Liu v. Holder

Opinion

07-0204-ag Liu v. Holder

1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 3 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 4 5 August Term, 2007 6 7 8 (Argued: November 28, 2007 Decided: August 5, 2009) 9 10 Docket No. 07-0204-ag 11 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x 13 14 CHUILU LIU, 15 16 Petitioner, 17 18 - v.- 19 20 ERIC H. HOLDER JR., 21 United States Attorney General,* 22 23 Respondent. 24 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x 26

27 Before: JACOBS, Chief Judge, PARKER and WESLEY, 28 Circuit Judges. 29 30 Petition for review of a final order of the Board of

31 Immigration Appeals affirming the decision of Immigration 32 Judge William Jankun denying Liu’s application for 33 withholding of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3) 34 for, inter alia, failure to provide adequate corroboration. 35 The petition for review is denied.

*

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2), Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. is automatically substituted as respondent in this case.

1 JIM LI, New York, NY , FOR 2 PETITIONER. 3 4 KEITH MCMANUS, Trial Attorney 5 (Peter D. Keisler, Assistant 6 Attorney General, on the brief, 7 Lisa Arnold and Shabana 8 Stationwala, of counsel), Office 9 of Immigration Litigation, Civil 10 Division, U.S. Department of 11 Justice, Washington, D.C. , FOR 12 RESPONDENT. 13 14 DENNIS JACOBS, Chief Judge:

15 Petitioner Chuilu Liu, a native and citizen of the 16 People’s Republic of China, seeks review of a December 29, 17 2006 order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), 18 affirming the May 19, 2005 decision of Immigration Judge 19 (“IJ”) William F. Jankun, which pretermitted Liu’s 20 application for asylum as untimely and denied his 21 applications for withholding of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C. 22 § 1231(b)(3) and the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). In 23 re Liu, No. A98 415 374 (B.I.A. Dec. 29, 2006), aff’g No. 24 A98 415 374 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City May 19, 2005). The IJ 25 made an adverse credibility finding that was neither 26 affirmed nor expressly rejected by the BIA. The BIA 27 affirmed on the IJ’s alternative ground that Liu failed to 28 satisfy his burden of proof for lack of certain documentary 29 evidence corroborating Liu’s testimony concerning his risk

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1 of future persecution. Because substantial evidence 2 supports the IJ’s finding that Liu failed to satisfy his 3 burden of establishing a clear probability of future 4 persecution in China, and the IJ properly relied on Liu’s 5 failure to corroborate his testimony in so finding, Liu’s 6 petition must be denied. 7 8 BACKGROUND 9 At his May 2005 hearing before the IJ, Liu testified to 10 the following effect: From 1989 until 1991, he was detained 11 by the Chinese government for his support of the June Fourth 12 Movement; after his release, his work for an environmental 13 protection company required him to travel frequently to 14 Macau and Hong Kong; on one of those trips (in June 2001), 15 he joined the Hong Kong youth movement, a pro-democracy 16 group, later becoming its acting secretary; he traveled to 17 the United States on business (in January 2003), using a 18 passport that the Chinese government issued to him in 2002; 19 he was prevented from leaving the United States as scheduled 20 (in January 2003) by a car accident in California; soon 21 thereafter, his wife in China told him by phone that 22 security officials had come looking for him, and had

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1 ransacked their home on a return visit. 2 At the close of the hearing, the IJ dictated his 3 findings and conclusions. The IJ made an adverse 4 credibility finding, and went on to decide that even if 5 Liu’s testimony were credible, “there is a need for 6 supporting documentation to support [his] claims about what 7 he allegedly did in [China] and Hong Kong and in the United 8 States.” Specifically, the IJ cited Liu’s failure to submit 9 letters from his wife about the alleged visits from the 10 security officials; from fellow members about the pro- 11 democracy movement in Hong Kong; and from police and 12 hospital officials in California about the car accident that 13 allegedly prevented him from returning to China in January 14 2003. The IJ did not remark on these omissions during the 15 hearing, nor did he ask Liu to explain them. 16 Liu did not move to reopen the proceedings in order to 17 submit those documents. On appeal to the BIA, Liu did not 18 explain why the documents were unavailable to him. 19 Without affirming or rejecting the IJ’s adverse 20 credibility determination, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s 21 “conclusion that even assuming credibility, [Liu] has failed 22 to meet his burden of establishing that it is more likely

