IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2012-CT-00502-SCT
LONNIE SMITH
v.
TIPPAH ELECTRIC POWER ASSOCIATION AND ELECTRIC POWER ASSOCIATIONS OF MISSISSIPPI WORKERS’ COMPENSATION GROUP, INC.
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 03/05/2012 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. LILES B. WILLIAMS COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: MISSISSIPPI WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: JOHN S. FARESE ANTHONY L. FARESE ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES: AMY K. TAYLOR NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - WORKERS’ COMPENSATION DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 04/03/2014 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
LAMAR, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. After suffering extensive electrical shock while working as a lineman for Tippah
Electric Power Association (“Tippah”), Lonnie Smith filed a petition to controvert with the
Mississippi Workers’ Compensation Commission (“Commission”). Tippah denied that
Smith’s claim was compensable and raised the affirmative defense that Smith had
intentionally injured himself. The administrative judge (“AJ”) found that Smith had intentionally injured himself and that his injury was not compensable; the Commission
affirmed the AJ’s denial of the claim. The Mississippi Court of Appeals affirmed the
Commission’s decision.1 We granted certiorari because we find that the Commission’s
decision is not supported by substantial evidence. We reverse and remand this case to the
Commission for a determination of benefits.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. On April 29, 2010, Smith was working as a lineman installing underground electrical
service to a residential trailer. Smith was working as the bucket man as part of a crew that
included foreman Freddy Crawford, Michael Braddock, and Ronald Stroupe. Part of Smith’s
duties included disconnecting the clamp on the primary or “hot” electrical line, which he did.
After he disconnected the clamp, Smith waited in the bucket for the crew below to finish
some work so he could continue with his job. Stroupe and Crawford testified that Smith had
been quieter than usual that day and was not joking around as much.
¶3. As Smith was waiting in the bucket, Tippah engineer Danny Caples drove up to the
job site. Caples had been sent by Tippah management to bring Smith in for a drug test.
Caples testified that he told Crawford that he needed Smith to come with him and that
Crawford told Smith to come down. Caples turned and began to walk away at that point, and
does not remember if Smith responded. Crawford also testified that he told Smith to come
down. Braddock testified that Crawford told Smith to come down and that Smith responded,
1 Smith v. Tippah Elec. Power Ass’n, So. 3d , 2013 WL 2303524 (Miss. Ct. App. May 28, 2013).
2 “Okay. Let me take the clamp off the transformer.” Smith does not remember being told to
come down. It is undisputed that Smith was not informed why Caples was there.
¶4. A few seconds after he turned to walk away, Caples heard the bucket moving,
followed by a buzzing sound. When he turned around, he observed Smith lying in the power
lines, with one hand on the neutral line and one hand on the primary. Caples did not see how
Smith came to touch the lines. Likewise, the other crew members present did not see the
actual accident, although they all testified that they heard an “arch,” or the distinctive sound
that an electrical line makes when it discharges current. Crawford testified that, when he
looked up, he saw Smith in the lines, with one hand on the neutral and one hand on the
primary. Braddock similarly testified that, when he heard the arch, he turned and saw
Smith’s right hand on the neutral and left hand on the primary, smoke coming out of Smith’s
left hand, and then saw Smith fall into the bucket. Stroupe testified that, after he heard the
noise, he turned and saw Smith lying in the primary wire.
¶5. Smith testified that his memory of what happened is not clear. However, Smith
testified that, before the accident, he dropped something, perhaps his knife, inside the bucket.
He testified that he bent down to pick up the object, stood up, and came into contact with the
primary line. Smith acknowledged that, to be severely injured, a person must be grounded
when he contacts the primary line, but he does not know what his ground was, or why his
injuries were so severe if he bumped into only the primary line.
¶6. After the accident, the crew brought the bucket and Smith down to the ground. Caples
testified that Smith was wearing leather gloves that were burned on the palms. Smith
acknowledged that workers were required to wear rubber gloves if they were going to be
3 within two feet and one inch of the primary line, but that he routinely wore leather gloves if
the job did not require him to come within that distance. Smith survived the accident, but
both of his arms were lost below the elbow.
¶7. After the accident, Michael Weltzheimer, Tippah’s vice president of Safety and Loss
Control, conducted an investigation. Welzheirmer testified that the distance between the
primary and neutral lines was measured to be around three feet and seven inches.
Weltzheimer testified that a perfect distance between the lines would be four feet, but that
a difference of three feet and seven inches was not uncommon. Additionally, Caples testified
that the distance between the lines might have been around two feet.
