Littlejohn v. Phoenix Title Loans LLC

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 Jennifer Littlejohn, No. CV-18-04250-PHX-SMB

10 Plaintiff, ORDER

11 v.

12 Phoenix Title Loans LLC,

13 Defendant. 14 15 Pending before the Court is Defendant Phoenix Title Loans LLC’s Motion to 16 Dismiss Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint (“FAC”), (Doc. 42, “Mot.”). Plaintiff 17 Jennifer Littlejohn responded, (Doc. 43, “Resp.”), and Defendant replied, (Doc. 44, 18 “Reply”). Neither party requested oral argument and the Court elects to resolve the Motion 19 without it. See LRCiv 7.2(f). Defendant moves to dismiss for lack of subject matter 20 jurisdiction.1 (Mot. at 9 (“[Defendant] respectfully requests that Plaintiff’s [FAC] . . . be 21 dismissed pursuant to Article III of the United States Constitution.”)). Having considered 22 the pleadings and applicable law and accepting the allegations as true, the Court will grant 23 the Motion. 24 I. BACKGROUND 25 Ms. Littlejohn received a $700.00 car title loan from Defendant for unidentified

26 1 Defendant also appears to move to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (See Mot. at 1 (“Plaintiff’s amended causes of action are not plausible and fail on 27 their face.”)). Only if the Court finds that Ms. Littlejohn has alleged standing will it address Defendant’s 12(b)(6) arguments. See DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 341 28 (2006) (“If a dispute is not a proper case or controversy, the courts have no business deciding it, or expounding the law in the course of doing so.”). 1 personal, family or household purposes around April 24, 2018. (Doc. 40, “FAC” ¶¶ 12-13, 2 16-17.) The loan’s terms required that she repay the borrowed amount by May 24, 2018. 3 (Doc. 40-1 at 2.) The one-month loan agreement also included Truth in Lending Act 4 (“TILA”) disclosures. (Id.) It listed the amount financed as $700, a 156% annual 5 percentage rate, $118.30 finance charge, and $791.00 as the total of payments, but provided 6 no payment schedule.2 (Id.; FAC ¶¶ 18-21.) 7 Based on these disclosures, Ms. Littlejohn initially brought two TILA claims under 8 15 U.S.C. § 1638(a)(5) and (6). (See Doc. 1 ¶¶ 23-30.) The Court dismissed this initial 9 complaint with leave to amend because it “allege[d] no concrete harm, or material risk of 10 harm, caused by Defendant’s violation of the disclosure requirements at issue.” See 11 Littlejohn v. Phoenix Title Loans LLC, No. CV-18-04250-PHX-SMB, 2020 WL 209936, 12 at *2-5 (D. Ariz. Jan. 14, 2020). The Court reasoned that it “only alleges Defendant’s 13 disclosure statement violated the TILA’s disclosure requirements. Nothing more.” Id. at 14 *4. As a result, “[w]ithout any sort of allegations of concrete harm or material risk of harm 15 to Plaintiff’s informed use of credit by Defendant’s disclosure violations, Plaintiff’s 16 Complaint [fell] short of alleging a concrete injury and the Court lack[ed] subject matter 17 jurisdiction to hear the case.” Id. 18 Ms. Littlejohn now once again brings these same claims, in addition to a new one 19 under 15 U.S.C. § 1638(a)(3). (See FAC ¶¶ 37-49.) The FAC alleges “Defendant . . . failed 20 to disclose the number, amount, and due dates or period of payments scheduled to repay 21 the total of payments,” “disclos[ed] an incorrect ‘total of payments,’” and “disclos[ed] the 22 ‘finance charge’ as $118.30, when the actual ‘finance charge’ is $179.34.” (Id. ¶¶ 40, 45, 23 49). It further alleges that the omitted payment schedule and incorrect total of payments 24 and finance charge “confused [her] as to the terms of her loan” and “as to when her 25 payments were due.” (Id. ¶¶ 30, 33.) These alleged failures prevented Ms. Littlejohn from 26 2 Six months after the loan issued, Phoenix Pawn & Gold generated an amortization 27 schedule for it, had it been issued for twelve months instead of one. (Doc. 40-2 at 2.) Ms. Littlejohn alternatively alleges this schedule memorializes the “loan’s actual details” 28 instead of the loan agreement. (FAC ¶¶ 22-29.) The Court rejects these allegations founded upon an ad hoc, manufactured amortization schedule. 