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1 than not that he will be persecuted on account of a 2 protected ground” if he is returned to China. The BIA 3 specifically found it “reasonable” for the IJ to cite a lack 4 of “reliable evidence,” other than Liu’s own hearsay 5 testimony, “in the form of an affidavit or letter from his 6 wife with whom [Liu] has maintained contact, to corroborate 7 [his] account regarding what had occurred in [China] in his 8 absence,” as well as “any letters from the democratic 9 association in Hong Kong for which he claimed to have served 10 as the acting secretary of one of its divisions.” The BIA 11 concluded that the IJ reasonably relied on Liu’s lack of 12 corroboration because there was “no indication on the record 13 that such evidence was unavailable, and [Liu] has not 14 provided any explanation on appeal for his failure to 15 present such corroborating evidence.” 16 17 DISCUSSION 18 Liu’s withholding of removal claim is the one claim at 19 issue on appeal. Liu does not challenge the pretermittance 20 of his asylum application as untimely. As to Liu’s 21 application for CAT relief (denied on the ground that Liu 22 failed to show that it was more likely than not he would be

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1 tortured if removed to China), Liu’s brief on appeal makes 2 no reference to his CAT application (or to torture 3 generally), so that argument is deemed forfeited. Yueqing 4 Zhang v. Gonzales, 426 F.3d 540, 545 n.7 (2d Cir. 2005) 5 (stating that where petitioner “devotes only a single 6 conclusory sentence to the argument” in support of a claim 7 for relief, “we . . . deem his petition for review of the 8 IJ’s finding as to [that] claim abandoned and do not 9 consider it”). 10 When, as here, the BIA affirms the IJ’s decision in all 11 respects but one, the Court reviews the IJ’s decision “as 12 modified by the BIA’s decision--that is, minus the single 13 argument for denying relief that was rejected by the BIA.” 14 Xue Hong Yang v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 426 F.3d 520, 522 15 (2d Cir. 2005). We review the BIA’s factual findings under 16 the substantial evidence standard, including those 17 “underlying the immigration court’s determination that an 18 alien has failed to satisfy his burden of proof,” Wu Biao 19 Chen v. INS, 344 F.3d 272, 275 (2d Cir. 2003) (per curiam), 20 treating the findings as “conclusive unless any reasonable 21 adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary,” 22 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).

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1 The BIA’s conclusion--that Liu failed to establish that 2 it is “more likely than not” that he would be persecuted on 3 account of his involvement in the June Fourth Movement--is 4 supported by substantial evidence. Liu testified that after 5 he was released from detention in 1991, he left and returned 6 to China numerous times, and that the Chinese government 7 issued a passport to him in 2002 because he had been out of 8 detention “for many, many years.” Thus any presumption of 9 future persecution that might be based on Liu’s detention in 10 connection with the June Fourth Movement would be rebutted 11 by a fundamental change in circumstances. See 8 C.F.R. 12 § 208.16(b)(1)(i)(A) (presumption of a future risk of 13 persecution may be rebutted by showing a fundamental change 14 in circumstance). 15 Liu’s claim for withholding of removal therefore rests 16 solely on his testimony that government authorities visited 17 his home in China (and later ransacked it) by reason of his 18 pro-democracy activities. It follows that the only question 19 on appeal is whether it was error for the IJ to deny Liu’s 20 claim on the ground that Liu failed to meet his burden of 21 establishing eligibility for withholding of removal because 22 of his failure to bolster his inconsistent testimony with

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1 corroborating evidence regarding the risk of persecution on 2 his return to China. 3 A precedential opinion of the BIA describes an 4 applicant’s need to proffer corroborating evidence:

5 [W]here it is reasonable to expect 6 corroborating evidence for certain alleged 7 facts pertaining to the specifics of an 8 applicant’s claim, such evidence should be 9 provided. That is, an asylum applicant should 10 provide documentary support for material facts 11 which are central to his or her claim and 12 easily subject to verification, such as 13 evidence of his or her place of birth, media 14 accounts of large demonstrations, evidence of 15 a publicly held office, or documentation of 16 medical treatment. If the applicant does not 17 provide such information, an explanation 18 should be given as to why such information was 19 not presented. 20 21 In re S-M-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 722, 725 (B.I.A. 1997). This

