WALKER, C. J.
This is an action predicated on the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, for personal injuries. It was brought by the respondent against the appellant in the Circuit Court of Linn County, where it was tried in March, 1916, resulting in a verdict in favor of the respondent in the sum of $10,000. A review of the judgment rendered thereon is sought by the appellant.
Appellant maintains, at Hannibal, a terminal yard, which has thereon various buildings, a main, transfer and switching tracks, necessary in the operation of its business as a railway company. Respondent at the time of his injury was employed in this yard as a switch-tender, his hours of labor being from seven p-. m. to seven a. m. His duties required him to open and throw switches and align them for the passage of trains. In so doing, it became necessary for him at times to pass over the tracks, switches and rails in the yard. He had been thus employed by the appellant for twenty-six days prior to his injury, which occurred December 11, 1915', at about four o’clock in the morning. The weather-, at the time was dark and rainy. Just prior to his- injury, respondent had aligned a switch for a train which was to pass through the yard
en route
to St. Louis. Immediately thereafter he started to walk toward and across the main lead, giving signals as he went with his lantern, to the train for which he - had aligned the switch, to proceed. By the
“main lead” is meant a main track which ran diagonally across the yard from which other tracks radiated to switch and repair parts of the yard. One of these tracks was known as lead to switching tracks No. 21 to No. 25, and is designated in this record as “2!1 lead.” After giving the signals, and while respondent was in the space between the main lead and 21 lead on his way to a shanty in the yards, where he stayed when not engaged in the discharge of his duties, and while looking ahead to determine his course, and to see if the train for which he had aligned the switch was approaching, he stumbled over a brake-beam lying between the main track and 21 lead, and fell to the ground. In falling, he struck on his side and back, and fell lengthwise of the track. As he attempted to arise, a'switch engine approaching on the 21 lead knocked him down again, caught him and dragged him about twenty feet, running over and crushing his right hand and wrist. He also received a disfiguring gash over his right eye. Arising after the switch engine had passed, he saw for the first time the brake-beam over • which he had fallen in the first instance. The injury he received necessitated the amputation of his right hand, and a portion of the arm, about two or three inches above the wrist; and the gash above Ms eye resulted in an injury to his sight. His employment in interstate commerce is conceded.
At the time of his injury, he was twenty-three years of age, in a good state of physical health, and was earning two dollars and thirty cents per night. The yard where the injury occurred was the private property of the appellant. It was enclosed with a solid plank fence, which was placarded on the entrance to. same with notices forbidding trespassing. Watchmen were kept to enforce tMs injunction.
Witnesses for appellant testified as to a statement alleged to have been made by the respondent at the'yard office immediately after the injury, to the effect 'that when he wa.s signaling the train he had aligned the switch for, he stepped back out of its way, and was
struck by the switch engine, knocked down, and in putting his hand on the Pail to* put himself out of the way, it was run over and crushed.
Various collateral facts and circumstances were adduced in evidence by appellant to* sustain the concha-’ sion that its employees had no part in or knowledge of the location of the brake-beam, and that soon after the accident it was not .to be found between the tracks.
NoticellCtÍVe
I. Appellant contends that its demurrer to the evidence should have been sustained, first, because the respondent’s statement as to the location of the brake-beam was not corroborated, but was shown by circumstances to be false; and, second, that appellant was not shown to have had either actual or oonsto’uctive notice of the location of the brake-beam, as stated by the respondent. The latter testified affirmatively to the fact of the brake-beam’s •location, and that it constituted the obstruction which caused his fall in the first instance. It was' shown that at different times cars were repaired in the yard, and their parts separated, and that it was customary when such repairs were in progress, to take out brake-beams and drop them near at hand where they could subsequently be removed- by a crew thus engaged. That a oa.r was being repaired on a track near the scene of the aocident on the day preceding', the morning' the respondent was hurt. These facts cannot be otherwise construed than as circumstances confirmatory of respondent’s testimony, which is not weakened by the fact that he did not know who placed the brake-beam between the tracks or its location there prior to the accident, or how long it had been there, or that it was not seen there the, day preceding and immediately .following the accident. The assumption, therefore, based upon the circiunjstances adduced by the appellant to establish, first, that the brake-beam was not where it was stated to have been by the respondent; and, second, that it mysteriously disappeared, do not in our opinion, tend to weaken the' force of the latter’s testimony. The first attempts by an array of
circumstances to contradict affirmative testimony; and the second assumes that if the brake-beam was as located by the respondent it mysteriously and unaccountably disappeared. Certainly, it could not have accorded with any rational purpose of the respondent to cause its removal. If it did mysteriously disappear, as contended by appellant, its disappearance could have redounded only to the 'benefit of the appellant. Other arguments are adduced by appellant upon circumstances of like character to the foregoing, for the purpose of destroying the force of the respondent’s testimony. They do not impress us as having a tendency to accomplish this rnd.
