CoNNOR, J.
Plaintiffs seek to recover of E. M. Hightower, receiver of Dixie Development Company, damages, which they allege they have sustained as a result of (1) a breach of a covenant against encumbrances, and (2) a breach of a covenant of general warranty against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, both ‘ said covenants being included in a deed by which Dixie Development Company conveyed the land described therein to plaintiff John
W.
Gulledge, trustee, to secure a note now owned by his eoplaintifEs, receivers of Southern Savings Bank. Defendant E. M. Hightower, receiver, has not answered the complaint of plaintiffs. The action was continued as to him with leave to file an answer.
Plaintiffs further seek to recover of 'W. L. Marshall, administrator of John T. Patrick, who conveyed the said land to their grantor, Dixie Development Company, damages (1) for a breach of covenant against encumbrances and (2) for a breach of general warranty against the lawful claims of all persons, both of said covenants being included in his deed to said Dixie Development Company. Defendant
W.
L. Marshall, administrator, demurred
ore tenus
to the allegation of the complaint upon which plaintiffs seek to recover judgment against him. These allegations are therefore to be taken as true.
Hayman v. Davis,
182 N. C., 563. Plaintiffs, by their exception to the judgment sustaining the demurrer, present to this Court for review, as a matter of law, the question whether a cause of action in favor of plaintiffs and against defendants is set out in the complaint.
1. It is admitted that at the date of the execution of the deed from John T. Patrick to Dixie Development Company there was a mortgage outstanding on the land conveyed by said deed, executed by John T.. Patrick to John E. Little and H.
W.
Little, and duly recorded. This mortgage was an encumbrance on the land, and its existence was a breach of the covenant in the deed against encumbrances. A cause of action arose at once for damages for the breach of this covenant, in favor of Dixie Development Company, covenantee, and against John T. Patrick, the covenantor. Did this covenant or the cause of action aris
ing from its breach pass to plaintiffs by and under the deed from Dixie Development Company to John W. Gulledge, trustee?
Professor Mordecai, in his Law Lectures, Vol. II, 2 ed., ch. 24, page 851, says: “The various covenants usually inserted in deeds in modern times are six in number, to wit: (1) Covenant of seizin; (2) -of right to convey; (3) against encumbrances (these do not run with the land); (4) warranty, which may he either general or special; (5) quiet enjoyment, and (6) further assurance (these do run with the land). ‘Running with the land’ means that the covenant passes to and may be sued upon by all persons to whom the land is subsequently conveyed. A covenant that does not run with the land is one that does not pass to a subsequent purchaser of the land, but, if broken, can be sued upon, only by the person with whom the covenant is made, or his personal representative, if he be dead.” Again on page 859 he says: “Covenants (1), (2) and (3) are personal covenants and do not run with the land or pass to the grantee of the land, for, if not true, there is a breach of them, as soon as the deed is executed and they become choses in action, which are not technically assignable.” The distinction here stated, so clearly and so accurately, between covenants which do and which do not “run with the land,” and are, or are not assignable, is fully supported by the decisions of the courts and by approved text-writers. See opinion of
Justice Adams
in
Cover v. McAden,
183 N. C., 642; Rawle on Covenant for Title, ch. 10, sec. 202. Rawle says, “A strong current of American authority has set in favor of the position that the covenants of seizin, for right to convey, and perhaps against encumbrances are what are called covenants
in prcesenti
— if broken at all, their breach occurs at the moment of their creation. The covenant is, that a particular state of things exists
at that time,
and if this be not true, the delivery of the deed which contains such a covenant causes an instant breach; these covenants are then, it is held, turned into a mere right of action, which is not assignable at law, which can be taken advantage of only by the covenantee, or his personal representative, and cannot pass to an heir, a devisee, or a subsequent purchaser.”
Professor Mordecai makes the following comment upon the distinction, which he says is well established between those covenants which do and those which do not run with the land. “As all choses in action founded on contract are assignable by the laws of North Carolina (Rev., sec. 400; C. S., 446), and as the only reason assigned for the rule that those covenants which are
in prcesenti
and therefore broken, if at all, immediately upon the execution of the deed, cannot be sued on by the assignee, is that a chose in action is not assignable at the common law, I see no reason why under our law those covenants do not run with the land, as well as covenants of warranty and quiet enjoyment.” The
source of tbis comment makes it worthy of consideration, but tbe rule is so well established by the weight of authority that we adhere to it. The author of the article on “Covenants” in Corpus Juris, after full and exhaustive examination of the decisions of the courts, in 15 C. J., 1247, says: “The covenant against encumbrances is generally regarded as a covenant
in prcesenti,
broken, if at all, as soon as made, and hence does not run with the land.” “The preponderance of authority establishes the proposition that covenants against incumbrances are merely personal and do not run with the land.” 7 R. C. L., 1135.
