NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 22a0420n.06
No. 22-3256
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Oct 20, 2022 ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk LOIS HARMON, et al., ) Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DOLGEN MIDWEST, LLC, doing business as ) DISTRICT OF OHIO Dollar General; BOTTLING GROUP, LLC, ) ) OPINION Defendants-Appellees. )
Before: MOORE, THAPAR, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.
LARSEN, Circuit Judge. Lois Harmon tripped and fell while shopping at a Dollar General
store in Akron, Ohio. She believes that a sticky residue on the store floor left over from a Pepsi
product spill earlier that day caused her fall. Harmon and her late husband Charles Harmon sued
Dollar General and Bottling Group seeking damages based on a theory of premises liability and
negligence under Ohio law. The district court granted defendants’ motions for summary judgment.
We AFFIRM.
I.
While stocking a cooler at a Dollar General store, Jacob Santucci, a merchandiser for
Bottling Group, LLC, spilled a 20-ounce bottle of pop on the floor in front of the Pepsi product
cooler. Santucci promptly notified a Dollar General employee of the spill, mopped up the liquid,
and placed a caution sign where the spill occurred. Before leaving the store, Santucci checked
back to make sure the floor was no longer wet or sticky. No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC
A few hours later, Harmon arrived at the Dollar General store to purchase milk. As she
walked down the aisle leading to the milk cooler, Harmon felt her right foot get stuck, causing her
to lose her balance and fall headfirst into the cooler. She suffered serious physical and emotional
injuries as a result of the fall.
Paula Billinovich, Assistant Manager of the Dollar General store, testified that she did not
see Harmon fall, but heard her yell from a few aisles over. Billinovich quickly came over and
found Harmon already sitting up, with two customers attending to her. Billinovich retrieved some
paper towels to apply to her head wound. Billinovich did not notice any sticky substance or other
hazard on the floor in the area where she found Harmon.
Later that day, Harmon’s son, Steven, returned to the Dollar General store to investigate
the scene of his mother’s fall. He took some photographs of the scene and had a short conversation
with Billinovich, who told him there had been a Pepsi spill at the store earlier that day.
Harmon and her husband1 sued Dollar General Corporation and PepsiCo., Inc. in the
Summit County Court of Common Pleas. Defendants removed the case to federal court based on
diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). In subsequent amended complaints,
plaintiffs named DolGen Midwest, LLC, doing business as Dollar General, as a defendant and
substituted Bottling Group, LLC for PepsiCo. The district court granted defendants’ motions for
summary judgment. Harmon appealed.
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1653, this court requested supplemental briefing to confirm that it
had subject matter jurisdiction over this case. Now satisfied that complete diversity exists and that
the amount-in-controversy minimum is met, we address the merits.
1 Harmon’s husband passed away on March 17, 2021. -2- No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC
II.
We review the district court’s summary judgment decision de novo. Franklin Am. Mortg.
Co. v. Univ. Nat’l Bank of Lawrence, 910 F.3d 270, 275 (6th Cir. 2018). “[S]ummary judgment
is warranted only if ‘there is no genuine issue as to any material fact’ and ‘the movant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.’” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) and Villegas v. Metro. Gov’t
of Nashville, 709 F.3d 563, 568 (6th Cir. 2013)).
The parties agree that Ohio law governs this diversity action. Under Ohio law, businesses
have a duty to maintain their premises in a reasonably safe condition. Provencher v. Ohio Dep’t
of Transp., 551 N.E.2d 1257, 1258 (Ohio 1990). To prevail on a slip-and-fall claim, a business
invitee must establish one of the following:
(1) That the defendant through its officers or employees was responsible for the hazard complained of; or (2) That at least one of such persons had actual knowledge of the hazard and neglected to give adequate notice of its presence or remove it promptly; or (3) That such danger had existed for a sufficient length of time reasonably to justify the inference that the failure to warn against it or remove it was attributable to a want of ordinary care.
Beard v. Kroger Co., 133 F. App’x 174, 175–76 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Combs v. First Nat’l
Supermarkets, Inc., 663 N.E.2d 669, 670 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995)). An independent contractor like
Bottling Group owes a general duty of care towards an invitee, exercising that degree of care which
an ordinarily careful and prudent person would exercise under the same or similar circumstances.
See Simmers v. Bentley Constr. Co., 597 N.E.2d 504, 506 (Ohio 1992).
Harmon alleges that Santucci’s spill caused her fall. But the evidence does not support her
claim. The record is clear that Santucci’s spill happened in a different part of the store than where
Harmon tripped. At her deposition, Harmon identified in a photograph the spot on the floor where
her foot got stuck: near the end of the aisle leading to the milk cooler, before the Natural Light
-3- No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC
display. Santucci was shown the same photograph but testified that his spill did not occur in the
same area where Harmon tripped. Rather, he said the spill happened in a different aisle, running
perpendicular to the one in which Harmon tripped, in front of a different cooler, in an area to the
right of the section of the store visible in the photograph. And he confirmed that there was no way
the spill could have traveled to the area where Harmon tripped because “it wasn’t that big of a
spill.”
