1 EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON Feb 16, 2021
2 SEAN F. MCAVOY, CLERK UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 3 EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
4 JEANINE HUNDLEY LONG, No. 2:20-cv-00357-SMJ
5 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR 6 v. PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION
7 CHELAN COUNTY PUBLIC WORKS, ANDREW BRUNNER, 8 ERIC PIERSON, and KEVIN & SANDRA L. BOWEN TRUST, 9 Defendants. 10
11 Before the Court is Plaintiff Jeanine Hundley’s Pro Se Motion to Obtain 12 Preliminary Injunction, ECF No. 9 (supplemented by ECF Nos. 10, 19). The Court 13 previously denied injunctive relief with leave to renew. Plaintiff has supplemented 14 the information contained in her Amended Complaint, ECF No. 4, and provided 15 additional argument. ECF Nos. 9, 10, 19, 26 & 27. Defendants have also responded 16 and attached declarations and exhibits. ECF Nos. 20–24. With this new information 17 and a greater understanding of the situation surrounding the dispute, the Court again 18 denies injunctive relief. The Court also grants Plaintiff’s motion to expedite, ECF 19 No. 45, but denies Plaintiff’s Pro Se Motion for Reconsideration of Denial for 20 Extension of Time, ECF No. 42. 1 BACKGROUND 2 Defendant Kevin & Sandra L. Bowen Trust (“the Bowens”) applied for
3 excavation and fill permits for the Pine Crest Place, a road which Plaintiff currently 4 uses to access her home. See ECF No. 4 at 9; see also ECF Nos. 21-2, 21-3, 21-4 & 5 21-5. The Bowens obtained a road approach permit to construct a driveway to
6 intersect with Pine Crest Place, as well as a Right of Way Use Agreement 7 authorizing construction of a retaining wall. ECF Nos. 21-6. This case arises out of 8 a dispute regarding the issuance of the permits. 9 Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint which contained a request for a
10 temporary restraining order restraining Defendants from “all excavation work or 11 other changes on the existing driveway and access servicing 376 Pinecrest Place, 12 Manson, WA until a Permanent Injunction can be heard on the merits.” ECF No. 4
13 at 11. The Court denied the request for a temporary restraining order both because 14 Plaintiff had not met requirements to order injunctive relief without notice and 15 because Plaintiff did not show she was entitled to injunctive relief on the merits. 16 ECF No. 5. The Court allowed Plaintiff to file another motion for injunctive relief
17 which remedied the concerns addressed by the Court in its Order.1 Id. Plaintiff filed 18 19 1 The Chelan County Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s motion should be denied as 20 untimely. But the Court granted Plaintiff an extension on December 7, 2020. ECF No. 7 at 2. 1 this motion. ECF No. 9. The Court denied Plaintiff’s request for extension of time 2 to file contractor reports in support of her motion for injunctive relief. ECF No. 41.
