Long, Gwin H.

• Court: Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas
• Decided: April 21, 2004
• Docket: PD-1028-03
• Status: Published

Opinion

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

OF TEXAS

NO. 1028-03 GWIN H. LONG, Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS

ON APPELLANT'S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

FROM THE TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS

HENDERSON COUNTY

Keasler, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which Keller, P.J., and Hervey, J., join.

I respectfully dissent. The majority's opinion focuses solely on the fact that the red caboose, which Long used as a residence, was not specifically described in the affidavit. Butthe majority turns a blind eye to our own jurisprudence and that of federal law that the description of a structure in an affidavit does not limit a search only to that structure when the "place and premises" language is used. We recognized that distinction in Comeaux v. State, where we said that when an affidavit uses the language "place and premises," it may authorize a search of other buildings on the property even if the affidavit specifically describes the property to be searched. ⁽¹⁾ Other courts hold that when a warrant contains the "premises" language followed by a physical description of the structure to be searched, the specific reference is generally found to be for the purpose of more fully identifying those premises, not for the purpose of restricting the area to be searched. ⁽²⁾ And the Supreme Court of the United States has held that "a lawful search of a fixed premises generally extends to the entire area in which the object of the search may be found." ⁽³⁾

Here, the warrant incorporated the affidavit by reference. While the affidavit described only the silver passenger train car, it also repeatedly called to search the "place and premises." And the items seized from the red caboose--the keys to the eight-liner machines, Wal-Mart gift certificates, cash, and bank records--were items listed in the affidavit as things that would be found in the place and premises to be searched. I agree with the Court of Appeals that the "place and premises" language in the affidavit included the red caboose in the scope of the search.

The majority notes that "when courts examine the description of the place to be searched to determine the warrant's scope, they follow a certain common sense and practical approach, not a 'Procrustean' or overly technical one." ⁽⁴⁾ But the majority's opinion is a hypertechnical reading of the affidavit and search warrant. It limits searches to specific wording in the affidavit rather than considering the affidavit as a whole.

The majority concludes that the search of the red caboose exceeded the scope of the warrant because it was Long's residence. While a home is usually considered a constitutionally protected area, ⁽⁵⁾ this concept does not serve as a "talismanic solution to every Fourth Amendment problem." ⁽⁶⁾ In Amir v. State, we found that where a warrant authorized a search of a business premises, it did not exceed the scope of the warrant to search a residence contained within those premises. ⁽⁷⁾ In Amir, the police obtained a warrant to search a business called U.S. Apparel located at 5627 Star Lane, Suite A, Houston, Harris County, Texas. ⁽⁸⁾ The defendant owned U.S. Apparel, and his residence was a room located on the second floor of the building. ⁽⁹⁾ He had marked the door of that room with a different address. ⁽¹⁰⁾ But the address number the defendant marked on his door actually belonged to an adjoining business that the defendant did not own, and the defendant's driver's license reflected that his home address was the same as the address for U.S. Apparel. ⁽¹¹⁾ We concluded that because the warrant named a business and a particular address, the defendant's residence located inside the business was a part of the place to be searched, and thus a search of the residence did not exceed the scope of the warrant. ⁽¹²⁾

