Opinion
CHANEY, J.
Plaintiffs filed class action lawsuits against iRenew Bio Energy Solutions, LLC, Harvest Trading Group, Inc., and Harvest Direct, LLC (collectively defendants), for advertising a bracelet made by iRenew as a revolutionary bracelet that uses the body’s “biofield” to improve strength and wellness. Alleging the advertising claims were false, plaintiffs sought injunctive relief and damages on behalf of all persons in the United States
who purchased an iRenew bracelet. Defendants agreed to settle the lawsuit, and the trial court approved a settlement agreement in which defendants would create a fund to reimburse class members for the purchase cost of the bracelet. Pursuant to the agreement, the trial court awarded $215,000 in attorney fees. Appellant Burt Chapa, a class member, objected to the settlement, alleging the trial court abused its discretion in awarding attorney fees and the notice afforded class members violated due process. We disagree with the first contention but agree with the second. Therefore, we reverse.
Statement.of Facts
1.
The Lawsuit
On October 7, 2010, Seryl Litwin filed a class action lawsuit against iRenew for false and misleading advertising in violation of the False Advertising Act (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17500), the unfair competition law (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200), and the Consumers Legal Remedies Act (Civ. Code, § 1750 et seq.), alleging iRenew’s claims that its bracelet balanced the body’s biofield to improve wellness, balance, flexibility, and strength were false and misleading to the average consumer. Litwin sought injunctive relief, restitution, compensatory damages, and punitive damages.
On January 7, 2011, April Garton filed a class action lawsuit against Harvest Trading Group and Harvest Direct, the marketers of the iRenew bracelet, for injunctive and related equitable relief for false and misleading advertising, alleging the advertising of the iRenew bracelet to improve a person’s biofield, “a subtle human energy field” that oversees the body’s coordination and regulation, was false and unsupported by competent and reliable scientific evidence. The cases were subsequently consolidated.
2.
The Proposed Settlement
Prior to class certification, the parties reached a settlement agreement. Under the proposed settlement, defendants agreed to reform their advertising of the iRenew bracelet and create a settlement pool of up to $1.3 million, less fees, costs, and expenses, to reimburse class members for the purchase price of the bracelet, including shipping and handling. If the aggregate value of the claims exceeded the maximum amount available from the settlement pool, reimbursement per claim would be adjusted downward on a pro rata basis. In exchange, class members agreed to release all claims against defendants.
The settlement class included “all persons who purchased for personal use, and not for re-sale, the iRenew Bracelet in the United States from January 2009, until the date of the preliminary approval order, except for the judge presiding over [the] matter.” The settlement agreement provided for notice to class members in three forms: mail or e-mail to any class member’s known address, publication in People Magazine, and postings on a settlement Web site and other related Web sites.
Pursuant to the proposed settlement, plaintiffs’ counsel agreed not to seek legal fees and costs in excess of $215,000, and the class representatives each agreed not to seek incentive awards in excess of $2,500.
3.
Preliminary Approval and Notice
On May 24, 2012, the trial court granted class certification for settlement purposes, and preliminarily approved the settlement agreement with minor changes. The parties provided the court with exemplars of two versions of the proposed class notice: a long, explanatory notice, and a short, succinct notice. The court approved the content and form of the provided exemplars.
Both notices included information on the settlement agreement, the procedure to submit a claim, the procedure for class members to exclude themselves from the settlement, and information on objecting to the settlement. The short notice, under a section entitled, “What are my options?,” stated class members could “Object to the settlement and appear in Court,” and directed class members to the long notice. The long notice, in a section discussing class members’ right to object, stated, “You can object to the Settlement if you don’t like some part of it. You must give reasons why you think the Court should not approve it and you must appear and speak at the Final Approval Hearing (see the section on the ‘Court’s Fairness Hearing’ below) concerning your objection, in order to have standing to raise any objection and/or any appeal related to the Court’s decision on that objection.” In the section on the court’s fairness hearing, the notice informed class-members, “If you send an objection, you or your attorney will need to come to Court to talk about it or the Court will not consider it.” The short notice was published in People Magazine and posted on the Internet. The long notice was sent by e-mail or mail directly to class members with known addresses and posted on the Internet.