¶8. Smith filed a petition to controvert with the Commission. Tippah denied
compensability, arguing that Smith intentionally injured himself. Tippah’s theory was that
Smith, who was under a criminal investigation and had been acting depressed, panicked
when Caples came to bring him in and intentionally grabbed the neutral and primary lines
in an attempt to commit suicide. Following a hearing, the AJ found that Smith had
intentionally injured himself and determined that his injury was not compensable.
¶9. Specifically, the AJ found that Smith’s version of what happened was not credible,
in part because he did not remember how the accident occurred. The AJ noted that Smith
testified that he recalled coming into contact with only the primary, which was directly
contradicted by the testimony of three other witnesses who saw Smith with one hand on the
primary and one hand on the neutral. The AJ also noted that Smith testified he was not told
to come down, which contradicted the other testimony that Crawford instructed him to come
down. The AJ further noted that Smith was an experienced lineman who knew that he should
4 have been wearing rubber gloves if he was going to be within two feet one inch of the
primary line, instead of the leather gloves he was wearing, and that there was testimony that
Smith was not acting like his usual self that day. The AJ also noted that there were four feet
between the primary and neutral line. The AJ found that, based on the testimony presented,
Smith had one hand on the primary line and one hand on the neutral line at the time of the
incident and, given the four feet between the lines, that Smith intentionally placed his hands
on the neutral and primary lines with full awareness of the potential consequences.
¶10. Smith appealed the AJ’s decision to the Commission, which affirmed, with
Commissioner Debra Gibbs dissenting. Commissioner Gibbs would have found that the
injury was compensable because Tippah failed to meet its burden of proof in establishing that
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2012-CT-00502-SCT
LONNIE SMITH
v.
TIPPAH ELECTRIC POWER ASSOCIATION AND ELECTRIC POWER ASSOCIATIONS OF MISSISSIPPI WORKERS’ COMPENSATION GROUP, INC.
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 03/05/2012 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. LILES B. WILLIAMS COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: MISSISSIPPI WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: JOHN S. FARESE ANTHONY L. FARESE ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES: AMY K. TAYLOR NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - WORKERS’ COMPENSATION DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 04/03/2014 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
LAMAR, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. After suffering extensive electrical shock while working as a lineman for Tippah
Electric Power Association (“Tippah”), Lonnie Smith filed a petition to controvert with the
Mississippi Workers’ Compensation Commission (“Commission”). Tippah denied that
Smith’s claim was compensable and raised the affirmative defense that Smith had
intentionally injured himself. The administrative judge (“AJ”) found that Smith had intentionally injured himself and that his injury was not compensable; the Commission
affirmed the AJ’s denial of the claim. The Mississippi Court of Appeals affirmed the
Commission’s decision.1 We granted certiorari because we find that the Commission’s
decision is not supported by substantial evidence. We reverse and remand this case to the
Commission for a determination of benefits.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. On April 29, 2010, Smith was working as a lineman installing underground electrical
service to a residential trailer. Smith was working as the bucket man as part of a crew that
included foreman Freddy Crawford, Michael Braddock, and Ronald Stroupe. Part of Smith’s
duties included disconnecting the clamp on the primary or “hot” electrical line, which he did.
After he disconnected the clamp, Smith waited in the bucket for the crew below to finish
some work so he could continue with his job. Stroupe and Crawford testified that Smith had
been quieter than usual that day and was not joking around as much.
¶3. As Smith was waiting in the bucket, Tippah engineer Danny Caples drove up to the
job site. Caples had been sent by Tippah management to bring Smith in for a drug test.
Caples testified that he told Crawford that he needed Smith to come with him and that
Crawford told Smith to come down. Caples turned and began to walk away at that point, and
does not remember if Smith responded. Crawford also testified that he told Smith to come
down. Braddock testified that Crawford told Smith to come down and that Smith responded,
1 Smith v. Tippah Elec. Power Ass’n, So. 3d , 2013 WL 2303524 (Miss. Ct. App. May 28, 2013).
2 “Okay. Let me take the clamp off the transformer.” Smith does not remember being told to
come down. It is undisputed that Smith was not informed why Caples was there.
¶4. A few seconds after he turned to walk away, Caples heard the bucket moving,
followed by a buzzing sound. When he turned around, he observed Smith lying in the power
lines, with one hand on the neutral line and one hand on the primary. Caples did not see how
Smith came to touch the lines. Likewise, the other crew members present did not see the
actual accident, although they all testified that they heard an “arch,” or the distinctive sound
that an electrical line makes when it discharges current. Crawford testified that, when he
looked up, he saw Smith in the lines, with one hand on the neutral and one hand on the
primary. Braddock similarly testified that, when he heard the arch, he turned and saw
Smith’s right hand on the neutral and left hand on the primary, smoke coming out of Smith’s
left hand, and then saw Smith fall into the bucket. Stroupe testified that, after he heard the
noise, he turned and saw Smith lying in the primary wire.