3 In 1995, Plaintiff and Kenneth Long obtained a building permit with an 4 accompanying site plan for their residence at 376 Pinecrest Place, Manson, WA, 5 located in Chelan County. ECF No. 4 at 4; see also ECF No. 10-1 at 7, 9. The Longs
6 assert that they must grant permission for the Bowens to use Pine Crest Place as a 7 shared driveway, and that they have notified the Bowens, verbally and in writing, 8 that they have “alternate access by way of a county guard rail for a nominal fee plus 9 grading etc.” ECF No. 4 at 9. But Defendants Chelan County Public Works,
10 Brunner, and Eric Pierson (together, “the Chelan County Defendants”) have 11 provided evidence that the road at issue is a public county right-of-way. ECF No. 12 22-3 at 2. Plaintiff asserts that in 2019, Defendant Andrew Brunner told Plaintiff
13 and her son that the grade of the existing driveway was not up to the current county 14 code, but that it was “grandfathered in.” ECF No. 4 at 4–5. Defendant Brunner 15 denies saying this. ECF No. 23 at 2. 16 Plaintiffs assert that “[b]y allowing access past the Long family property[,]
17 vehicular traffic would pass within three (3) inches of Long family vehicles parked 18 on their private property.” ECF No. 4 at 6. This would include wide vehicles like 19 construction vehicles, delivery vehicles, and service vehicles. Id. Plaintiff asserts
20 that the drawings submitted to Chelan County Public Works by the Bowens “call 1 for fill (excavation) beginning at the point where the Long’s existing driveway joins 2 the county road extending level for 20 feet then descending down toward the Longs
3 [sic] existing access and pad.” Id. at 7. She also asserts that they project will prevent 4 her from parking on the road. ECF No. 10 at 7. 5 Plaintiff adds that the drawing “does not sufficiently present elevation
6 callouts or the grade of the driveway but based on a best effort interpretation of the 7 drawing, it does present an elevation height difference of two feet for the proposed 8 drive and the Longs [sic] existing pad.” ECF No. 4 at 8. Plaintiff argues that these 9 changes “indicate[] that surface water drainage would be directed onto the Long
10 family’s access and pad thus presenting potential for damage to home and 11 property.” Id. She attaches a letter written by her son-in-law, Samuel R. Schuyler, 12 a grade 5 engineer with “experience in roadway design and construction, site
13 development and surveying” that states he “reviewed the [Bowen Excavation Plan] 14 and walked the site associated with the drawing.” ECF No. 10-1 at 5. He opines that 15 the Bowen Excavation Plan “does not provide sufficient detail to determine the 16 effects of the proposed work . . . it appears that surface water will be channeled to
17 Jeanine Long’s private property.” Id. He stated his recommendation that Plaintiff 18 “hire a licensed civil engineer experienced with surface water drainage and 19 containment.” Id. Defendant Eric Pierson, the Chelan County Engineer and Chelan
20 County Public Work Director, reviewed the road approach and determined that the 1 planned changes will not change the existing slope in front of the Long property, 2 except that North of the existing access point will be lowered. ECF No. 21 at 3. He
3 notes that fifteen feet of Pine Crest Place will be cut for the approach and will have 4 negligible effects on storm water. Id. 5 Plaintiff further asserts that the Bowen excavation drawing does not include
6 sufficient detail to determine that the demarcated “sight distance triangle” satisfies 7 the “development code.” ECF No. 10 at 3 (citing Chelan Cnty. Code § 8 15.30.330(3)(G)). Nor, they argue, does it include an “[a]pproved turnaround 9 feature.” ECF No. 10 at 4 (citing Chelan Cnty. Code § 15.30.340(1)).
10 Based on their review of the Bowens’ applications, Defendants Pierson and 11 Brunner determined that they were complete and compliant and authorized the 12 issuance of the permit. ECF No. 21 at 3–4; ECF No. 23 at 3. They assert that on a
13 more probable than not engineering basis, the Bowens’ work will not create any 14 irreparable damage to the Long property. Id. 15 MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION 16 This Court will relieve a party from an order only for limited reasons,
17 including “(1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) newly 18 discovered evidence . . . or (6) any other reason that justifies relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 19 60(b). The circumstances here do not satisfy this narrow standard. Courts consider
20 four factors to determine whether neglect is excusable: “(1) the danger of prejudice 1 to the opposing party; (2) the length of delay and its potential impact on the 2 proceedings; (3) the reason for the delay; and (4) whether the movant acted in good
3 faith.” Bateman v. U.S. Postal Serv., 231 F.3d 1220, 1223–24 (9th Cir. 2000) 4 (discussing Pioneer Inv. Servs. v. Brunswick Assoc. Ltds. P’Ship, 507 U.S. 380, 395 5 (1993)).