The
quantum
of proof necessary to sustain a verdict in a case of this character may perhaps be more readily determined by the statute upon which the action is based. It is as follows: “That every common carrier by railroad while engaging in commerce between any of the several States . . . shall be liable in damages to any person suffering injury' while he is employed by such carrier in such commerce, '. . . for such injury or. death resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such carrier, or by reason or any defect or insufficiency, due to its negligence, in its cars, engines, appliances, machinery, track, roadbed, works, boats, wharves or other equipment.” ["Sec. 1, Fed. Employers’ Liability Act, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, Supp. 1911, p. 1322.]
This section renders every railroad company liable for the negligence of any of its officers, agents or employees, and their negligence is that of the company.
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WALKER, C. J.
This is an action predicated on the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, for personal injuries. It was brought by the respondent against the appellant in the Circuit Court of Linn County, where it was tried in March, 1916, resulting in a verdict in favor of the respondent in the sum of $10,000. A review of the judgment rendered thereon is sought by the appellant.
Appellant maintains, at Hannibal, a terminal yard, which has thereon various buildings, a main, transfer and switching tracks, necessary in the operation of its business as a railway company. Respondent at the time of his injury was employed in this yard as a switch-tender, his hours of labor being from seven p-. m. to seven a. m. His duties required him to open and throw switches and align them for the passage of trains. In so doing, it became necessary for him at times to pass over the tracks, switches and rails in the yard. He had been thus employed by the appellant for twenty-six days prior to his injury, which occurred December 11, 1915', at about four o’clock in the morning. The weather-, at the time was dark and rainy. Just prior to his- injury, respondent had aligned a switch for a train which was to pass through the yard
en route
to St. Louis. Immediately thereafter he started to walk toward and across the main lead, giving signals as he went with his lantern, to the train for which he - had aligned the switch, to proceed. By the
“main lead” is meant a main track which ran diagonally across the yard from which other tracks radiated to switch and repair parts of the yard. One of these tracks was known as lead to switching tracks No. 21 to No. 25, and is designated in this record as “2!1 lead.” After giving the signals, and while respondent was in the space between the main lead and 21 lead on his way to a shanty in the yards, where he stayed when not engaged in the discharge of his duties, and while looking ahead to determine his course, and to see if the train for which he had aligned the switch was approaching, he stumbled over a brake-beam lying between the main track and 21 lead, and fell to the ground. In falling, he struck on his side and back, and fell lengthwise of the track. As he attempted to arise, a'switch engine approaching on the 21 lead knocked him down again, caught him and dragged him about twenty feet, running over and crushing his right hand and wrist. He also received a disfiguring gash over his right eye. Arising after the switch engine had passed, he saw for the first time the brake-beam over • which he had fallen in the first instance. The injury he received necessitated the amputation of his right hand, and a portion of the arm, about two or three inches above the wrist; and the gash above Ms eye resulted in an injury to his sight. His employment in interstate commerce is conceded.
At the time of his injury, he was twenty-three years of age, in a good state of physical health, and was earning two dollars and thirty cents per night. The yard where the injury occurred was the private property of the appellant. It was enclosed with a solid plank fence, which was placarded on the entrance to. same with notices forbidding trespassing. Watchmen were kept to enforce tMs injunction.
Witnesses for appellant testified as to a statement alleged to have been made by the respondent at the'yard office immediately after the injury, to the effect 'that when he wa.s signaling the train he had aligned the switch for, he stepped back out of its way, and was
struck by the switch engine, knocked down, and in putting his hand on the Pail to* put himself out of the way, it was run over and crushed.
Various collateral facts and circumstances were adduced in evidence by appellant to* sustain the concha-’ sion that its employees had no part in or knowledge of the location of the brake-beam, and that soon after the accident it was not .to be found between the tracks.
