MASON. J.
The plaintiff in error was plaintiff and the defendant in error was the defendant in the trial court, and, for convenience, they will be so designated herein.
The plaintiff was the Republican candidate for sheriff of Stephens county, and defendant wias the D-‘imocratic candidate for the same office at the general election held November 4, 1924, wherein a. sheriff of said county was elected for a term of four years, commencing January 5, 1925. The returns of said election disclosed that the defendant received a majority of the .votes cast for said office and the county election board delivered to the defendant its certificate of election to said office, whereupon the defendant took: the oath of office and assumed the duties thereof on January 5, 1925.
Thereafter, on January 9, 1925, the plaintiff, claiming to have been elected to said office, instituted this proceeding in the district/ court of Stephens county against E. R. Toung, as defendant, to set aside said cerii-1 ficate of election and to have 4t adjudged that the plaintiff had been duly elected to said office.
The petition, in substance, alleges that in each of the 50 precincts of said county the election officials, by error, mistake, or fraud, overcounted and certified for the defendant moirel votes than he in fact received, and counced and certified for the plaintiff less votes than ,he in fact received; that certain ballots voted for plaintiff were erroneously declared to be mutilated ballots and not counted tor the plaintiff; chat certain ballots which were stamped under the Democratic emblem and also in front of plaintiff’s name had not been counted for plaintiff, but had been counted for defendant; that if said mis cakes were corrected it would be disclosed that the plaintiff had been duly elected to said office.
Upon trial of the case, the plaintiff testified to a state of facts sufficient to show him to be possessed of the necessary legal qualifications to hold said office. I-Ie also testified that he had not received a" certificate of election to said office. The secre-1 cary otf the county election board testified that the ballot boxes used in said election were then in his possession and had been ever since said election. Although the defendant on cross-examination of said witness brought out some slight evidence to the contrary, we chink the evidence of said witness, at least for the purpose of this appeal, was sufficient to establish the integrity of said ballot boxes. Without any further evidence on behalf otf the plaintiff, he moved the courc to have each, of said ballot boxes
opened and the ballots counted, to which the defendant objected, for the reason that there had been no preliminary proof in support of plaintiff’s allegations of error, mistake, or fraud sufficient to overcome che legal presumption in favor of the returns of said election. The court sustained said objection.
The plaintiff then offered to prove, by the secretary of the election board, that, the returns of each of the precincts, which were locked in their respective ballot boxes, were not duly and legally signed by the precinct election officials. The court sustained de-i fendant’s objection to said offer, lor the reason that it was not within the issues as pleaded by the plaintiff. No further testimony was offered, and the defendant interposed a demurrer to the plaintiff’s evidence, which was sustained and judgment rendered for the defendant. The plaintiff has duly perfected his appeal to this court and for reversal urges the following:
(1) “The ballots preserved as required by law should have been admitted by the trial court without preliminary evidence tending to establish fraud or mistake in the counting or canvassing of the votes or in the returns.”
(2) “The returns of precinct election officers, on which the county election board relies in certifying the county returns, are not even prima facie evidence of the correctness of the precinct vote unless verified as required by section 6151 of the Compiled Laws of 1921, and the court erred in re-1 fusing to allow the ballot boxes to be opened and the precinct returns inspected co show that they were not properly sworn to as provided by the statute.”
The plaintiff first insists -that the ballots themselves are the best evidence of the intentions and choice of the voters and of the number of voces received by any candidate. This Is a primary rule in the law of elections and has been adhered ro by this court in the following cases: Whitaker v. State ex rel. Pierce, 58 Okla. 672, 160 Pac. 890; Moss v. Hunt, 40 Okla. 20, 135 Pac. 282; Moss v. Hunt, 47 Okla. 1, 145 Pac. 761; Newhouse v. Alexander, 27 Okla. 46, 110 Pac. 1121.
In Whitaker v. State ex rel. Pierce, supra, this court announced the rule as follows:
“As between the ballots and the canvass thereof by the election officers, the ballots are the primary and controlling evidence where it is made to appear that they have been preserved in the manner and by the officers prescribed by statute, and that they are the identical ballots cast by the voters, and that while in such custody they have not been so exposed to the reach of unauthorized persons as to- afford a reasonable opportunity for their having been changed or tampered with.”