There is no evidence in the record establishing that Harmon tripped in the part of the store
where Santucci spilled the beverage. Santucci is the only person who knows exactly where the
Pepsi spill occurred, and his testimony is the only evidence in the record concerning the precise
location of the spill. Similarly, Harmon is the only person who knows exactly where her foot got
stuck when she tripped, and her testimony is the only evidence in the record concerning the precise
location of her trip. Because the sworn location of the spill and the sworn location of the trip are
different, no reasonable juror could find for Harmon based on this record. Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 22a0420n.06
No. 22-3256
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Oct 20, 2022 ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk LOIS HARMON, et al., ) Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DOLGEN MIDWEST, LLC, doing business as ) DISTRICT OF OHIO Dollar General; BOTTLING GROUP, LLC, ) ) OPINION Defendants-Appellees. )
Before: MOORE, THAPAR, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.
LARSEN, Circuit Judge. Lois Harmon tripped and fell while shopping at a Dollar General
store in Akron, Ohio. She believes that a sticky residue on the store floor left over from a Pepsi
product spill earlier that day caused her fall. Harmon and her late husband Charles Harmon sued
Dollar General and Bottling Group seeking damages based on a theory of premises liability and
negligence under Ohio law. The district court granted defendants’ motions for summary judgment.
We AFFIRM.
I.
While stocking a cooler at a Dollar General store, Jacob Santucci, a merchandiser for
Bottling Group, LLC, spilled a 20-ounce bottle of pop on the floor in front of the Pepsi product
cooler. Santucci promptly notified a Dollar General employee of the spill, mopped up the liquid,
and placed a caution sign where the spill occurred. Before leaving the store, Santucci checked
back to make sure the floor was no longer wet or sticky. No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC
A few hours later, Harmon arrived at the Dollar General store to purchase milk. As she
walked down the aisle leading to the milk cooler, Harmon felt her right foot get stuck, causing her
to lose her balance and fall headfirst into the cooler. She suffered serious physical and emotional
injuries as a result of the fall.
Paula Billinovich, Assistant Manager of the Dollar General store, testified that she did not
see Harmon fall, but heard her yell from a few aisles over. Billinovich quickly came over and
found Harmon already sitting up, with two customers attending to her. Billinovich retrieved some
paper towels to apply to her head wound. Billinovich did not notice any sticky substance or other
hazard on the floor in the area where she found Harmon.
Later that day, Harmon’s son, Steven, returned to the Dollar General store to investigate
the scene of his mother’s fall. He took some photographs of the scene and had a short conversation
with Billinovich, who told him there had been a Pepsi spill at the store earlier that day.
Harmon and her husband1 sued Dollar General Corporation and PepsiCo., Inc. in the
Summit County Court of Common Pleas. Defendants removed the case to federal court based on
diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). In subsequent amended complaints,
plaintiffs named DolGen Midwest, LLC, doing business as Dollar General, as a defendant and
substituted Bottling Group, LLC for PepsiCo. The district court granted defendants’ motions for
summary judgment. Harmon appealed.
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1653, this court requested supplemental briefing to confirm that it
had subject matter jurisdiction over this case. Now satisfied that complete diversity exists and that
the amount-in-controversy minimum is met, we address the merits.
1 Harmon’s husband passed away on March 17, 2021. -2- No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC
II.
We review the district court’s summary judgment decision de novo. Franklin Am. Mortg.
Co. v. Univ. Nat’l Bank of Lawrence, 910 F.3d 270, 275 (6th Cir. 2018). “[S]ummary judgment
is warranted only if ‘there is no genuine issue as to any material fact’ and ‘the movant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.’” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) and Villegas v. Metro. Gov’t
of Nashville, 709 F.3d 563, 568 (6th Cir. 2013)).
The parties agree that Ohio law governs this diversity action. Under Ohio law, businesses
have a duty to maintain their premises in a reasonably safe condition. Provencher v. Ohio Dep’t
of Transp., 551 N.E.2d 1257, 1258 (Ohio 1990). To prevail on a slip-and-fall claim, a business
invitee must establish one of the following:
(1) That the defendant through its officers or employees was responsible for the hazard complained of; or (2) That at least one of such persons had actual knowledge of the hazard and neglected to give adequate notice of its presence or remove it promptly; or (3) That such danger had existed for a sufficient length of time reasonably to justify the inference that the failure to warn against it or remove it was attributable to a want of ordinary care.
Beard v. Kroger Co., 133 F. App’x 174, 175–76 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Combs v. First Nat’l
Supermarkets, Inc., 663 N.E.2d 669, 670 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995)). An independent contractor like
Bottling Group owes a general duty of care towards an invitee, exercising that degree of care which
an ordinarily careful and prudent person would exercise under the same or similar circumstances.
See Simmers v. Bentley Constr. Co., 597 N.E.2d 504, 506 (Ohio 1992).