4.
Appellant’s Objections
After notice of the settlement was issued, appellant objected to the proposed settlement agreement. His main objection was that the settlement left an insufficient amount for the class after attorney fees, costs, and
expenses were deducted from the $1.3 million fund. Appellant also objected to the proposed attorney fee request as excessive, and to the language in the notice requiring objectors to attend the final approval hearing to have their objections heard. Appellant argued requiring objectors to appear personally at the final approval hearing was unreasonable and violated class members’ due process rights.
On December 18, 2012, the court requested clarification regarding the value of the class claims, expressing concern that there were insufficient funds to pay administrative costs and class members’ claims. The parties provided that 19,685 claims had been submitted during the claims period, totaling $692,683.44. The parties also clarified that administrative fees were capped at $325,000, pursuant to a contract with the claims administrator. Accordingly, the final amounts to be paid by defendants under the settlement were as follows: $692,683.44 for class claims, $215,000 for attorney fees and costs, $5,000 for class representatives’ incentive payments, and $325,000 for administrative fees, for a total of $1,237,683.44.
5.
Final Approval
Plaintiffs then filed a motion for final approval of the settlement. In their memorandum of points and authorities in support of the motion, plaintiffs stated their counsel incurred $246,206.25 in attorney fees, calculated pursuant to the lodestar method, and $5,221.64 in costs. Per the settlement agreement, plaintiffs’ counsel requested $215,000 in attorney fees and costs.
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Opinion
CHANEY, J.
Plaintiffs filed class action lawsuits against iRenew Bio Energy Solutions, LLC, Harvest Trading Group, Inc., and Harvest Direct, LLC (collectively defendants), for advertising a bracelet made by iRenew as a revolutionary bracelet that uses the body’s “biofield” to improve strength and wellness. Alleging the advertising claims were false, plaintiffs sought injunctive relief and damages on behalf of all persons in the United States
who purchased an iRenew bracelet. Defendants agreed to settle the lawsuit, and the trial court approved a settlement agreement in which defendants would create a fund to reimburse class members for the purchase cost of the bracelet. Pursuant to the agreement, the trial court awarded $215,000 in attorney fees. Appellant Burt Chapa, a class member, objected to the settlement, alleging the trial court abused its discretion in awarding attorney fees and the notice afforded class members violated due process. We disagree with the first contention but agree with the second. Therefore, we reverse.
Statement.of Facts
1.
The Lawsuit
On October 7, 2010, Seryl Litwin filed a class action lawsuit against iRenew for false and misleading advertising in violation of the False Advertising Act (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17500), the unfair competition law (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200), and the Consumers Legal Remedies Act (Civ. Code, § 1750 et seq.), alleging iRenew’s claims that its bracelet balanced the body’s biofield to improve wellness, balance, flexibility, and strength were false and misleading to the average consumer. Litwin sought injunctive relief, restitution, compensatory damages, and punitive damages.
On January 7, 2011, April Garton filed a class action lawsuit against Harvest Trading Group and Harvest Direct, the marketers of the iRenew bracelet, for injunctive and related equitable relief for false and misleading advertising, alleging the advertising of the iRenew bracelet to improve a person’s biofield, “a subtle human energy field” that oversees the body’s coordination and regulation, was false and unsupported by competent and reliable scientific evidence. The cases were subsequently consolidated.
2.
The Proposed Settlement
Prior to class certification, the parties reached a settlement agreement. Under the proposed settlement, defendants agreed to reform their advertising of the iRenew bracelet and create a settlement pool of up to $1.3 million, less fees, costs, and expenses, to reimburse class members for the purchase price of the bracelet, including shipping and handling. If the aggregate value of the claims exceeded the maximum amount available from the settlement pool, reimbursement per claim would be adjusted downward on a pro rata basis. In exchange, class members agreed to release all claims against defendants.