22 standard recognizes that credible testimony alone may be 23 enough to carry the alien’s burden of proof, 8 C.F.R. 24 § 208.13(a), but “empowers the [IJ] to require that credible 25 testimony of the [alien] be corroborated in circumstances in 26 which one would expect corroborating evidence to be 27 available and presented in the immigration hearing.” 28 Oyekunle v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 715, 717 (7th Cir. 2007); see 29 also Diallo v. INS, 232 F.3d 279, 285 (2d Cir. 2000) (“While 30 consistent, detailed, and credible testimony may be

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1 sufficient to carry the alien’s burden, evidence 2 corroborating his story, or an explanation for its absence, 3 may be required where it would reasonably be expected.”). 4 We have approved this standard as “consistent with INS 5 regulations, international legal standards, and our 6 precedent and therefore . . . entitled to deference.” 7 Diallo, 232 F.3d at 286. 8 The REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 9 231, 303 (2005), altered this landscape somewhat. In a 10 provision that does not apply to Liu because of the 11 effective date of the Act,2 the REAL ID Act emphasizes the 12 importance of corroborating evidence:

13 The testimony of the applicant may be 14 sufficient to sustain the applicant’s burden 15 without corroboration, but only if the 16 applicant satisfies the trier of fact that the 17 applicant’s testimony is credible, is 18 persuasive, and refers to specific facts 19 sufficient to demonstrate that the applicant 20 is a refugee. In determining whether the 21 applicant has met the applicant’s burden, the 22 trier of fact may weigh the credible testimony 23 along with other evidence of record. Where

2

The REAL ID Act’s credibility standard applies to applications filed on or after May 11, 2005; Liu’s application was filed on July 15, 2004. See REAL ID § 101(h)(2), Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231, 305 (2005).

For this reason, the BIA properly reviewed the IJ’s determination that Liu needed additional corroboration under the pre-REAL ID standard.

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1 the trier of fact determines that the 2 applicant should provide evidence that 3 corroborates otherwise credible testimony, 4 such evidence must be provided unless the 5 applicant does not have the evidence and 6 cannot reasonably obtain the evidence. 7 8 See REAL ID § 101(a)(3)(B)(ii) (codified at 8 U.S.C.

9 § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii)).3 The REAL ID Act thus codifies the 10 rule that an IJ, weighing the evidence to determine if the 11 alien has met his burden, may rely on the absence of 12 corroborating evidence adduced by an otherwise credible 13 applicant unless such evidence cannot be reasonably 14 obtained. Since the quoted passage does not govern this 15 appeal, this opinion does not construe it.4 It is to be 16 expected that the BIA will undertake in the first instance 17 to say how this passage bears upon the evidentiary and 18 procedural rules that govern in the wake of the REAL ID Act.

3

This provision of the REAL ID Act applies to petitions for both asylum and withholding of removal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(C) (“In determining whether an alien has demonstrated that the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened for a reason described in subparagraph (A), the trier of fact shall determine whether the alien has sustained the alien’s burden of proof, and shall make credibility determinations, in the manner described in clauses (ii) and (iii) of section 1158(b)(1)(B) of this title.”).

4

Judge Parker believes this provision contains a notice requirement applicable to cases that post-date the REAL ID Act of 2005.

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1 Significantly, another provision of the REAL ID Act, 2 which does apply in this case,5 narrows this Court’s review 3 of an IJ’s determination that additional corroboration was 4 available:

5 No court shall reverse a determination made by a 6 trier of fact with respect to the availability of 7 corroborating evidence . . . unless the court 8 finds . . . that a reasonable trier of fact is 9 compelled to conclude that such corroborating 10 evidence is unavailable. 11 12 REAL ID Act § 101(e) (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)).

13 In other words, we review with substantial deference an IJ’s 14 determination that corroborating evidence was reasonably 15 available to the applicant. See, e.g., Kyaw Zwar Tun v. 16 INS, 445 F.3d 554, 568 (2d Cir. 2006) (“[T]he IJ identified 17 the missing information; since the record makes clear that 18 the information was reasonably available to [petitioner] and 19 that [petitioner] failed to provide convincing evidence that 20 the information was unavailable, this sufficed to support 21 the IJ’s finding.”). 22 A number of cases in this Circuit, applying a version

5

The REAL ID Act impacts our review of “all cases in which the final administrative removal order is or was issued before, on, or after” May 11, 2005. REAL ID Act § 101(h)(3), Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231, 305-306 (2005).

