJ held that Lopez-Herrera was ineligible for asylum and withholding of removal
because he was convicted of a “particularly serious crime.” See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(ii), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii), and 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(d)(2). The
IJ further concluded that Lopez-Herrera failed to prove a risk of future torture
because he could relocate to Santa Rosa.
On appeal, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision, citing Matter of Burbano, 20 I.
& N. Dec. 872 (BIA 1994), but added its own reasoning to address the issues raised
on appeal. We thus review “the decision of the BIA and those parts of the IJ’s
decision upon which it relies.” Salguero Sosa v. Garland, 55 F.4th 1213, 1217 (9th
Cir. 2022) (quoting Duran-Rodriguez v. Barr, 918 F.3d 1025, 1027-28 (9th Cir.
2019)). Factual determinations made by the IJ and BIA (collectively, “agency”) are
reviewed for substantial evidence, which requires affirmance unless “any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Id. at 1217-18
(internal citations omitted).
Before the Ninth Circuit, Lopez-Herrera argues that he is eligible for asylum
because the attacks he endured at a young age amount to past persecution. Lopez-
Herrera does not, however, challenge the agency’s “particularly serious crime”
determination. Arguments relating to the merits of his application for asylum and
withholding of removal are therefore waived. See Singh v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 1152,
1157 n.3 (9th Cir. 2004); Greenwood v. FAA, 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 1994).
3 22-310 Despite Lopez-Herrera’s waiver, we note that the IJ mistakenly referred to
CPC § 245(a)(1), while Lopez-Herrera was convicted under CPC § 245(a)(4). This
mistake was harmless, though, because CPC § 245(a)(4) is also a “crime of violence”
for immigration purposes. The prior version of CPC § 245(a)(1)— which we found
was a “crime of violence” in United States v. Vasquez-Gonzalez, 901 F.3d 1060,
1068 (9th Cir. 2018)—includes both the crime now located at § 245(a)(4) (assault
likely to produce great bodily injury) and the crime of assault with a deadly weapon
(which remains in the current version of § 245(a)(1)). A “crime of violence”
constitutes an “aggravated felony” under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F), and an
“aggravated felony” constitutes a “particularly serious crime” under the relevant
statutes and regulations. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(iv); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(d)(3).
Lopez-Herrera also argues that he warrants CAT protection. To be eligible
for relief, Lopez-Herrera was required to establish that he “is more likely than not to
be tortured” if removed to Guatemala. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.17(a). The agency was
required to consider all evidence relevant to the possibility of Lopez-Herrera’s
likelihood of future torture, including:
(i) evidence of past torture inflicted upon Lopez-Herrera; (ii) evidence that Lopez-Herrera could relocate to a part of Guatemala where he is not likely to be tortured; (iii) evidence of gross, flagrant, or mass violations of human rights within Guatemala; and (iv) other relevant information regarding conditions in Guatemala.
4 22-310 See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(3). Substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of
Lopez-Herrera’s application for CAT relief. After considering the evidence, the
agency determined that Lopez-Herrera can relocate to Santa Rosa where he was
raised. Lopez-Herrera testified that there were no gangs in Santa Rosa, and that he
lived there for six months without incident in 2015. These facts support the agency’s
determination that Lopez-Herrera is not eligible for relief. See Tzompantzi-Salazar
v. Garland, 32 F.4th 696, 704–05 (9th Cir. 2022).
Lopez-Herrera also argues on appeal that the conditions in Guatemala support
his claim for relief because the police did not respond when neighbors called after
he was beaten, and a 2016 Guatemala Country Conditions Report confirms the
government’s inability to protect its citizens. But “a general ineffectiveness on the
government’s part to investigate and prevent crime will not suffice” to show a
government’s acquiescence in torture, which is required under 8 C.F.R. §
1208.18(a)(1). Andrade-Garcia v. Lynch, 828 F.3d 829, 836 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing
Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1034 (9th Cir. 2014)). Moreover, the
agency found that the Country Conditions Report—which showed efforts by
Guatemalan authorities to minimize violence and human rights abuses—refuted
Lopez-Herrera’s claim that the Guatemalan government would remain willfully
blind to torture, further supporting its determination that Lopez-Herrera is not
eligible for CAT relief. See B.R. v. Garland, 26 F.4th 827, 845 (9th Cir. 2022).
5 22-310 Finally, the agency determined that Lopez-Herrera did not suffer past torture
in part because he “required no medical treatment” and “did not go to the hospital.”
Because substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that Lopez-
Herrera can reasonably relocate to Santa Rosa, we need not consider the agency’s
suggestion that medical treatment is a prerequisite for a finding of past torture. See
Xochihua-Jaimes v. Barr, 962 F.3d 1175, 1188 (9th Cir. 2020) (finding a “beating
and death threat” as evidence of past torture).
Because substantial evidence supports the agency’s conclusion that Lopez-
Herrera can relocate to a part of Guatemala where he is not likely to be tortured, and
that he would not be tortured by or with the acquiescence of the Guatemalan
government, 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(3)(i), (iv), Lopez-Herrera’s petition is DENIED.
6 22-310