NoticellCtÍVe
I. Appellant contends that its demurrer to the evidence should have been sustained, first, because the respondent’s statement as to the location of the brake-beam was not corroborated, but was shown by circumstances to be false; and, second, that appellant was not shown to have had either actual or oonsto’uctive notice of the location of the brake-beam, as stated by the respondent. The latter testified affirmatively to the fact of the brake-beam’s •location, and that it constituted the obstruction which caused his fall in the first instance. It was' shown that at different times cars were repaired in the yard, and their parts separated, and that it was customary when such repairs were in progress, to take out brake-beams and drop them near at hand where they could subsequently be removed- by a crew thus engaged. That a oa.r was being repaired on a track near the scene of the aocident on the day preceding', the morning' the respondent was hurt. These facts cannot be otherwise construed than as circumstances confirmatory of respondent’s testimony, which is not weakened by the fact that he did not know who placed the brake-beam between the tracks or its location there prior to the accident, or how long it had been there, or that it was not seen there the, day preceding and immediately .following the accident. The assumption, therefore, based upon the circiunjstances adduced by the appellant to establish, first, that the brake-beam was not where it was stated to have been by the respondent; and, second, that it mysteriously disappeared, do not in our opinion, tend to weaken the' force of the latter’s testimony. The first attempts by an array of
circumstances to contradict affirmative testimony; and the second assumes that if the brake-beam was as located by the respondent it mysteriously and unaccountably disappeared. Certainly, it could not have accorded with any rational purpose of the respondent to cause its removal. If it did mysteriously disappear, as contended by appellant, its disappearance could have redounded only to the 'benefit of the appellant. Other arguments are adduced by appellant upon circumstances of like character to the foregoing, for the purpose of destroying the force of the respondent’s testimony. They do not impress us as having a tendency to accomplish this rnd.
The
quantum
of proof necessary to sustain a verdict in a case of this character may perhaps be more readily determined by the statute upon which the action is based. It is as follows: “That every common carrier by railroad while engaging in commerce between any of the several States . . . shall be liable in damages to any person suffering injury' while he is employed by such carrier in such commerce, '. . . for such injury or. death resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such carrier, or by reason or any defect or insufficiency, due to its negligence, in its cars, engines, appliances, machinery, track, roadbed, works, boats, wharves or other equipment.” ["Sec. 1, Fed. Employers’ Liability Act, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, Supp. 1911, p. 1322.]
This section renders every railroad company liable for the negligence of any of its officers, agents or employees, and their negligence is that of the company. The leaving of the brake-beam, therefore, at the point where it was shown to have been left, was a negligent acib and bound the company as effectually as if it, as principal, had left it there, and respondent Was not required to show a negligent placing of the brake-beam at the point where it was left. [Mondou v. Railroad, 223 U. S. 1, 56 L. Ed. 327; Pedersen v. Railroad, 229 U. S. 146, 57 L. Ed. 1125; Seaboard Airline v. Horton, 223 U. S. 492, 58 L. Ed. 1062.] Thus left, it did not constitute a risk
normally incident to the employment in which the respondent was engaged, and he had a right to assume that the appellant had exercised proper care with respect to providing a reasonably safe place for him to work, free from any obstacles which would be likely to cause him injury. In other Words, as the statute has been construed by the courts, an employee cannot be treated as having assumed a risk until he becomes aware of the defect or obstruction and of the risk arising from it, unless it is so obvious that an ordinarily prudent person under similar circumstances would have observed it. [Seaboard Airline v. Horton, 223 U. S. 492, 58 L. Ed. 1062; Fish v. Railroad, 263 Mo. 106; Young v. Lusk, 268 Mo. l. c. 640; Williams v. Pryor, 272 Mo. l. c. 619.]
The jury, however, heard all of appellant’s testimony, as well as that of the respondent, as to the manner in which he was injured, and the location of the brake-beam, and gave credence thereto rather than to the testimony of the witnesses for the appellant. The respondent’s testimony being substantial in its nature, and not contrary to reason, we are not inclined to disturb the conclusion reached by the jury in regard thereto. [Laughlin v. K. C. So. Ry., 205 S. W. 3; Hall v. Coal Co., 260 Mo. 365; Stauffer v. St. Ry. Co., 243 Mo. l. c. 316.]