Plaintiff then insists that he was entitled co impeach the returns by the best evidence, which was the ballots, and that after it was shown that the ballot boxes had been kept intact and the ballots inviolate, they should have been received in evidence without any other evidence. Plaintiff cites the following cases: People v. McClellan, 191 N. Y. 341, 84 N. E. 68; Snowden v. Flannery (Ky.) 167 S. W. 893; Gant v. Brown (Mo.) 142 S. W. 422.
The real question icr our consideration is: Must the trial court, on mere suspicion and demand of ,a candidate and without any prima facie proof tending to' impeach the regularity or the integrity of the official count and canvass, order a recount of che ballots?
There 'appear to be many cases which hold that as between the canvass of the hallo's made by the election officials and the ballots themselves, the ballots, if they have been kepc inviolate, are the best evidence, buc there appear to be very .ew. cases on the real question presented :or our determination.
In 9 R. C. L. 1163, the rule is s'-ated as-follows:
“There is some question, however, as to the readiness with which the courts should open the baltoc boxes. In some states the question is settled by statutes which expressly require the production, opening, and in-si>ection of the ballots on demand in any contest. ‘But in the absence of such provision, and where the contes rant’s case rests-on -the charge of misconduct on the part of election officers, it has been held that every consideration of public policy should influence the court to be cautious in the open-'-ing of ballot boxes, and hence thar it will not on mere suspicion and the demand of a contestant or elector, and without any extrinsic evidence tending to impeach the regularity or integrity of the official count and canvass, order a recount of the ballots, but will require a contestant -to show in advance some evidence of fraud or misconduct of such officers, reasonably calculated to overcome the universal prima facie presumption of the regularity and correctness of official action.”
In Quigley v. Phelps (Wash.) 132 Pac. 738.
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MASON. J.
The plaintiff in error was plaintiff and the defendant in error was the defendant in the trial court, and, for convenience, they will be so designated herein.
The plaintiff was the Republican candidate for sheriff of Stephens county, and defendant wias the D-‘imocratic candidate for the same office at the general election held November 4, 1924, wherein a. sheriff of said county was elected for a term of four years, commencing January 5, 1925. The returns of said election disclosed that the defendant received a majority of the .votes cast for said office and the county election board delivered to the defendant its certificate of election to said office, whereupon the defendant took: the oath of office and assumed the duties thereof on January 5, 1925.
Thereafter, on January 9, 1925, the plaintiff, claiming to have been elected to said office, instituted this proceeding in the district/ court of Stephens county against E. R. Toung, as defendant, to set aside said cerii-1 ficate of election and to have 4t adjudged that the plaintiff had been duly elected to said office.
The petition, in substance, alleges that in each of the 50 precincts of said county the election officials, by error, mistake, or fraud, overcounted and certified for the defendant moirel votes than he in fact received, and counced and certified for the plaintiff less votes than ,he in fact received; that certain ballots voted for plaintiff were erroneously declared to be mutilated ballots and not counted tor the plaintiff; chat certain ballots which were stamped under the Democratic emblem and also in front of plaintiff’s name had not been counted for plaintiff, but had been counted for defendant; that if said mis cakes were corrected it would be disclosed that the plaintiff had been duly elected to said office.
Upon trial of the case, the plaintiff testified to a state of facts sufficient to show him to be possessed of the necessary legal qualifications to hold said office. I-Ie also testified that he had not received a" certificate of election to said office. The secre-1 cary otf the county election board testified that the ballot boxes used in said election were then in his possession and had been ever since said election. Although the defendant on cross-examination of said witness brought out some slight evidence to the contrary, we chink the evidence of said witness, at least for the purpose of this appeal, was sufficient to establish the integrity of said ballot boxes. Without any further evidence on behalf otf the plaintiff, he moved the courc to have each, of said ballot boxes
opened and the ballots counted, to which the defendant objected, for the reason that there had been no preliminary proof in support of plaintiff’s allegations of error, mistake, or fraud sufficient to overcome che legal presumption in favor of the returns of said election. The court sustained said objection.