Harmon alleges that Santucci’s spill caused her fall. But the evidence does not support her
claim. The record is clear that Santucci’s spill happened in a different part of the store than where
Harmon tripped. At her deposition, Harmon identified in a photograph the spot on the floor where
her foot got stuck: near the end of the aisle leading to the milk cooler, before the Natural Light
-3- No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC
display. Santucci was shown the same photograph but testified that his spill did not occur in the
same area where Harmon tripped. Rather, he said the spill happened in a different aisle, running
perpendicular to the one in which Harmon tripped, in front of a different cooler, in an area to the
right of the section of the store visible in the photograph. And he confirmed that there was no way
the spill could have traveled to the area where Harmon tripped because “it wasn’t that big of a
spill.”
There is no evidence in the record establishing that Harmon tripped in the part of the store
where Santucci spilled the beverage. Santucci is the only person who knows exactly where the
Pepsi spill occurred, and his testimony is the only evidence in the record concerning the precise
location of the spill. Similarly, Harmon is the only person who knows exactly where her foot got
stuck when she tripped, and her testimony is the only evidence in the record concerning the precise
location of her trip. Because the sworn location of the spill and the sworn location of the trip are
different, no reasonable juror could find for Harmon based on this record. Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986).
Harmon disputes this conclusion, claiming that a statement made by Billinovich raises a
genuine issue of material fact. Harmon’s son testified that Billinovich told him that the floor was
“still sticky” from the earlier Pepsi spill, in response to his question about the cause of Harmon’s
fall. Billinovich disputes this account of the conversation; but assuming that Harmon’s version is
accurate, the statement is not enough to create a jury submissible issue. Billinovich had no
personal knowledge of whether the floor where the Pepsi spill occurred was still sticky when
Harmon entered the store. Billinovich was not at the store when the spill happened, and her
uncontroverted testimony is that at “no point” did she ever “go over . . . to independently check on
how the floor felt where the spill occurred.” And even if the floor was still sticky, it is undisputed
-4- No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC
that Billinovich did not know precisely where the Pepsi spill happened or where Harmon tripped.
Only Santucci and Harmon knew, and their testimony establishes that the location of the spill and
the location of the trip were different. Secondhand speculation about the cause of a fall by someone
who lacks personal knowledge of both the cause and the location of the fall is not enough, on its
own, to preclude summary judgment. See Gon v. Dick Clark’s Am. Bandstand & Grill, No.
96APE07-910, 1996 WL 785533, at *5 (Ohio Ct. App. Feb. 11, 1996); Stamper v. Middletown
Hosp. Ass’n., 582 N.E.2d 1040, 1042–43 (Ohio Ct. App. 1989). Billinovich’s alleged comments
to Harmon’s son therefore create no genuine issue of material fact.
Harmon offers no other possible explanation for her fall. A slip-and-fall plaintiff cannot
recover if she does not know what caused her to slip and fall. See, e.g., Smith v. Resch’s Bakery,
No. 87 AP-897, 1987 WL 27806, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec. 10, 1987) (citing Cleveland Athletic
Assoc. Co. v. Bending, 194 N.E. 6 (Ohio 1934)); Guyton v. Debartolo, Inc., No. 65268, 1993 WL
453671, at *1 (Ohio Ct. App. Nov. 4, 1993). Harmon testified that at the time of her fall she did
not see anything spilled on the floor and did not know what sticky substance caused her to fall or
how it got there. And under Ohio law, “[t]he mere fact that a customer slips and falls on the floor
of a business establishment does not, standing alone, create an inference that the floor was unsafe.”
Eller v. Wendy’s Int’l, Inc., 755 N.E.2d 906, 916 (Ohio Ct. App. 2000) (citing J.C. Penny Co. v.
Robison, 193 N.E. 401, syllabus paragraph four (Ohio 1934)).
Harmon points to several pieces of evidence she believes the district court improperly
disregarded. But this evidence fails to create a genuine issue of material fact because it does not
establish that defendants were responsible for the alleged sticky substance that Harmon believes
she tripped on. For instance, Harmon faults the district court for failing to appreciate that Santucci
could not initially remember whether his spill occurred near the milk cooler. But that does not
-5- No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC
change the fact that Santucci was able to identify with certainty the location of his spill once
presented with a photograph of the store aisle. Harmon also objects to the fact that the district
court “found as true” Santucci’s testimony that he thoroughly cleaned up his spill while ignoring
the evidence that “employees, like Santucci,” were known for not cleaning their spills properly.
But again, this evidence is of no help in establishing that the allegedly leftover spill was where
Harmon tripped. See Gon, 1996 WL 785533, at *4. Plaintiffs also note a dispute about how many
caution signs, if any, were present near the area where Harmon tripped at the time she fell. But
this is also not a material fact because regardless of whether there was one sign, three signs, or no
signs at all, there is not enough evidence to establish the spill caused Harmon’s fall. The district
court did not err by awarding summary judgment to defendants.
***
-6-