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1 of the statute that predated the REAL ID Act of 2005, have 2 discussed the analysis an IJ must perform when relying upon 3 an alien’s failure to provide corroborating evidence in 4 concluding that the alien failed to meet his burden of 5 proof. See Mei Chai Ye v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 489 F.3d 6 517, 527 n.9 (2d Cir. 2007) (collecting cases).6 An IJ 7 should “point[] to specific pieces of missing, relevant 8 documentation” and “show[] that this documentation was 9 reasonably available,” Jin Shui Qiu v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 10 140, 153 (2d Cir. 2003); an alien must have an opportunity 11 to explain the omission, Cao He Lin v. U.S. Dep’t of 12 Justice, 428 F.3d 391, 395 (2d Cir. 2005); and the IJ must 13 assess any explanation that is given, Diallo, 232 F.3d at 14 290. But though we require an IJ to specify the points of 15 testimony that require corroboration, we have not held that

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“An [alien’s] failure to corroborate his testimony may bear on credibility, because the absence of corroboration in general makes an applicant unable to rehabilitate testimony that has already been called into question.” Yang v.

Gonzales, 496 F.3d 268, 273 (2d Cir. 2007). Nevertheless, credibility and corroboration are distinct principles in this Circuit’s immigration jurisprudence. The critical distinction is this: while a failure to corroborate can suffice, without more, to support a finding that an alien has not met his burden of proof, a failure to corroborate cannot, without more, support an adverse credibility determination. Duan Chen v. Gonzales, 201 Fed.Appx. 107, 109 (2d Cir. 2006) (citing Diallo, 232 F.3d at 287).

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1 this must be done prior to the IJ’s disposition of the 2 alien’s claim.7 After all, a factfinder may not be able to 3 decide sufficiency of evidence until all the evidence has 4 been presented; insufficiency cannot be determined while 5 there is evidence to be introduced. Likewise, it is not 6 easy to know when an explanation would be required for a 7 lack of corroboration, because an IJ may not determine that 8 corroboration is necessary until all the evidence is in, and 9 the IJ has had an opportunity to weigh the evidence and 10 prepare an opinion--steps that may not occur until days 11 after the hearing. Accordingly, while we have sometimes 12 remanded a case if the IJ failed to explain his reliance on 13 a lack of corroborating evidence, the alien bears the 14 ultimate burden of introducing such evidence without 15 prompting from the IJ. 16 Applying the foregoing principles in this case compels

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It is not at all clear that we could require an IJ to delay or adjourn proceedings to allow submission of corroborating material that could have been collected in advance of the hearing; after all, this Court’s “inherent power generally extends only to [the] management of its own affairs: to impose decorum, to maintain order, to control admission to the bar, to discipline attorneys, to punish for contempt, and to vacate its own judgments if tainted by fraud.” Xiao Xing Ni v. Gonzales, 494 F.3d 260, 267 (2d Cir. 2007) (emphasis added).

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1 the conclusion that the IJ properly denied Liu’s withholding 2 of removal claim for failure to provide corroborating 3 evidence. Liu testified at some length regarding his 4 involvement in the Chinese democratic movement; his past 5 persecution based on that involvement; and his wife’s 6 alleged report that Chinese police had come searching for 7 him just prior to his planned return to China. Yet Liu 8 submitted no evidence to corroborate his central claims 9 regarding the supposed future risk of persecution. The IJ’s 10 decision specifically identified the types of documents that 11 might have adequately supplemented Liu’s testimony, as 12 required by this Circuit’s prior cases. See Jin Shui Qiu, 13 329 F.3d at 153.8 But Liu has given no explanation for the 14 failure to provide such corroborating evidence, either in a 15 motion to reopen or on appeal to the BIA. Thus Liu has 16 neither provided the sort of corroborating evidence 17 identified by the IJ nor has he explained the absence of 18 such corroborating evidence. The IJ did not err in denying

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Specifically, the IJ noted the absence of evidence such as an affidavit from his wife in China; a letter from the democratic association in Hong Kong; and police and/or hospital records concerning Liu’s California auto accident in January of 2003. Under the REAL ID Act, we defer to the IJ’s determination that such evidence was reasonably available. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4).

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1 Liu’s application for withholding of removal on that ground, 2 and the BIA properly affirmed. 3 4 CONCLUSION 5 For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is 6 denied.