¶5. Smith testified that his memory of what happened is not clear. However, Smith
testified that, before the accident, he dropped something, perhaps his knife, inside the bucket.
He testified that he bent down to pick up the object, stood up, and came into contact with the
primary line. Smith acknowledged that, to be severely injured, a person must be grounded
when he contacts the primary line, but he does not know what his ground was, or why his
injuries were so severe if he bumped into only the primary line.
¶6. After the accident, the crew brought the bucket and Smith down to the ground. Caples
testified that Smith was wearing leather gloves that were burned on the palms. Smith
acknowledged that workers were required to wear rubber gloves if they were going to be
3 within two feet and one inch of the primary line, but that he routinely wore leather gloves if
the job did not require him to come within that distance. Smith survived the accident, but
both of his arms were lost below the elbow.
¶7. After the accident, Michael Weltzheimer, Tippah’s vice president of Safety and Loss
Control, conducted an investigation. Welzheirmer testified that the distance between the
primary and neutral lines was measured to be around three feet and seven inches.
Weltzheimer testified that a perfect distance between the lines would be four feet, but that
a difference of three feet and seven inches was not uncommon. Additionally, Caples testified
that the distance between the lines might have been around two feet.
¶8. Smith filed a petition to controvert with the Commission. Tippah denied
compensability, arguing that Smith intentionally injured himself. Tippah’s theory was that
Smith, who was under a criminal investigation and had been acting depressed, panicked
when Caples came to bring him in and intentionally grabbed the neutral and primary lines
in an attempt to commit suicide. Following a hearing, the AJ found that Smith had
intentionally injured himself and determined that his injury was not compensable.
¶9. Specifically, the AJ found that Smith’s version of what happened was not credible,
in part because he did not remember how the accident occurred. The AJ noted that Smith
testified that he recalled coming into contact with only the primary, which was directly
contradicted by the testimony of three other witnesses who saw Smith with one hand on the
primary and one hand on the neutral. The AJ also noted that Smith testified he was not told
to come down, which contradicted the other testimony that Crawford instructed him to come
down. The AJ further noted that Smith was an experienced lineman who knew that he should
4 have been wearing rubber gloves if he was going to be within two feet one inch of the
primary line, instead of the leather gloves he was wearing, and that there was testimony that
Smith was not acting like his usual self that day. The AJ also noted that there were four feet
between the primary and neutral line. The AJ found that, based on the testimony presented,
Smith had one hand on the primary line and one hand on the neutral line at the time of the
incident and, given the four feet between the lines, that Smith intentionally placed his hands
on the neutral and primary lines with full awareness of the potential consequences.
¶10. Smith appealed the AJ’s decision to the Commission, which affirmed, with
Commissioner Debra Gibbs dissenting. Commissioner Gibbs would have found that the
injury was compensable because Tippah failed to meet its burden of proof in establishing that
Smith had intentionally injured himself. Specifically, Commissioner Gibbs noted that there
was sufficient evidence to contradict Tippah’s position that Smith attempted suicide the day
of the accident and that no witness actually saw the moment of injury. Commissioner Gibbs
further noted that there was conflicting testimony regarding whether Smith heard Crawford
call for him to come down, Smith’s mood the day of the accident, and the distance between
the neutral and primary lines.
¶11. The Court of Appeals found that the Commission’s decision was supported by
substantial evidence and affirmed. We granted certiorari.
5 DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
¶12. “The standard of review in a workers’ compensation appeal is limited to whether the
Commission’s decision is supported by substantial evidence.” 2 This Court has defined
“substantial evidence” as follows:
[s]ubstantial evidence . . . means something more than a “mere scintilla” of evidence, and that it does not rise to the level of “a preponderance of the evidence.” It may be said that it “means such relevant evidence as reasonable minds might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Substantial evidence means evidence which is substantial, that is, affording a substantial basis of fact from which the fact in issue can be reasonably inferred.” 3
“This Court will reverse an order of the Workers’ Compensation Commission only where
such order is clearly erroneous and contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence.” 4