The settlement class included “all persons who purchased for personal use, and not for re-sale, the iRenew Bracelet in the United States from January 2009, until the date of the preliminary approval order, except for the judge presiding over [the] matter.” The settlement agreement provided for notice to class members in three forms: mail or e-mail to any class member’s known address, publication in People Magazine, and postings on a settlement Web site and other related Web sites.
Pursuant to the proposed settlement, plaintiffs’ counsel agreed not to seek legal fees and costs in excess of $215,000, and the class representatives each agreed not to seek incentive awards in excess of $2,500.
3.
Preliminary Approval and Notice
On May 24, 2012, the trial court granted class certification for settlement purposes, and preliminarily approved the settlement agreement with minor changes. The parties provided the court with exemplars of two versions of the proposed class notice: a long, explanatory notice, and a short, succinct notice. The court approved the content and form of the provided exemplars.
Both notices included information on the settlement agreement, the procedure to submit a claim, the procedure for class members to exclude themselves from the settlement, and information on objecting to the settlement. The short notice, under a section entitled, “What are my options?,” stated class members could “Object to the settlement and appear in Court,” and directed class members to the long notice. The long notice, in a section discussing class members’ right to object, stated, “You can object to the Settlement if you don’t like some part of it. You must give reasons why you think the Court should not approve it and you must appear and speak at the Final Approval Hearing (see the section on the ‘Court’s Fairness Hearing’ below) concerning your objection, in order to have standing to raise any objection and/or any appeal related to the Court’s decision on that objection.” In the section on the court’s fairness hearing, the notice informed class-members, “If you send an objection, you or your attorney will need to come to Court to talk about it or the Court will not consider it.” The short notice was published in People Magazine and posted on the Internet. The long notice was sent by e-mail or mail directly to class members with known addresses and posted on the Internet.
4.
Appellant’s Objections
After notice of the settlement was issued, appellant objected to the proposed settlement agreement. His main objection was that the settlement left an insufficient amount for the class after attorney fees, costs, and
expenses were deducted from the $1.3 million fund. Appellant also objected to the proposed attorney fee request as excessive, and to the language in the notice requiring objectors to attend the final approval hearing to have their objections heard. Appellant argued requiring objectors to appear personally at the final approval hearing was unreasonable and violated class members’ due process rights.
On December 18, 2012, the court requested clarification regarding the value of the class claims, expressing concern that there were insufficient funds to pay administrative costs and class members’ claims. The parties provided that 19,685 claims had been submitted during the claims period, totaling $692,683.44. The parties also clarified that administrative fees were capped at $325,000, pursuant to a contract with the claims administrator. Accordingly, the final amounts to be paid by defendants under the settlement were as follows: $692,683.44 for class claims, $215,000 for attorney fees and costs, $5,000 for class representatives’ incentive payments, and $325,000 for administrative fees, for a total of $1,237,683.44.
5.
Final Approval
Plaintiffs then filed a motion for final approval of the settlement. In their memorandum of points and authorities in support of the motion, plaintiffs stated their counsel incurred $246,206.25 in attorney fees, calculated pursuant to the lodestar method, and $5,221.64 in costs. Per the settlement agreement, plaintiffs’ counsel requested $215,000 in attorney fees and costs.
On March 1, 2013, the trial court issued an order granting final approval of the settlement, finding it to be fair, reasonable, and adequate. The court found the notice plan constituted the best notice practicable under the circumstances and provided sufficient notice to class members. Although appellant did not attend the final approval hearing because it was prohibitively expensive for him to do so, the court considered and overruled his objections, finding there would be sufficient funds to pay class members’ claims.
The trial court ordered defendants to make $1,237,683.44 available for the settlement. The court awarded $2,500 to each named plaintiff and $5,221.62 in costs to plaintiffs’ counsel. The court then determined plaintiffs’ counsel’s fee request of $209,778.86 represented a negative multiplier of 0.852 to the amount of fees incurred, which were $246,206.25. The court found the fee request was reasonable, and awarded a total of $215,000 for attorney fees and costs.