1 having “an accurate TILA disclosure statement with which to shop for further credit 2 transactions with other potential lenders or with Defendant” even though she never 3 considered other sources of credit. (Id. ¶ 31.) On July 6, 2018, well after the loan’s May 24 4 repayment date, Ms. Littlejohn made her first payment on the loan, which “exposed her to 5 repossession, late charges, and additional finance charges.” (Id. ¶ 36.) Based on these 6 allegations, Defendant moves to dismiss for lack of standing. (See Mot. at 1.) 7 II. LEGAL STANDARD 8 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), a party may move to dismiss for 9 lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Carijano v. Occidental Petroleum Corp., 643 F.3d 10 1216, 1227 (9th Cir. 2011) (“Article III standing is a species of subject matter 11 jurisdiction.”). Article III of the United States Constitution “endows the federal courts with 12 the ‘judicial Power of the United States.’” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S.Ct. 1540, 1547 13 (2016) (quoting U.S. Const. art. III, § 1). “The judicial Power of the United States” only 14 extends to “Cases” and “Controversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, §§ 1-2. “No principal is more 15 fundamental to the judiciary’s proper role in our system of government than the 16 constitutional limitation of federal-court jurisdiction to actual cases or controversies.” 17 Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 818 (1997). 18 “Standing to sue is a doctrine rooted in the traditional understanding of a case or 19 controversy . . . [that] developed in our case law to ensure that federal courts do not exceed 20 their authority as it has been traditionally understood.” Spokeo, 136 S.Ct. at 1547 (citing 21 Raines, 521 U.S. at 820). Plaintiff has the responsibility of establishing standing, Lujan v. 22 Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992), and must do so for each claim brought as 23 well as the type of relief sought. Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 493 (2009). 24 To do this for each claim, “plaintiff must have (1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly 25 traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed 26 by a favorable judicial decision. Id. “[A]t the pleading stage, the plaintiff must ‘clearly . . . 27 allege facts demonstrating’ each element.” Spokeo, 136 S.Ct. at 1547. 28 III. DISCUSSION 1 Ms. Littlejohn’s current allegations virtually mirror those brought in her initial 2 complaint except for a handful of new ones. (See FAC ¶¶ 17-18, 22-36, 46-49.) She argues 3 these new ones establish she has standing to bring each of her three claims. (Resp. at 11- 4 13.) Defendant disagrees. It argues “[she] has not suffered an injury in fact, that is fairly 5 traceable to [Defendant] or that will likely be redressed by a favorable decision.” (Mot. at 6 1.) As a result, it requests dismissal under Article III of the United States Constitution. (Id. 7 at 9.) Even notwithstanding Ms. Littlejohn’s failure to even discuss the traceability and 8 redressability prongs, which alone is unhelpful to her attempt at establishing standing, 9 Defendant is right. 10 A. Injury in Fact 11 An injury in fact is “an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete 12 and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.” Lujan, 504 13 U.S. at 560 (internal quotation marks, citations, and footnote omitted). A plaintiff does not 14 “automatically satisf[y] the injury-in-fact requirement whenever a statute grants a person a 15 statutory right and purports to authorize that person to sue to vindicate that right.” Spokeo, 16 136 S.Ct. at 1549; see also Summers, 555 U.S. at 496 (“[D]eprivation of a procedural right 17 without some concrete interest that is affected by the deprivation . . . is insufficient to create 18 Article III standing.”). “In other words, even when a statute has allegedly been violated, 19 Article III requires such violation to have caused some real—as opposed to purely legal— 20 harm to the plaintiff.” Robins v. Spokeo, Inc., 867 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2017). 