Acts°mary
II. Error is assigned 'in the admission of testimony that it was the practice of appellant’s employees to scatter materials over the yard' in the repairing of cars. The yard constituted one of the appointments of appel-' lant in. the conduct of its business. The manner which the yard was kept, therefore, was a proper subject of proof. [St. L. Nat. Stockyards v. Godfrey, 198 Ill. l. c. 294; Chicago City Ry. Co. v. Sugar, 117 Ill. App. Rep. 578; Rich v. Pelham Co., 48 N. Y. Supp. 1067; Boyce v. Wilbur Lumber Co., 119 Wis. l. c. 648.]
Fac?teral
While proof of such acts of appellant’s employees may in a sense be held to be collateral, an inference of fact is authorized to be drawn therefrom bearing upon
the particular act of negligence which rendered the testimony admissible. [Rose v. St. Louis, 152 Mo. 602; Campbell v. Railroad, 121 Mo. 340; C'alcaterra v. Iovaldi, 123 Mo. App. 347 and cases p. 352; Franklin v. Ry. Co., 97 Mo App. l. c. 480 and cases; Evans v. Gas. Co., 148 N. Y. 112.] From all of which the general rule is deducible that the competency of a collateral fact in any given case turns on whether or not the court deems its bearing on the main issue to be so intimate and valuable as tending, to prove the main fact, when the objections to the testimony as collateral evidence may be disregarded.
In harmony with the rule as thus announced, it having been affirmatively shown by the testimony of respondent that the brake-beam had been left between the tracks, it was not improper, as corroborative of his testimony, to show that, it was the habit of the employees of the appellant to thus leave materials on the yard when repairing cars. Especially is this true when a custom thus sought to be established is shown to have been practiced in this immediate vicinity of the accident, and is limited to proof of the leaving of materials on the yard, similar to that which was the proximate cause of the alleged injury.'
Contributory Negligence: Damages.
III. The giving of instruction numbered G is assigned as error. So far as applicable to the contention here made, this instruction told the jury, “that in case they should believe and find from the evidence that the defendant - was guilty of negligence contributing to plaintiff’s injuries, which must be found by the jury before they can find for the plaintiff at all; and if the jury should further find and believe from the evidence that plaintiff was also guilty of some negligence contributing to his said injuries; that is, if the jury should believe and find that the negligence causing plaintiff’s injury, if any, is partly attributable to the defendant and partly to the plaintiff, then the plaintiff is not entitled to recover full damages, but the damages shall be dimin
ished hy the jury proportionately; "that is to say, plaintiff in sneh event would only be entitled to recover the proportional amount of damages sustained by him bearing the same relation to the full amount as the negligence attributable to 'both defendant and the plaintiff.’-’ This is in harmony with the rule as to the measure of damages announced by the Federal Supreme Court (K. C. So. Ry. v. Jones, 241 U. S. l. c. 183; Ill. Cent. R. Co. v. Skaggs, 240 U. S. 66; Seaboard Airline v. Tilghman, 237 U. S. l. c. 501; Grand Trunk & Western Ry. Co. v. Lindsay, 233 U. S. 1. c. 491; Norfolk, etc. Ry. v. Earnest, 220 U. S. l. c. 122); and it has been followed by this court in Blankenbaker v. St. L., etc. R. Co., 187 S. W. 840. There is nothing to the contrary in the case of C. & O. Ry. Co. v. Kelly, 241 U. S. 485, cited by appellant. There is, therefore, no merit in this assignment.
IV. The appellant contends tersely, without comment, that “the verdict is excessive.” Under the Federal act, the respondent was entitled to such damages as would compensate him for expenses incurred,, loss of time, suffering and diminished earning power (Mich. Cent. R. Co. v. Vreeland, 227 U. S. 59, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 176) and the jury was so instructed.
The act does not restrict the amount of damages recoverable, except as to those actually sustained, and there is no limitation in this respect in our statute. Contributory negligence, the only effect of which would have been to diminish the amount of recovery, was not shown. The evidence adduced in support of the verdict was substantial. While the jury was limited to no exact measure in estimating the damages (Laughlin v. Railroad, 275 Mo. l. c. 472) the trial court was vested with a discretion to set aside their verdict if it had been deemed excessive. This was not done, and taking all of the facts into consideration, we are not inclined, to rule otherwise.
In the absence of reversible error, the judgment is affirmed. It is so ordered.
Williamson, Goode
and
Woodson, JJ.,
concur;
Graves, Blair
and
Williams, JJ.,
dissent.