6 Plaintiff repeatedly failed to comply with the local rules and the Court’s 7 order. See ECF No. 41. Weeks of further delay will prejudice Defendants, especially 8 the Bowens, because this lawsuit is affecting its ability to complete the excavation 9 project. See ECF No. 42 at 1; ECF No. 25 at 4. Although the Court recognizes the
10 difficulty in obtaining a contractor, Plaintiff has known of this delay for months, 11 and yet pushed forward with this action. See, e.g., ECF No. 9. And because the 12 Court denies the motion for preliminary injunction on several grounds, it is unlikely
13 that consideration of the contractor reports would change its ruling. See infra. The 14 Court thus denies Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration, ECF No. 42, and but grants 15 the related motion to expedite, ECF No. 45. 16 PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION
17 A. Legal Standard 18 A preliminary injunction is “an extraordinary remedy that may only be 19 awarded upon a clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Winter,
20 555 U.S. at 20; see also Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1 1131–32 (9th Cir. 2011). 2 “A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish [1] that he is
3 likely to succeed on the merits, [2] that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the 4 absence of preliminary relief, [3] that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and 5 [4] that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter, 555 U.S. 7 at 20 (2008).
6 “[P]laintiffs must establish that irreparable harm is likely, not just possible, in order 7 to obtain a preliminary injunction.” All. for the Wild Rockies, 632 F.3d at 1131 8 (emphasis in original). 9 Even so, the Ninth Circuit employs a “sliding scale approach.” Id. Under that
10 approach, “the elements of the preliminary injunction test are balanced, so that a 11 stronger showing of one element may offset a weaker showing of another.” Id. 12 Thus, “a preliminary injunction could issue where the likelihood of success is such
13 that ‘serious questions going to the merits were raised and the balance of hardships 14 tips sharply in [plaintiff’s] favor.’” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Clear 15 Channel Outdoor, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, 340 F.3d 810, 813 (9th Cir. 2003)). 16 “The ‘serious questions’ approach survives Winter when applied as part of the four-
17 element Winter test.” Id. at 1131–32. 18 B. Plaintiff did not properly serve Defendants with the motion for preliminary injunction 19 There is no dispute that Defendants have actual notice of this action and for 20 the motion for preliminary injunction. Indeed, they have responded. See ECF Nos. 1 20, 24. Nevertheless, Plaintiff has failed to comply with the Local and Federal Rules 2 regarding service. She cannot rely on happenstance to provide Defendants with
3 notice. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4, 5; LCivR 5(b). 4 Plaintiff states that she served Defendant Pierson on December 3, 2020. ECF 5 No. 10 at 1; see also ECF No. 10-1 at 3. She was unable to serve the other
6 Defendants. ECF No. 10 at 1; ECF No. 10-1 at 1–2. Chelan County Defendants 7 state that the service they received included only the original Complaint, ECF No. 8 1, and not the Amended Complaint, ECF No. 5, or the motion for preliminary 9 injunction, ECF Nos. 9, 10. Robert W. Sealby did not appear for Chelan County
10 Defendants until December 16, 2020, ECF No. 11, and Brian A. Walker did not 11 appear for the Bowens until December 17, 2020, ECF No. 12, seven and eight days, 12 respectively, after Plaintiff moved for a preliminary injunction, ECF No. 9.
13 Defendants thus had not registered with ECF at that time and thus still needed to be 14 properly served. LCivR 5(b). Plaintiff argues that her Pro Se Amended Response to 15 ECF No. 10, ECF No. 19, filed on January 8, 2021,2 was electronically served on 16 all parties. See ECF No. 27 at 1; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(b)(2)(E); LCivR 5(b).
17 But even if Defendants had consented to electronic service by registering with the 18 2 Plaintiff should have sought leave of the Court before making additional filings 19 on her motion. See LCivR 7(b)–(d). Because Plaintiff proceeds pro se, the Court will nonetheless consider the additional finding to the extent it relates to Plaintiff’s 20 preliminary injunction motion. But the Court again admonishes Plaintiff to follow the Local and Federal Civil Rules in the future. See LCivR 7(e), 83.3(a). 1 Court’s electronic filing system, Plaintiff’s filing did not include a certificate of 2 service as required. LCivR 5(d); see also ECF No. 19.
3 Although Plaintiff could remedy any deficiency in service of the motion, 4 because the motion also substantively fails, the Court denies the motion without 5 leave to renew.