II. The Commission’s decision was not supported by substantial evidence.
¶13. The Mississippi Worker’s Compensation Act defines a compensable injury as “an
accidental injury . . . arising out of and in the course of employment without regard to fault
. . . .”5 The Act specifically excludes from compensation injuries due to the “willful intention
of the employee to injure or kill himself . . . .” 6 When a party raises an affirmative defense,
such as Tippah’s argument that Smith intentionally injured himself, the burden of proof
2 Lott v. Hudspeth Center, 26 So. 3d 1044, 1048 (Miss. 2010) (citation omitted). 3 Short v. Wilson Meat House, LLC, 36 So. 3d 1247, 1251 (Miss. 2010) (citations omitted). 4 Lott, 26 So. 3d at 1048 (citation omitted). 5 Miss. Code Ann. § 71-3-3(b) (Rev. 2011). 6 Miss. Code Ann. § 71-3-7(4) (Supp. 2013).
6 “rests squarely on the shoulders of the one who expects to avoid liability by that defense.” 7
In this case, the AJ and Commission found that Tippah had met its burden by presenting
evidence that Smith was under investigation for murder, that Smith was not acting as jovial
as usual on the day of the accident, that Smith had been asked to come down from the bucket
after Caples arrived, that several witnesses had seen Smith with his hands on the primary and
neutral lines after the accident occurred, and that Smith could not remember how the accident
occurred. However, neither Crawford, Caples, Braddock, nor Stroupe actually witnessed the
accident itself, and, thus, there was no direct evidence regarding how Smith came to touch
the neutral and primary lines. Furthermore, the fact that Smith cannot remember exactly
what happened leading up to his injuries is not evidence that he intentionally grabbed the
power lines.
¶14. We find that the AJ’s and Commission’s decisions are not based on substantial
evidence, but rather are based on assumptions and speculation regarding how the accident
occurred. These include assumptions that Smith was depressed or suicidal and that Smith
believed Caples was at the work site to cause trouble for Smith. These assumptions are not
supported by any of the testimony presented. There was simply insufficient evidence to
support a finding that Smith intentionally grabbed both the primary and neutral lines in an
attempt to commit suicide. The burden of proof was on Tippah to show that Smith
intentionally injured himself. Tippah failed to do so. Therefore, we find that the
Commission erred in finding that Smith intentionally and willfully injured himself and that
7 Marshall Durbin Cos. v. Warren, 633 So. 2d 1006, 1009 (Miss. 1996) (citation omitted).
7 his injuries were not compensable.
CONCLUSION
¶15. For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the decisions of the Workers’ Compensation
Commission and the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the Commission for a
determination of benefits.
¶16. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
WALLER, C.J., DICKINSON, P.J., KITCHENS, CHANDLER AND KING, JJ., CONCUR. COLEMAN, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY RANDOLPH, P.J., AND PIERCE, J.
COLEMAN, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶17. Based on the evidence and testimony presented, it is my opinion that the
Commission’s decision was supported by substantial evidence; therefore, I respectfully
dissent.
¶18. Under the Mississippi Workers’ Compensation Act, an employee may be entitled to
compensation for disability from an injury “arising out of and in the course of employment.”
Miss. Code Ann. § 71-3-7(1) (Supp. 2013). However, “[n]o compensation shall be payable
. . . if it was the willful intention of the employee to injure or kill himself or another.” Miss.
Code Ann. § 71-3-7(4) (Supp. 2013). In the instant case, Smith was injured on the job while
working for Tippah Electric Power Association, and he filed a petition to controvert with the
Mississippi Workers’ Compensation Commission. Tippah responded that Smith was not
entitled to compensation, claiming he had injured himself intentionally in an attempt to
commit suicide. The administrative judge found sufficient evidence to support Tippah’s
position and held that Smith’s injuries were not compensable. The Commission affirmed,
8 as did the Court of Appeals.
¶19. The majority correctly cited the standard of review for appeals from the Workers’
Compensation Commission but, because the instant case turns on whether the Commission’s
decision was supported by substantial evidence, it is worth repeating the standard.
The standard of review in a workers’ compensation appeal is limited to whether the Commission’s decision is supported by substantial evidence. Walker Mfg. Co. v. Cantrell, 577 So. 2d 1243, 1245-47 (Miss. 1991). “The Workers’ Compensation Commission is the trier and finder of facts in a compensation claim, the findings of the Administrative Law Judge to the contrary notwithstanding.” Smith v. Container Gen. Corp., 559 So. 2d 1019, 1021 (Miss. 1990). This Court will reverse an order of the Workers’ Compensation Commission only where such order is clearly erroneous and contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence. Vance v. Twin River Homes, Inc., 641 So. 2d 1176, 1180 (Miss. 1994).