There is no error in judgment sustaining the demurrer to the cause of action founded upon the covenant against incumbrances contained in the deed from John T. Patrick to the Dixie Development Company, grantor of plaintiff.
2. It is admitted that after the execution of the deed of trust by the Dixie Development Company to John
W.
Gfulledge, trustee, the land conveyed therein was sold under a decree in an action to foreclose a mortgage executed by John T. Patrick, grantor of Dixie Development Company,- outstanding at date of his deed, and that said sale having been confirmed, the land was conveyed by commissioners to Mrs. M. E. Parker, testatrix of defendant George E. Parker. There was a covenant in the deed from John T. Patrick to Dixie Development Company against the lawful claims of all persons to. said land. This covenant ran with the land, and for a breach of it a subsequent grantee can maintain an action for damages against John T. Patrick or his personal representatives.
Wiggins v. Pender,
132 N. C., 628. But neither the immediate grantee nor a subsequent grantee can recover on the covenant, unless there has been an eviction under a lawful claim.
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CoNNOR, J.
Plaintiffs seek to recover of E. M. Hightower, receiver of Dixie Development Company, damages, which they allege they have sustained as a result of (1) a breach of a covenant against encumbrances, and (2) a breach of a covenant of general warranty against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, both ‘ said covenants being included in a deed by which Dixie Development Company conveyed the land described therein to plaintiff John
W.
Gulledge, trustee, to secure a note now owned by his eoplaintifEs, receivers of Southern Savings Bank. Defendant E. M. Hightower, receiver, has not answered the complaint of plaintiffs. The action was continued as to him with leave to file an answer.
Plaintiffs further seek to recover of 'W. L. Marshall, administrator of John T. Patrick, who conveyed the said land to their grantor, Dixie Development Company, damages (1) for a breach of covenant against encumbrances and (2) for a breach of general warranty against the lawful claims of all persons, both of said covenants being included in his deed to said Dixie Development Company. Defendant
W.
L. Marshall, administrator, demurred
ore tenus
to the allegation of the complaint upon which plaintiffs seek to recover judgment against him. These allegations are therefore to be taken as true.
Hayman v. Davis,
182 N. C., 563. Plaintiffs, by their exception to the judgment sustaining the demurrer, present to this Court for review, as a matter of law, the question whether a cause of action in favor of plaintiffs and against defendants is set out in the complaint.
1. It is admitted that at the date of the execution of the deed from John T. Patrick to Dixie Development Company there was a mortgage outstanding on the land conveyed by said deed, executed by John T.. Patrick to John E. Little and H.
W.
Little, and duly recorded. This mortgage was an encumbrance on the land, and its existence was a breach of the covenant in the deed against encumbrances. A cause of action arose at once for damages for the breach of this covenant, in favor of Dixie Development Company, covenantee, and against John T. Patrick, the covenantor. Did this covenant or the cause of action aris
ing from its breach pass to plaintiffs by and under the deed from Dixie Development Company to John W. Gulledge, trustee?
Professor Mordecai, in his Law Lectures, Vol. II, 2 ed., ch. 24, page 851, says: “The various covenants usually inserted in deeds in modern times are six in number, to wit: (1) Covenant of seizin; (2) -of right to convey; (3) against encumbrances (these do not run with the land); (4) warranty, which may he either general or special; (5) quiet enjoyment, and (6) further assurance (these do run with the land). ‘Running with the land’ means that the covenant passes to and may be sued upon by all persons to whom the land is subsequently conveyed. A covenant that does not run with the land is one that does not pass to a subsequent purchaser of the land, but, if broken, can be sued upon, only by the person with whom the covenant is made, or his personal representative, if he be dead.” Again on page 859 he says: “Covenants (1), (2) and (3) are personal covenants and do not run with the land or pass to the grantee of the land, for, if not true, there is a breach of them, as soon as the deed is executed and they become choses in action, which are not technically assignable.” The distinction here stated, so clearly and so accurately, between covenants which do and which do not “run with the land,” and are, or are not assignable, is fully supported by the decisions of the courts and by approved text-writers. See opinion of
Justice Adams
in
Cover v. McAden,
183 N. C., 642; Rawle on Covenant for Title, ch. 10, sec. 202. Rawle says, “A strong current of American authority has set in favor of the position that the covenants of seizin, for right to convey, and perhaps against encumbrances are what are called covenants
in prcesenti
— if broken at all, their breach occurs at the moment of their creation. The covenant is, that a particular state of things exists
at that time,
and if this be not true, the delivery of the deed which contains such a covenant causes an instant breach; these covenants are then, it is held, turned into a mere right of action, which is not assignable at law, which can be taken advantage of only by the covenantee, or his personal representative, and cannot pass to an heir, a devisee, or a subsequent purchaser.”