The plaintiff then offered to prove, by the secretary of the election board, that, the returns of each of the precincts, which were locked in their respective ballot boxes, were not duly and legally signed by the precinct election officials. The court sustained de-i fendant’s objection to said offer, lor the reason that it was not within the issues as pleaded by the plaintiff. No further testimony was offered, and the defendant interposed a demurrer to the plaintiff’s evidence, which was sustained and judgment rendered for the defendant. The plaintiff has duly perfected his appeal to this court and for reversal urges the following:
(1) “The ballots preserved as required by law should have been admitted by the trial court without preliminary evidence tending to establish fraud or mistake in the counting or canvassing of the votes or in the returns.”
(2) “The returns of precinct election officers, on which the county election board relies in certifying the county returns, are not even prima facie evidence of the correctness of the precinct vote unless verified as required by section 6151 of the Compiled Laws of 1921, and the court erred in re-1 fusing to allow the ballot boxes to be opened and the precinct returns inspected co show that they were not properly sworn to as provided by the statute.”
The plaintiff first insists -that the ballots themselves are the best evidence of the intentions and choice of the voters and of the number of voces received by any candidate. This Is a primary rule in the law of elections and has been adhered ro by this court in the following cases: Whitaker v. State ex rel. Pierce, 58 Okla. 672, 160 Pac. 890; Moss v. Hunt, 40 Okla. 20, 135 Pac. 282; Moss v. Hunt, 47 Okla. 1, 145 Pac. 761; Newhouse v. Alexander, 27 Okla. 46, 110 Pac. 1121.
In Whitaker v. State ex rel. Pierce, supra, this court announced the rule as follows:
“As between the ballots and the canvass thereof by the election officers, the ballots are the primary and controlling evidence where it is made to appear that they have been preserved in the manner and by the officers prescribed by statute, and that they are the identical ballots cast by the voters, and that while in such custody they have not been so exposed to the reach of unauthorized persons as to- afford a reasonable opportunity for their having been changed or tampered with.”
Plaintiff then insists that he was entitled co impeach the returns by the best evidence, which was the ballots, and that after it was shown that the ballot boxes had been kept intact and the ballots inviolate, they should have been received in evidence without any other evidence. Plaintiff cites the following cases: People v. McClellan, 191 N. Y. 341, 84 N. E. 68; Snowden v. Flannery (Ky.) 167 S. W. 893; Gant v. Brown (Mo.) 142 S. W. 422.
The real question icr our consideration is: Must the trial court, on mere suspicion and demand of ,a candidate and without any prima facie proof tending to' impeach the regularity or the integrity of the official count and canvass, order a recount of che ballots?
There 'appear to be many cases which hold that as between the canvass of the hallo's made by the election officials and the ballots themselves, the ballots, if they have been kepc inviolate, are the best evidence, buc there appear to be very .ew. cases on the real question presented :or our determination.
In 9 R. C. L. 1163, the rule is s'-ated as-follows:
“There is some question, however, as to the readiness with which the courts should open the baltoc boxes. In some states the question is settled by statutes which expressly require the production, opening, and in-si>ection of the ballots on demand in any contest. ‘But in the absence of such provision, and where the contes rant’s case rests-on -the charge of misconduct on the part of election officers, it has been held that every consideration of public policy should influence the court to be cautious in the open-'-ing of ballot boxes, and hence thar it will not on mere suspicion and the demand of a contestant or elector, and without any extrinsic evidence tending to impeach the regularity or integrity of the official count and canvass, order a recount of the ballots, but will require a contestant -to show in advance some evidence of fraud or misconduct of such officers, reasonably calculated to overcome the universal prima facie presumption of the regularity and correctness of official action.”
In Quigley v. Phelps (Wash.) 132 Pac. 738. the Supreme Court of Washington seems to have had this identical question before it, and in the third and fifth paragraphs of the syllabus announced the following rules:
“While, in an election contest,, the ballots were the bese evidence of the number of
Totes received by any candidate, a party who in his complaint charged every election officer in the county with fraud and mal-conduet could not have the ballot boxes counted without first offering proof of the fraud and malconduct alleged aliunde the ballot boxes to overcome the prima tacie presumption of the regularity and correctness of the action of the election officers, since in election contests it is the interest of the public to‘ which the courts will look rather than the interest of the individual parties.