This appeal followed.
Discussion
1.
Attorney Fees
2.
Notice
Appellant also challenges the sufficiency of notice given to class members, arguing the requirement that objectors attend the final approval hearing to have their objections heard violated class members’ due process rights. We agree.
“While our review of the manner of giving notice is governed by the abuse of discretion standard, our review of the content of notice may be de novo. ‘ “To the extent the trial court’s ruling is based on assertedly improper criteria or incorrect legal assumptions, we review those questions de novo.” ’ [Citations.]”
(Cellphone Termination Fee Cases
(2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 1380, 1390 [113 Cal.Rptr.3d 510].) Here, the purely legal question for our review is whether notice requiring class members to attend the final approval hearing to have their objections heard accords with due process.
“If the forum State wishes to bind an absent plaintiff concerning a claim for money damages or similar relief at law, it must provide minimal procedural due process protection.”
(Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts
(1985) 472 U.S. 797, 811-812 [86 L.Ed.2d 628, 105 S.Ct. 2965], fn. omitted.) Procedural due process requires that affected parties be provided with “the right to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.”
(In re Vitamin Cases
(2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 820, 829 [132 Cal.Rptr.2d 425].) To accord with due process, notice provided to class members “ ' “must fairly apprise the class members of the terms of the proposed compromise and of the options open to the dissenting class members.” ’ ”
(Cho v. Seagate Technology Holdings, Inc. (2009) 177
Cal.App.4th 734, 746 [99 Cal.Rptr.3d 436].) Under the California Rules of Court governing class actions, “notice of the final approval hearing must be given to the class members in the manner specified by the court. The notice must contain an explanation of the proposed settlement and procedures for class members to follow in filing written objections to it and in arranging to appear at the settlement hearing and state any objections to the proposed settlement.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.769(f).)
The language of California Rules of Court, rule 3.769(f) indicates objectors may both file a written objection and appear at the final approval hearing,
although they are not required to do both to have their objections heard. As explained by a leading treatise on class actions, “[i]t is unnecessary for objectors to appear personally at the settlement hearing in order to have their written objections considered by the court.” (4 Newberg on Class Actions (4th ed. 2002) § 11:56, p. 181.)
Here, the notice explicitly informed class members “[i]f you send an objection, you or your attorney will need to come to Court to talk about it or the Court will not consider it.” Requiring class members in a nationwide class or even a statewide class to appear at the final approval hearing or hire an attorney to have their objections heard works a hardship on objectors, as the benefit to the objector from the class action may be so low that it would be cost prohibitive or physically challenging to personally assert one’s rights at a hearing in a potentially distant location. For example, here appellant indicated he was unable to attend the hearing because it was prohibitively expensive for him to do so as an out-of-state class member. In contrast, if an objector is permitted to file written objections to be considered, the burden on the court to review them is minimal and the cost to the parties remains the same. Requiring any objector to attend the final approval hearing does not offer a meaningful opportunity to be heard, and therefore violates class members’ due process rights.
Adherence to these principles directly impacts the trial court’s role in determining if the settlement is fair. That determination requires that the trial court balance several factors, which include, among others, class member reactions to the proposed settlement (see
Cellphone Termination Fee Cases, supra,
186 Cal.App.4th at p. 1389), which the trial court cannot accurately evaluate when members’ objections may have been stifled by the onerous requirement that they attend the final approval hearing. Although appellant was afforded the opportunity to be heard, there may have been many class members whose objections were chilled. Misstating objectors’ rights such that they are dissuaded from exercising their opportunity to be heard does not fairly apprise class members of their options associated with the settlement. For these reasons, the order granting final approval of the settlement must be reversed.
3.
Unpaid Residual Funds
Disposition
The order granting final approval of the settlement is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings in accordance with the views expressed herein. Appellant is to recover his costs on appeal.
Rothschild, Acting P. J., and Miller, J.,
concurred.
On May 29, 2014, the opinion was modified to read as printed above.