Lott v. Hudspeth Ctr., 26 So. 3d 1044, 1048 (¶ 12) (Miss. 2010). The Court has provided
the following definition of substantial evidence:
Substantial evidence, though not easily defined, means something more than a mere scintilla of evidence, [and] it does not rise to the level of a preponderance of the evidence. It may be said that it means such relevant evidence as reasonable minds might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Substantial evidence means evidence which is substantial, that is, affording a substantial basis of fact from which the fact in issue can be reasonably inferred.
Miss. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. McNeel, 869 So. 2d 1013, 1018 (¶ 19) (Miss. 2004)
(quoting Delta CMI v. Speck, 586 So. 2d 768, 773 (Miss. 1991) (internal citations omitted)).
Because no one witnessed the incident, the majority maintains that “there was no direct
evidence” of how Smith came in contact with the lines and concludes that the Commission’s
decision was “based on assumptions and speculation regarding how the accident occurred.”
(Maj. Op. ¶¶ 13-14.) It is undisputed that no one saw Smith in the seconds preceding the
9 accident, and no one could testify as to how Smith came in contact with both the primary and
neutral lines, which are several feet apart. However, based on the testimony and evidence
presented, it is my opinion that there is substantial evidence in the record from which it could
be “reasonably inferred” that Smith intentionally grabbed the lines.8
¶20. Smith had worked for Tippah for approximately sixteen years at the time of the
accident. He had been trained on the job, he had attended lineman training classes, and he
attended safety classes every other month. Smith considered himself to be an experienced
lineman, and he was considered by his coworkers and employers to be a good lineman.
Smith testified that “he knew what would result if one were to touch a hot phase and a neutral
phase at the same time.” Although Smith claims that he did not touch the neutral line, the
evidence indicates that he unquestionably did. Several witnesses testified that they saw
Smith with one hand on the neutral line and one hand on the primary line immediately after
the accident. The palms of Smith’s gloves were burned, indicating that he was holding both
lines, contrary to Smith’s testimony that he raised up and bumped into the line. Smith was
wearing leather gloves, but he admitted he should have been wearing rubber gloves, which
is required when coming within two feet and one inch of the primary line.
¶21. The distance between the primary line and neutral line was approximately three feet
and seven inches, making it unlikely that Smith would be accidentally in contact with both
lines simultaneously. Michael Glen Weltzheimer, assistant to the vice president of safety and
8 The administrative judge and the Court of Appeals outlined the testimony presented in detail. See Smith v. Tippah Elec. Power Ass’n, 2012-WC-00502-COA, 2013 WL 2303524 (Miss. Ct. App. May 28, 2013).
10 loss control for the Electric Power Association of Mississippi, investigated the scene and
took the measurements after the incident. He testified at the hearing. The administrative
judge wrote:
[Weltzheimer] also took measurements at the scene. This was to see if the line met code which he opined that it did. He said that the distance between the primary and the neutral at the sag was 3 feet 7 inches. He said a perfect sag would be 4 feet. Closer to the pole the distance between the line was 3 feet 9 inches, closer to 4 feet. He testified that he had not heard of other situations where someone had come in contact with both wires with [his] hands or arms. He has heard of instances where one body part came in contact with one and some piece of equipment came in contact with the other.
See Smith, 2013 WL 2303524, *6.
¶22. Finally, Smith was under investigation for murder, and law enforcement officials had
obtained a DNA sample from him days prior to the incident. Several coworkers testified that
Smith’s demeanor was different on the day of the incident, and he was not joking around as
he usually did. Another said there had been tension among the crew for the past two weeks.
Danny Caples arrived at the site to take Smith in for a drug test, because his employer
suspected Smith was using drugs. The fact that Smith’s employer, who had known him for
sixteen years, was suspicious that he had been using drugs is further indication that Smith
had been acting differently.
¶23. Certainly, it would be preferable to have more eyewitness testimony, but I cannot say
that the Commission’s decision was “clearly erroneous and contrary to the overwhelming
weight of the evidence.” See Lott, 26 So. 3d at 1048 (¶ 12) (quoting Vance, 641 So. 2d at
1180). In my opinion, the evidence presented in support of Tippah’s position that Smith
intentionally grabbed the lines is certainly more than a “mere scintilla” and provides “a
11 substantial basis of fact from which the fact in issue can be reasonably inferred.” McNeel,
869 So. 2d at 1018 (¶ 19) (quoting Delta CMI, 586 So. 2d at 773). Because the standard of
review is limited to whether the Commission’s decision is supported by substantial evidence,
and I believe it was, I would affirm.
RANDOLPH, P.J., AND PIERCE, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.