6 C. Plaintiff has not remedied the deficiencies in her request for injunctive relief 7 1. Likelihood of Success on the Merits 8 a. Procedural Due Process 9 As the Court stated in its previous Order, the Due Process Clause of the 10 Fourteenth Amendment “imposes constraints on governmental decisions which 11 deprive individuals of ‘liberty’ or ‘property’ interests.” Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 12 U.S. 319, 332 (1976).3 13 Courts first inquire as to whether “there exists a liberty or property interest 14 of which a person has been deprived.” Zerezghi v. United States Citizenship & 15 Immigration Servs., 955 F.3d 802, 808 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Swarthout v. Cooke, 16 562 U.S. 216, 219 (2011)). “Property interests are not created by the Constitution 17 18 3 Plaintiff fails to allege a state action as required by the Fourteenth Amendment 19 Due Process Clause. See Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 50 (1999). The Court thus cannot directly enjoin the Bowens under a procedural due process 20 theory as Plaintiff requests. See ECF No. 19 at 2. Even if a state action does exist, the Court will not enjoin the Bowens for all the reasons discussed in this Order. 1 but ‘by existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source of 2 state law.’” Thornton v. City of St. Helens, 425 F.3d 1158, 1164 (9th Cir. 2005)
3 (quoting Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577 (1972)). 4 If a liberty or property interest exists, courts determine if “the procedures 5 followed by the government were constitutionally sufficient.” Zerezghi, 955 F.3d at
6 808 (citing Swarthout, 562 U.S. at 219). Three factors guide the analysis: 7 First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the 8 procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government's 9 interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural 10 requirement would entail.
11 Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335. 12 Plaintiff asserts allowing the excavation will result in a loss of property.4 If 13 the Bowens have access to a shared driveway, Plaintiff argues she will lose the 14 exclusive right of access to the existing driveway. She also asserts that the 15 excavation work will cause water damage to her home and that close-passing 16 vehicles may damage her own cars. None of these purported interests entitle 17 Plaintiff to injunctive relief. 18 // 19
20 4 Plaintiff also argues a loss of liberty. ECF No. 4 at 3. The complaint does not allege facts that give rise to the deprivation of a liberty interest. See generally id. 1 i. No property interest in use of the driveway or supposed right to refuse consent to shared driveway 2
3 The road at issue in this case, Pine Crest Place, is a county-owned right-of- 4 way.5 ECF No. 22-3 at 2. The plat, recorded in 1968, dedicates the right-of-way for 5 public use. Id.; see also Wash. Rev. Code § 58.08.015. Plaintiff thus has no 6 authority to exercise control over the use of the right-of-way, including parking. 7 The documentation provided by Plaintiff, including copies of the original Long 8 parking plan and permit approved by the County in 1995 and a page purportedly 9 from the Chelan County Code in force in 1995, does not change this. ECF No. 10-
10 1 at 7–9. The rights granted to Plaintiff under the 1995 permit remain 11 unencumbered. See id.; see also ECF Nos. 21–23. Plaintiff, the Bowens, and the 12 public at large may access the county right-of-way so long as the county permits
13 them to do so. And Chelan County had the legal authority to issue a road approach 14 permit to Bowen off of Pine Crest Place—even if the Bowens have alternative 15 access to their property. See Wash. Rev. Code § 36.75.130(1); Chelan Cnty. Code 16 § 8.60.020(1). Plaintiff has thus failed to assert a valid property interest.
17 // 18 5 Much of Plaintiff’s argument is thus inapposite. The public right-of-way at issue 19 is not a driveway, which is defined as “a private access way serving between one and four residential dwelling units or commercial property.” Chelan Cnty. Code § 20 15.30.160. Instead, Plaintiff merely uses the county right-of-way to access her home. ECF No. 23 at 2. 1 ii. No due process violation regarding damage to Plaintiff’s home and vehicles 2
3 Plaintiff does have a property interest in her home and other items that the 4 excavation could damage, particularly through runoff water damage—if such 5 damage does in fact occur. This would result in a deprivation of property. But 6 Plaintiff has still not shown that the water damage is likely to occur. See infra 7 Section B.2. Without a showing of likely deprivation, Plaintiff cannot prevail on 8 her due process claims. 9 Nor can she succeed under the Mathews factors. The property interests
10 here—Plaintiff’s home and cars—are of substantial value. Significant damage to 11 that property would create a significant hardship and monetary burden to Plaintiff— 12 again, if they actually occurred. The first factor, then, weighs in favor of Plaintiff.