21 1. The Alleged Procedural Violations Here Indicate No Harm or Material Risk of Harm to Ms. Littlejohn’s Informed Use of Credit. 22 Ms. Littlejohn argues, without much explanation or application to her alleged 23 circumstances, that the FAC “alleges that Defendant committed several disclosure 24 violations which themselves convey standing.” (Resp. at 11-12.) Not true. See Spokeo, 136 25 S.Ct. at 1549 (“Article III standing requires a concrete injury even in the context of a 26 statutory violation.”); Robins, 867 F.3d at 1112 (“[T]he mere fact that Congress said a 27 consumer like [plaintiff] may bring such a suit does not mean that a federal court 28 necessarily has the power to hear it.”). Her invitation to once again ignore Article III so she 1 can bring her claims is unconvincing. See Littlejohn, 2020 WL 209936, at *3 (“unlike as 2 Plaintiff suggests, this is not enough in itself”); see also Strubel v. Comenity Bank, 842 3 F.3d 181, 188 (2d Cir. 2016) (“[E]ven where, as here, Congress has statutorily conferred 4 legal interests on consumers [under the TILA], a plaintiff only has standing to sue if she 5 can allege concrete and particularized injury to that interest.”); Kelen v. Nordstrom, Inc., 6 259 F. Supp. 3d 75, 79 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (“[A] plaintiff cannot demonstrate that she has 7 suffered a concrete injury by alleging a statutory violation alone.”); Danger v. Nextep 8 Funding, LLC, 355 F. Supp. 3d 796, 806 (D. Minn. 2019) (“[C]ourts have found that 9 allegations of bare procedural TILA violations fail to satisfy Spokeo’s injury-in-fact 10 requirements.”); Jamison v. Bank of America, N.A., 194 F. Supp. 3d 1022, 1028 (E.D. Cal. 11 2016) (“[A] procedural violation of the TILA requirements . . . does not inherently establish 12 concrete harm.”); Summers, 555 U.S. at 496 (“[D]eprivation of a procedural right without 13 some concrete interest that is affected by the deprivation—a procedural right in vacuo—is 14 insufficient to create Article III standing.”). This is because, although “a court is properly 15 respectful of Congress’s judgment in affording a legal remedy for [intangible] harm[,] . . . 16 Congress’s ‘role in identifying and elevating intangible harms does not mean that a plaintiff 17 automatically satisfies the injury-in-fact requirement whenever a statute grants a person a 18 statutory right and purports to authorize that person to sue to vindicate that right.” Strubel, 19 842 F.3d at 188-189 (quoting Spokeo, 136 S.Ct. at 1549). “In short,” and just as the Second 20 Circuit found, this Court also concludes that “some violations of statutorily mandated 21 procedures may entail the concrete injury necessary for standing,” while others might not. 22 Strubel, 842 F.3d at 189. To be more clear, this is the case when “Congress confers a 23 procedural right in order to protect a concrete interest” and “violation of the procedure . . . 24 demonstrate[s] a sufficient ‘risk of real harm’ to the underlying interest.” Id. (quoting 25 Spokeo, 136 S.Ct. at 1549). “Put slightly differently, . . . even if Congress determined that 26 inaccurate credit reporting generally causes real harm to consumers, it cannot be the case 27 that every trivial or meaningless inaccuracy does so.” Robins, 867 F.3d at 1116. 28 Nor do the alleged bare procedural violations at issue in this case, by themselves, 1 necessarily harm or create a risk of real harm to Ms. Littlejohn’s concrete interests as she 2 suggests. See Strubel, 842 F.3d at 190 (“[E]ven where Congress has accorded procedural 3 rights to protect a concrete interest, a plaintiff may fail to demonstrate concrete injury 4 where violation of the procedure at issue presents no material risk of harm to that 5 underlying interest.” (citing Spokeo, 136 S.Ct. at 1549)); see also Jamison, 194 F. Supp. 6 3d at 1028 (“A procedural violation of the TILA provision may result in no concrete harm 7 if the lender provides the omitted information through other means.” (citing Spokeo, 136 8 S.Ct. at 1550)). In other words, “while [a plaintiff] may not show an