Professor Mordecai makes the following comment upon the distinction, which he says is well established between those covenants which do and those which do not run with the land. “As all choses in action founded on contract are assignable by the laws of North Carolina (Rev., sec. 400; C. S., 446), and as the only reason assigned for the rule that those covenants which are
in prcesenti
and therefore broken, if at all, immediately upon the execution of the deed, cannot be sued on by the assignee, is that a chose in action is not assignable at the common law, I see no reason why under our law those covenants do not run with the land, as well as covenants of warranty and quiet enjoyment.” The
source of tbis comment makes it worthy of consideration, but tbe rule is so well established by the weight of authority that we adhere to it. The author of the article on “Covenants” in Corpus Juris, after full and exhaustive examination of the decisions of the courts, in 15 C. J., 1247, says: “The covenant against encumbrances is generally regarded as a covenant
in prcesenti,
broken, if at all, as soon as made, and hence does not run with the land.” “The preponderance of authority establishes the proposition that covenants against incumbrances are merely personal and do not run with the land.” 7 R. C. L., 1135.
There is no error in judgment sustaining the demurrer to the cause of action founded upon the covenant against incumbrances contained in the deed from John T. Patrick to the Dixie Development Company, grantor of plaintiff.
2. It is admitted that after the execution of the deed of trust by the Dixie Development Company to John
W.
Gfulledge, trustee, the land conveyed therein was sold under a decree in an action to foreclose a mortgage executed by John T. Patrick, grantor of Dixie Development Company,- outstanding at date of his deed, and that said sale having been confirmed, the land was conveyed by commissioners to Mrs. M. E. Parker, testatrix of defendant George E. Parker. There was a covenant in the deed from John T. Patrick to Dixie Development Company against the lawful claims of all persons to. said land. This covenant ran with the land, and for a breach of it a subsequent grantee can maintain an action for damages against John T. Patrick or his personal representatives.
Wiggins v. Pender,
132 N. C., 628. But neither the immediate grantee nor a subsequent grantee can recover on the covenant, unless there has been an eviction under a lawful claim.
“The foreclosure of a mortgage, followed by an eviction, is a breach of a covenant of warranty, and eviction under foreclosure of a mortgage existing on property at time it is conveyed with a covenant of general warranty gives a remote grantee a right of action on the covenant, notwithstanding there were other covenants in the deed which would have given the immediate grantee a right of action because of the encumbrance as soon as the deed was executed.” 7 R. C. L., 1152;
Williams v. O’Donnell,
225 Pa. St., 321; 26 L. R. A., N. S., 1094.
“A covenant of warranty is prospective in its nature, and is broken only by an eviction under a paramount title existing at the time of the conveyance, or what in contemplation of law is equivalent to an eviction.”
Morgan v. Haley,
107 Va., 331; 122 A. S. R., 846, and note.
“To constitute a breach of warranty there must be an ouster or a disturbance of the possession and a judgment against a grantee is not sufficient.”
Ravenal v. Ingram,
131 N. C., 549.
Plaintiffs do not allege that Mrs. M. E. Parker, to whom the land was conveyed under the decree of foreclosure, has evicted plaintiffs or
in any manner disturbed plaintiffs’ possession or right to the possession of said land. It is not alleged that Mrs. Parker has made any demand upon or asserted any claim adverse to plaintiffs with respect to the title or possession of said land. It is alleged and admitted by the demurrer that Mrs. Parker bought the land as trustee of John T. Patrick, the original covenantor, and that said Patrick was the real .purchaser of said land. Plaintiffs not having been evicted from said land, actually or constructively, cannot maintain an action for breach of covenant of general warranty.
There is no error in judgment sustaining the demurrer to the cause of action founded upon the covenant of general warranty contained in the deed from John T. Patrick to Dixie Development Company, grantor of plaintiffs.
3. Plaintiffs do not seek to recover judgment against George R. Parker, executor of Mrs. M. E. Parker, upon any allegation that she was personally liable to them. Recovery of judgment against him is dependent upon recovery of judgment against the personal representative of John T. Patrick, for breach of his covenant of warranty. Having failed to state a cause of action against "W. L. Marshall, administrator of John T. Patrick, it must follow that no cause of action is set out in the complaint against defendant George R. Parker, executor of Mrs. M. E. Parker. There was no error in sustaining his demurrer.
The demurrer to the original complaint was sustained by Judge Stack. Leave was granted to plaintiffs to make John
W.
Gulledge, trustee, a party plaintiff. This was subsequently done, and the amended complaint thereafter filed. It is immaterial, in the view we take of the question presented by this appeal, whether plaintiffs were estopped by the judgment of Judge Stack or not. No cause of action is set up in the complaint in favor of plaintiffs and the defendants W. L. Marshall, administrator of John T. Patrick, or George R. Parker, executor of Mrs. M. E. Parker. u
The judgment is
Affirmed.