13 But there is little risk of erroneous deprivation. The process of obtaining a 14 permit serves to protect Plaintiff’s interests. The Chelan County permitting process 15 requires applicants to submit a property site map drawing and to abide by industry 16 standards and applicable federal, state, and county laws, regulations, and codes.
17 Chelan County Public Works Department, Application (last accessed November 2, 18 2020) https://www.co.chelan.wa.us/files/public-works/documents/development/ 19 Driveway%20Application%20Next%20Steps_full%20version.pdf. Applicants
20 must obtain all environmental, structural, or other permits required by law, code, or 1 regulation through the applicable agencies. Id. After applying, a Chelan County 2 Public Works inspector must inspect the location. Id. And once the applicant has
3 completed the work, they must request a final inspection. Id. 4 Chelan County Defendants reviewed the Bowens’ application according to 5 the required county procedures. See ECF Nos. 21–23. Plaintiff admits in her
6 complaint that Defendants took an engineering report, even if it did not satisfy her 7 uncertainties. ECF No. 4 at 8. True, this process does not allow Chelan County 8 Public Works to hear Plaintiff’s concerns, since she is not the applicant, but it 9 provides protection against safety and ecological issues like the ones Plaintiff fears.
10 The permitting process appears to offer meaningful consideration of the compliance 11 of the Bowens’ planned project. And as Plaintiff points out, existing case law could 12 entitle her to monetary recovery if the project does result in damage. See, e.g.,
13 Burton v. Douglas County, 539 P.2d 97 (Wash. App. 1975). 14 Finally, Chelan County Public Works has an interest in the efficient 15 resolution of permitting requests. While it must ensure that the permits it grants are 16 safe and consistent, it also cannot consider every neighborly dispute when granting
17 permits. Overall, weighing the Mathews factors, given the facts as stated in the 18 complaint, the Court concludes that Plaintiff is unlikely to prevail on a due process 19 claim under this asserted property right.
20 1 Even with the additional information provided by Plaintiff, she has not set 2 forth facts in her motion for injunctive relief sufficient to show a likelihood that she
3 will succeed on the merits of her procedural due process claim. 4 b. Lawful Nonconforming Use 5 Plaintiff also likely will not succeed on the merits of her lawful,
6 nonconforming use claim. Washington State law defines nonconforming use as “a 7 use which lawfully existed prior to the enactment of a zoning ordinance or 8 resolution, and which is maintained after the effective date of the ordinance or 9 resolution, although it does not comply with the use restrictions applicable to the
10 area in which it is situated.” Andrew v. King Cnty., 586 P.2d 509, 513 (Wash. App. 11 1978). 12 “Nonconforming uses are not favored in law.” Andrew, 586 P.2d at 570
13 (citing Keller v. Bellingham, 578 P.2d 881, 886 (Wash. App. 1978)). The use must 14 lawfully exist at the date specified in the zoning code and the use must not be 15 abandoned for a year or more. Andrew, 586 P.2d at 570–571. But this rule does not 16 apply in this case. Defendants are not preventing Plaintiff from using the right-of-
17 way. Instead, the new code has merely relaxed the standard required to permit 18 shared access to the driveway. The code in force in 1995 contemplated the use of 19 the land as a shared driveway. As a result, Plaintiffs argument likely fails.
20 1 Nor can Plaintiff prevail on a construed adverse possession claim. In 2 Washington State, lands owned in fee by a governmental entity are not subject to
3 adverse possession. Wash. Rev. Code § 7.28.090; see also Mueller v. Seattle, 8 P.2d 4 994, 997 (Wash. 1932) (holding a public street is held by a municipality in its 5 governmental capacity and thus unobtainable through adverse possession).