”
“In an election contest, the contestant is not entitled to have the ballot boxes opened and the ballots counted without preliminary proof to sustain his charge of fraud and malconduct on the ground that no evidence other than the ballots is available, since the election officers would be competent witnesses as to the manner of making the count, and any irregularity therein such as would authorize a recount would be disclosed by their testimony.”
An examination of the case of Gant v. Brown, supra, cited by plaintiff in error, dis-i closes that it is based upon constitutional and statutory provisions'- which practically make the ballots themselves the only evi--deuce in a contest ease without antecedent evidence of malconduct on the part of the election officials or anything impeaching their return. We have no such constitutional or statutory provisions relative to general elections, and hence, the rule announced in said case is not applicable here. On the contrary, section 6299, C. O. S. 1921, provides that the returns made by the precinct election officials to the county elección board constitute prima facie evidence of the correctness of the-precinct vote.
“Prima facie evidence” has been defined as fellows:
“Prima facie evidence of a fact is such evidence as in the judgment of the law is sufficient to establish rhe fact; and if not re-' butted remains sufficient for that purpose.” Meadors v. Johnson, 27 Okla. 544, 112 Pac. 1121; Kelly v. Jackson et al., 6 Pet. 622.
There is also a well established rule of law that public officials are presumed to do their duty. We therefore have not only a legal presumption chat each of the election officials of the various precincts did their duty and properly tabulated and counted the votes in their respective precincts, but we have a statutory provision which makes their returns prima facie evidence of the correctness of said vote. Although the ballots are the best evidence, and under certain conditions may. when they have been properly preserved, be recounted under direction of the court, yet we (to not think that it was ever intended that the above presumption should be disregarded and the bah lots used as original evidence for the purpose of discovering possible errors. To justify their use as against the returns, there must be such preliminary evidence as the trial court may, in the exercise of its sound discretion, determine sufficient to overcome such presumption. To open the ballot boxes and count the ballots without such proof would be to reject the returns and ignore the certificate of election. It would be tantamount to saying to the defendant that, “Although the returns show you received a majority of the votes cast, and although a certificate of election has been issued to you, and although the returns are prima tacie evidence of the vote cast, and although the law presumes that the election officials have done their duty, yet since the plaintiff has made an allegation that the returns are false, fraudulent, or erroneous, the court, without any evidence whatever, to overcome such prima facie evidence and presumption, is going to disregard the same and require you to- come into court and prove by the ballots (the very ballots which have been counted by the officials designated by law to make the count and to whose every act every presumption of regularity attaches) that you are the duly elected sheriff of Stephens county, Okla.”
To do this would be to totally disregard the expressed provisions of our statutes and the decisions of this court on this question.
It will not do to say that the presumption as to the correctness of the returns may be overcome by a recount of the ballots, because the moment -the court begins to count the ballots the returns have been disregarded, threwn aside, and held for naughc. Otherwise there would be no need to count the ballots.
All contention at this stage of the proceedings about the ballots being the best evidence of the voces cast is begging the question until said prima facie evidence and presumptions are overcome and the returns are destroyed. Then, and then only, does an issue arise which requires that the ballot boxes be opened and the ballots counted by the court. Any ether rule would practically elimina ce the necessity of the ballots being counted by the election officials, as defeated candidates invariably believe that a mistake has been made and would so allege in ord'-r that they might go on a' “fish-/ ing expedition” and perchance by a recount of all the ballots cast discover a mistake in the election returns as made.
The case of People v. McClellan, supra, seems to support the plaintiff’s contention, but we do not feel warranted in following the broad rule there laid down. Such rule would, as' it- seems to us, render the remedy by contest so easy of abuse .as to .invite a period of turmoil, consuming wselts of (he time of our courts after every election, to the exclusion of ordinary litigation, and at .great expense.
An election contest is not an ordinary adversary proceeding. The public ss concerned and it is the public interest to which the courts will look in such a case rather than the interest of the particular contestants.