injury-in-fact merely 9 by pointing to a statutory cause of action, the Supreme Court also recognized that some 10 statutory violations, alone, do establish concrete harm.” Robins, 867 F.3d at 1113. Before 11 vacating and remanding the Ninth Circuit’s opinion to determine “whether the particular 12 procedural violations [of the Fair Credit Reporting Act] alleged . . . entail a degree of risk 13 sufficient to meet the concreteness requirement,” the Supreme Court noted these specific 14 instances where statutory violations themselves conferred standing. See Spokeo, 136 S.Ct. 15 at 1549-50. These instances included violations addressed in Federal Election Comm’n v. 16 Akins, 524 U.S. 11, 20-25 (1998) (finding voters’ “inability to obtain information” that 17 Congress decided to make public a sufficient injury in fact), and Public Citizen v. Dept. of 18 Justice, 491 U.S. 440, 449 (1989) (holding that advocacy groups’ inability to obtain Federal 19 Advisory Committee Act disclosures “constitutes a sufficiently distinct injury to provide 20 standing”). To be sure, the Supreme Court did not highlight any TILA case. Nonetheless, 21 the Second Circuit’s opinion in Strubel applies this same reasoning to the TILA in finding 22 injury in fact for only two of the four alleged procedural violations. See Strubel, 842 F.3d 23 at 190. 24 In brief, this means that “an alleged procedural violation [of a statute] can by itself 25 manifest concrete injury where Congress conferred the procedural right to protect a 26 plaintiff’s concrete interests and where the procedural violation presents ‘a real risk of 27 harm’ to that concrete interest.” Robins, 867 F.3d at 1113 (quoting Strubel, 842 F.3d at 28 190); Lyshe v. Levy, 854 F.3d 855, 859 (6th Cir. 2017) (“Spokeo allows for a bare 1 procedural violation to create a concrete harm . . . [based on] the failure to comply with a 2 statutory procedure that was designed to protect against the harm the statute was enacted 3 to prevent.”); Van Patten v. Vertical Fitness Grp., LLC, 847 F.3d 1037, 1043 (9th Cir. 4 2017) (finding standing where alleged statutory violations “present[ed] the precise harm 5 and infringe[d] the same privacy interests Congress sought to protect in enacting the 6 [Telephone Consumer Protection Act]”); Keen v. JPMorgan Chase & Co., 699 Fed. App’x 7 683, 683 (9th Cir. 2017) (finding that “plaintiffs’ allegation that [defendant] violated TILA 8 by understating a finance charge satisfies the Article III injury-in-fact requirement”); see 9 also McQuinn v. Bank of America, N.A., 656 Fed. App’x 848, 849 (9th Cir. 2016) (“We 10 recognize that [Spokeo] calls into question whether a violation of the Truth in Lending 11 Act’s notice requirement, 15 U.S.C. § 1641(g), without more, creates an injury that is 12 sufficiently concrete to confer standing.”). However, this is only the case sometimes; it is 13 by no means a blind constitutional inquiry as Ms. Littlejohn suggests. Cf. Robins, 867 F.3d 14 at 1112. In determining whether a procedural violation is enough, courts look to “(1) 15 whether the statutory provisions at issue were established to protect [plaintiff’s] concrete 16 interests (as opposed to purely procedural rights), and if so, (2) whether the specific 17 procedural violations alleged in this case actually harm, or present a material risk of harm 18 to, such interests.” Id. at 1113; Spokeo, 136 S.Ct. at 1549; Strubel, 842 F.3d at 190. 19 The answer to the first question is clear. Congress crafted the TILA and its 20 disclosure requirements, including the ones at issue in this case, to protect consumers’ 21 “informed use of credit.” See 15 U.S.C. § 1601(a). The Act explicitly provides that:

22 [E]conomic stabilization would be enhanced and the competition among the 23 various financial institutions and other firms engaged in the extension of consumer credit would be strengthened by the informed use of credit. The 24 informed use of credit results from an awareness of the cost thereof by 25 consumers. It is the purpose of this subchapter to assure a meaningful disclosure of credit terms so that the consumer will be able to compare more 26 readily the various credit terms available to him and avoid the uninformed 27 use of credit, and to protect the consumer against inaccurate and unfair credit billing and credit card practices. 28 1 Id. The disclosure requirements alleged here undoubtedly protect consumers’ “informed 2 use of credit” by demanding creditors give certain disclosures to potential borrowers so 3 that they may fairly evaluate and distinguish between different credit options. See id. § 4 1638(a)(3), (5), (6). 5 But as discussed above, just because Congress crafted these provisions to protect 6 consumers’ informed use of credit does not mean violating one automatically harms the 7 underlying concrete interest. See Spokeo, 136 S.Ct. at 1550; Raines, 521 U.S. at 820 n.3 8 (“It is settled that Congress cannot erase Article III’s standing requirements by statutorily 9 granting the right to sue to a plaintiff who would not otherwise have standing.” (citation 10 omitted)). For instance, one can easily imagine how a creditor’s failure to make an 11 inapplicable disclosure, or one that is readily understood from the loan agreement’s terms 12 or based on a conversation between the parties, does not establish standing. See Strubel, 13 842 F.3d at 191-193; see also Jamison, 194 F. Supp. 3d at 1028. Thus, the question here is 14 “whether the specific procedural violations alleged in this case actually harm, or present a 15 material risk of harm to, [Ms. Littlejohn’s informed use of credit].” Cf. Robins, 867 F.3d 16 at 1113. The Court holds that they are not. 17 Ms. Littlejohn took out a loan for $700.00 that was due a month later. 18 Notwithstanding how the loan was due one month later, her first TILA claim alleges 19 Defendant disclosed no payment schedule. (FAC ¶¶ 21, 37-40.) It is difficult to imagine 20 how Defendant’s failure to include a payment schedule on Ms. Littlejohn’s one-month loan 21 harmed or created a risk of real harm to her informed use of credit. Cf. Spokeo, 136 S.Ct. 22 at 1550. The contract’s plain text makes it clear that the one and only payment was due one 23 month later.3 24 The second claim is no different. The FAC alleges Defendant incorrectly disclosed 25 the “sum of the amount financed and the finance charge, which shall be termed the ‘total 26 of payments.’” (See FAC ¶¶ 41-44.) The loan agreement states that the $700.00 loan will 27 3 Ms. Littlejohn tries to transform her loan into a twelve-month one by referencing a 28 document that was never disclosed to her at the time of the loan and not part of the loan document. She cannot rewrite the loan in an effort to manufacture standing. 1 accrue interest at a 156% annual percentage rate with a $118.30 finance charge. (Doc. 40- 2 1 at 2.) It nonetheless lists $791.00 as the “total of payments.” (Id.) Recognizing that a 3 $700.00 loan with a $118.30 finance charge does not equal $791.00, Ms. Littlejohn alleges 4 that the correct “total of payments” should be $818.30 and sues. (FAC ¶ 44.) This allegation 5 belies any contrary claim that this incorrect listing harmed or presented a serious risk of 6 harm to Ms. Littlejohn’s informed use of credit. Cf. Robins, 867 F.3d at 1113. In fact, it is 7 even difficult to understand how Defendant’s failure to add these numbers together, 8 without more, necessarily impacted Ms. Littlejohn’s informed use of credit. It is equally as 9 difficult to understand how a mere $27.30 overstated total of payments, which appears to 10 be a simple calculation error (as Ms. Littlejohn herself recognizes), harmed her 11 Congressionally afforded interests. In absence of any attempt to seek alternative credit 12 sources or consequences because of Defendant’s failure to add these numbers, there is 13 nothing showing how Ms. Littlejohn’s borrowing was detrimentally impacted. 14 The last claim similarly falters, but on slightly different grounds. (FAC ¶¶ 46-49.) 15 It alleges Defendant incorrectly disclosed the “‘finance charge’ as $118.30, when the actual 16 ‘finance charge’ is 179.34.” (Id. ¶ 49.) While it is unclear where Ms. Littlejohn gets this 17 number from as it appears nowhere in the loan agreement, (see Doc. 40-1 at 2-3), the TILA 18 requires that a creditor disclose the finance charge. 