6 This factor thus weighs in favor of Defendant. 7 2. Irreparable Harm 8 The Bowen’s excavation will occur only on county land directly abutting 9 Plaintiff’s property. The only possible irreparable damage to Plaintiff’s property
10 asserted by Plaintiff arises from the water damage or damage caused by 11 construction and other vehicles. 12 Plaintiff attaches a notarized letter from her son-in-law, Samuel R. Schuyler
13 stating that “it appears that surface water will be channeled to Jeanine Long’s 14 private property.” ECF No. 10-1 at 5. But that speculative assertion admittedly does 15 not come from “a licensed civil engineer experienced with surface water drainage 16 and containment.” Id. Plaintiff did not timely file a report from such an expert.
17 Even if there is a risk of damage to Plaintiff’s vehicles, such risk can be 18 mitigated by preventative measures. And any actual damages could be offset by 19 monetary recovery. See, e.g., Burton v. Douglas County, 539 P.2d 97 (Wash. App.
20 1975). 1 The Court thus cannot determine that there is a likelihood, not just a 2 possibility, of irreparable harm to Plaintiff’s property. See All. for the Wild Rockies,
3 632 F.3d at 1131. This factor thus weighs in favor of Defendant. 4 3. Balance of Hardships and Public Interest 5 The Supreme Court has recognized that courts must “balance the competing
6 claims of injury and must consider the effect on each party of the granting or 7 withholding of the requested relief.” Amoco Production Co. v. Village of Gambell, 8 AK, 480 U.S. 531, 542 (1987). Plaintiffs have alleged that the Bowens have 9 alternative means of accessing their property, alleviating the burden a delay would
10 cause. But if the Court required the Bowens to pay for an engineering study to 11 access the danger of water damage, that would constitute on monetary hardship on 12 the Bowens. The Bowens assert that, if enjoined, they will lose approximately
13 $50,000, including money spent on permits, surveys, engineering, and labor. ECF 14 No. 25 at 4. They also speculate that the value of the property will likely decrease. 15 Id. Finally, they claim this lawsuit has already caused a significant delay to the 16 project, because the contractors were unwilling to risk potential liability, and then
17 the weather became too cold. Id. Because the hardships to the Bowens are more 18 concrete than the speculative hardships to Plaintiff, this factor weighs in favor of 19 Defendants.
20 1 Finally, this Court considers “whether there exists some critical public 2 interest that would be injured by the grant of preliminary relief.” Indep. Living Ctr.
3 of S. Cal., Inc. v. Maxwell–Jolly, 572 F.3d 644, 659 (9th Cir. 2009). The public has 4 an interest in safe excavation projects and safe roads. It also has an interest in 5 consistent enforcement of the Chelan County Development Standards. But allowing
6 a single property owner to control the use of a public county road runs counter to 7 the public interest. Public interest favors community access to the road. And the 8 public has an interest in a clear and accessible permitting system. This factor 9 slightly favors Defendants.
10 CONCLUSION 11 Plaintiff has not shown that Chelan County Defendants improperly allowed 12 the Bowens to work on the county right-of-way designated for public use. Even if
13 she could provide evidence of the harm she fears, she has not shown that Defendants 14 violated her Due Process rights. None of the preliminary injunction factors weigh 15 in her favor. The Court thus denies injunctive relief. 16 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED:
17 1. Plaintiff’s motion to expedite her motion for reconsideration, ECF No. 18 45, is GRANTED. 19 2. Plaintiff’s Pro Se Motion for Reconsideration of Denial For Extension
20 of Time, ECF No. 42, is DENIED. 1 3. Plaintiff's Pro Se Motion to Obtain Preliminary Injunction, ECF No. 2 9, is DENIED. 3 IT IS SO ORDERED. The Clerk’s Office is directed to enter this Order and 4 || provide copies to all counsel.
5 DATED this 16" day of February 2021. 6 (oa 0 ain, Ae. 7 Sa United States District Jidge 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20