In the body of the opinion, in the case of Quigley v. Phelps, supra, the court uses the following language, which we adopt as expressing our views:
“In determining whether the ballot boxes shall be opened and the votes recounted on mere suspicion and on mere demand — which is the effect of the complaint before us — • and without any evidence impeaching the conduct of the election officers in making the original count and canvass, the courts should view the matter in all of its bearings as affecting the public interest. If the public interest would suffer irom such a course, if the mischiefs resulting therefrom would be great and widespread, as seems to us inevitable, and if it does not appear that such a course is necessary to- the reasonable preservation of the purity of the ballot, then the courts are not warranted in adopting that course, in the absence- of a statute so directing. It is certainly not .asking too much of a person who by a sweeping wholesale charge of deliberate misconduct on me part of every election officer of his county seeks to consume -weeks of the time of the court by a recount of all the ballots at tvhe public expense to require him to show in advance some slight evidence of fraud' or malconduct of such officers, reasonably
cal-i
culated to- overcome the universal prima iacie presumption of the regularity and correctness of official action. That such a presumption exists in this as in other cases of official action is evidenced by the fact that the certificate of election is based upon that action. It will not do t-o- say that the contestant if unsuccessful pays the costs. The taxable costs of such a proceeding are insignificant as compared with the actual expense to the- public direct and indirect. While every good citizen mus5 concur in the sentiment that no price is too great to be paid lor a pure ballot, we can hardly conceive that it is necessary to the purity of the. ballot that tbe court, upon a mere assertion of an impalpable suspicion, may be used ,as a drag-net with which to fish for evidence without any antecedent showing of the slightest circumstance tending to impeach the official count. As said by the Supreme Court of Minnesota in O’Gorman v. Richter, 31 Minn. 25, 28, 16 N. W. 416, 417: ‘It may admit of doubt whether a court is bound to open the ballot; boxes and make a recount unless there be some evidence furnishing ground for supposing that a miscount might have been..made by the judges. If a party can demand a count by the court without - any- such showing, it could often be resorted to as a mere fishing expedition.’ It is true, -as s,aid by the Missouri court in Gantt v. Brown, supra, chiefly relied upon by the appellant; ‘When bona fide charges of fraud are made, it should be the policy of Hie law to unlock all com-' petent evidence to either prove or disprove the charges.’ AVhile heartily subscribing to the wholesome rule so .announced, we still think that the charge of fraud or malconduct must be a bona fide charge, and that charge which is founded in such vague suspicion that no evidence- can be produced as to the conduct of the election officials, aliunde the ballot boxes, tending to show any measure of irregularity or maloomduct, does not seem to- possess what can be said in law to ctm- ' statute the essential element of good faith. It smacks rather of recklessness. No bona fide issue is presented between the official canvass and the ballots themselves until some evidence tending to show official mis-eonducr has been adduced. Nor will it do to say that the purity of the ballot is the basis of our institutions, and to fail to protect the one is to jeopardize the other. Thar is a truism, but it does not warrant the court in disregarding at the threshold the presumption of rectitude which the law has universally accorded to official action, and in giving no weight to the official count in the absence'of anything tending to impeach it. The law has intrusted to the duly appointed election officers the duty or counting the- ballots. There is a legal presumption that'they have done so honestly and carefully. Their returns are entitled to the presumption of regularity. For the court to recount the ballots without any evidence of wrongdoing on their part would be to disregard this presumption. It would be an assumption of a lack of integrity or competency on the part of everyone of the 1,173 election officers of King county without any antecedent proof of malconduct of any of them. If this is necessary to the preservation of the purity of the ballot in King county, then it is neces-i sary in every other county in the state. The «■hole judiciary of the state may, and logically should, be called upon to recount the ballots as to every county office in every county on a mere assertion of suspicion by any elector that mistakes may have been made, and weeká of time so consumed without any tangible foundation for a belief that the result would be changed in any instance.”
As to the second contention raised by the
~lajotiff in error for rev~rsal of the case, we must conclude that the trial court pnOp-erly refused the offer of the plaintiff on. the ground that he had raised no issue iyn his pleadi~n~s as to the returns.
The judgment of the trial court is affirm-ad.
NICHOLSON, C. J.. BRANSON, V 0. J., and 1-IARRISON, PHHLPS. LESPER. IITINT, CLARK, and RILEY, JJ.. oC~Cifl.