Although the residence in Amir was physically located inside, and attached to, the business premises, and while here the red caboose was a separate structure, this does not change the analysis. As Judge Keller noted in her concurrence in Amir, "courts have held that a search warrant covers structures not described in the warrant if the structures appear to be a part of, or appurtenant to, the property described in the warrant." ⁽¹³⁾ Here, the affidavit called for, and the warrant authorized, a search of the "suspected place and premises" of an "unnamed business known as 'Train's', 1075 Pritchett Lane, Seven Points, Henderson County, Texas . . . ." From the record, the red caboose appeared to be part of or appurtenant to the business premises of Train's. There was nothing to indicate that the red caboose was a residence, and nothing in the record shows that the officers executing the warrant knew it was a residence, despite the Court of Appeals' dissent to the contrary. While the investigator who prepared the affidavit testified that he knew that Long used the red caboose as her living quarters, nothing in the record shows that the officers executing the warrant had such knowledge. And unlike Amir, the red caboose was not marked with a separate exterior address. Further, the record shows that the officers searched only the train cars on the property; the officers did not search a travel trailer on the property that appeared to be a residence but not part of Train's. I do not believe we should be "prepared to hold that a warrant to search a business automatically encompasses a residence . . . owned by the same person" ⁽¹⁴⁾ located on the same property as the business. But because in this case, the red caboose appeared to be part of the place and premises to be searched, the officers did not exceed the scope of the warrant in searching the red caboose.

The majority states that there was no evidence that the officers executing the warrant made an honest mistake by searching Long's residence. But that is not the standard. The standard is whether, under the circumstances, the officers could have reasonably perceived the red caboose as part of the place and premises of Train's. ⁽¹⁵⁾ The objective facts available to the officers executing the warrant suggested no distinction between the red caboose and the business premises of Train's. ⁽¹⁶⁾ So under the majority opinion, a police officer could not conduct a reasonable search of a residence.

The majority also states that "a warrant to enter a nearby business establishment which is open to the public is not an 'Open Sesame' for the home." ⁽¹⁷⁾ I agree that even though Long's residence was only a "humble little red caboose" that "it is as worthy of full constitutional protection as is the grandest castle owned by the richest lord of the land." ⁽¹⁸⁾ But just as in Amir, Long's home appeared to be part of the business premises. There was no indication that the red caboose was Long's home. There was only one mailbox address for the entire premises known as Train's, which also included Long's humble abode. Long's residence appeared to be part of the business premises, and so it was not outside of the scope of the warrant. Conclusion

I believe that the Court of Appeals did not err in finding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence seized from the red caboose. Because the majority finds differently, I dissent.

DATE DELIVERED: April 21, 2004

PUBLISH

1. Comeaux v. State, 118 Tex. Crim. 223, 228, 42 S.W.2d 255, 258 (1931).

2.

U.S. v. Griffin, 827 F.2d 1108, 1114 (7th Cir. 1987) (citing U.S. v. Palmisano, 386 F. Supp. 599, 599-600 (E.D. Wis. 1974)); see also U.S. v. Bulgatz, 693 F.2d 728, 730 (8th Cir. 1982); U.S. v. Freeman, 685 F.2d 942, 955 (5th Cir. 1982); U.S. v. Napoli, 530 F.2d 1198, 1200 (5th Cir. 1976);U.S. v. Long, 449 F.2d 288, 294 (8th Cir. 1971); U.S. v. Pointer, 348 F. Supp. 600, 603-04 (W.D. Mo. 1972).

3.

U.S. v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 820 (1982).

4.

Ante, slip op. at 8-9.

5.

See Katz v. U.S., 389 U.S. 347, 351-52 (1967).

6.

Id. at 352 n.9.

7.

Amir v. State, 45 S.W.3d 88, 90-91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).

8.

Id. at 89.

9.

Id.

10.

Id.

11.

Id.

12.

Id. at 91.

13.

Id. at 98 (Keller, P.J., concurring) (citing U.S. v. Wright, 468 F.2d 1184, 1185 (6th Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 412 U.S. 938 (1973); Commonwealth v. Scala, 404 N.E.2d 83, 89 (Mass. 1980); State v. Cote, 493 A.2d 1170, 1176 (N.H. 1985); Rainey v. State, 246 N.W.2d 529, 533-36 (Wis. 1976); Sowers v. State, 724 N.E.2d 588, 590-91 (Ind. 2000)).

14.

Id. at 96.

15.

See Maryland v. Garrison, 480 U.S. 79, 86-88 (1987).

16.

See id. at 88.

17.

Ante, slip op. at 13.

18.

Id.