15 U.S.C. § 1638(a)(3). The loan 19 agreement did that, and Ms. Littlejohn’s bald conclusion that it was incorrect is not enough 20 to allege injury, especially when there is nothing showing how this “incorrect” number 21 impacted her credit usage. Defendant also certainly cannot manufacture standing based on 22 an allegation that this number was “incorrect” without any support for such an accusation. 23 Therefore, since Defendant made the disclosure, it is difficult to understand how Ms. 24 Littlejohn’s informed use of credit was harmed or faced a serious risk of harm.4 25 4 The claim also fails under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 26 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 27 face.’” (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). Nothing in the FAC supports the allegation that this number is incorrect or shows how it is. Such an 28 allegation is tantamount to a legal conclusion, which cannot be accepted as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 1 In sum, none of Ms. Littlejohn’s alleged procedural violations, by itself, supports 2 an injury in fact finding. Id. Indeed, she “has not alleged that she would have evaluated the 3 terms of her [loan] differently, made a different choice had she been presented with 4 additional information, or in any way behaved other than she did had [D]efendant not 5 committed its alleged violations of the [TILA].” Cf. Cottle v. Monitech, Inc., No. 7:17-CV- 6 137-BO, 2017 WL 6519024, at *3 (E.D.N.C. Dec. 20, 2017), aff'd, 733 Fed. App'x 136 7 (4th Cir. 2018); Kelen, 259 F. Supp. 3d at 80 (“The [complaint] does not claim that 8 [plaintiff] changed her behavior in any way based on [defendant’s] allegedly insufficient 9 disclosures”); see also Danger, 355 F. Supp. 3d at 807 (noting that whether plaintiff “would 10 have pursued alternative funding” had the TILA violations not occurred is a relevant 11 consideration); Jamison, 194 F. Supp. 3d at 1028 (reasoning that no allegation that these 12 statutory disclosures were not given through other means, inter alia, fails to show any harm 13 to plaintiff’s underlying interests). Absent allegations establishing how Defendant’s TILA 14 violations harmed or created a material risk of harm to her informed use of credit, the Court 15 finds that these bare procedural violations allege no concrete injury. 16 2. No Allegations Otherwise Establish a Concrete Injury. 17 Ms. Littlejohn also claims the FAC alleges that Defendant’s conduct injured her 18 aside from harming or creating a material risk of harm to her informed use of credit. (Resp. 19 at 12-13 (citing FAC ¶¶ 30-36)). Not quite. It alleges she was “confused about the terms of 20 her [one-month] loan [that was due on May 24, 2018]” and “when she had to repay it.” (Id. 21 ¶¶ 19, 21-22, 28, 30, 33-34.) It further alleges she was deprived of “an accurate disclosure 22 statement with which to shop for further credit transactions with other potential lenders or 23 with Defendant,” but not that she actually explored other credit opportunities. (Id. ¶ 31.) It 24 last alleges she defaulted on her loan because she made her first payment on July 6, 2018. 25 (Id. ¶ 36.) None of these allegations illustrate an injury withstanding constitutional 26 scrutiny. 27 At most, the FAC generally alleges Ms. Littlejohn was “confused as to when her 28 payments were due.” (FAC ¶ 33.) Read most favorably to her, she was allegedly confused 1 because (1) she was not provided a payment schedule, (2) Defendant’s marketing materials 2 “lead [sic] her to believe her first payment was not due until several months following her 3 loan date,” and (3) “Defendant’s internal records” indicated “[her] payment was due on 4 May 24, 2018.” (Id. ¶¶ 34-36.) However, alleging general confusion as to a loan’s terms 5 “is not the same as an allegation that she was oblivious as to the true cost of her [credit] 6 transaction.” See Cottle, 2017 WL 6519024, at *3. Nor will the Court read this general 7 confusion about the loan’s terms as an “informational injury” for standing purposes, as this 8 theory is more appropriately resolved under Spokeo. See Wilderness Soc’y, Inc. v. Rey, 622 9 F.3d 1251, 1259 (9th Cir. 2010) (“Even though these rights necessarily involve the 10 dissemination of information, they are not thereby tantamount to a right to information per 11 se.”). Accordingly, Ms. Littlejohn’s general allegations of confusion do not establish an 12 injury in fact.5 13 Just alleging a deprivation of an accurate disclosure statement is likewise 14 insufficient. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 564 (“Such ‘some day’ intentions—without any 15 description of concrete plans, or indeed any specification of when the some day will be— 16 do not support a finding of the ‘actual or imminent’ injury that our cases require.”). There 17 is nothing in the FAC alleging Ms. Littlejohn did or even would have shopped for other 18 credit transactions had these disclosures be given. While the Court can certainly speculate 19 that she did in fact shop around, that is not its job. See id. at 561 (“The party invoking 20 federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing these elements.”). Instead, this 21 allegation essentially amounts to a cloaked procedural violation, which, as noted above, is 22 insufficient under these circumstances. 23 Lastly, simply alleging that Ms. Littlejohn defaulted on her loan does not do it either. 24 (See FAC ¶ 36.) In fact, the FAC alleges that this failure only “exposed her to repossession, 25 late charges, and additional finance charges.” (Id.) It says nothing about whether she 26 5 Relatedly, and as noted above, the Court is unsure how a favorable ruling would redress 27 Ms. Littlejohn’s confusion. Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614, 617 (1973); see also Simon v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26, 45-46 (1976). Defendant 28 raised this challenge, but Ms. Littlejohn, bearing the burden of establishing standing, failed to respond to it. 1 actually suffered a subsequent financial injury. Nor does it allege any damages resulting 2 from her failure to pay the loan. Even reading the allegations most favorably to her, the 3 Court is left wondering how she was injured, if at all, or even if her failure to pay was 4 caused by the disclosures. See City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 101 (1983) 5 (“Abstract injury is not enough.”). Again, the Court will not assume an unalleged, potential 6 injury.6 7 IV. LEAVE TO AMEND 8 “Dismissal is a harsh penalty and is to be imposed only in extreme circumstances.” 9 Henderson v. Duncan, 779 F.2d 1421, 1423 (9th Cir. 1986) (citing Raiford v. Pounds, 640 10 F.2d 944, 945 (9th Cir. 1981). In accordance with well-settled law in the Ninth Circuit, the 11 Court will grant Ms. Littlejohn leave to amend her complaint because “it is not ‘absolutely 12 clear’ that [she] could not cure [the FAC’s] deficiencies by amendment.” See Jackson v. 13 Barnes, 749 F.3d 755, 767 (9th Cir. 2014) (citations omitted); Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2) 14 (“leave to amend should be “freely” given “when justice so requires”). 15 Accordingly, within thirty (30) days from the date of entry of this Order, Ms. 16 Littlejohn may submit a second amended complaint addressing the deficiencies identified 17 above. Ms. Littlejohn must clearly designate on the face of the document that it is the 18 “Second Amended Complaint.” If she decides to file a second amended complaint, she is 19 reminded that an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint, see Lacey v. 20 Maricopa Cty., 693 F.3d 896 (9th Cir. 2012), and it must be complete in itself and “must 21 not incorporate by reference any part of the preceding pleading, including exhibits,” LRCiv 22 15.1. 23 V. CONCLUSION 24 Ms. Littlejohn once again alleges mere procedural violations divorced from any 25 harm or material risk of harm to her informed use of credit. Cf. Robins, 867 F.3d at 1113. 26 She also has not otherwise alleged a concrete injury apart from harm or a risk of harm to

27 6 As previously noted, Ms. Littlejohn makes no attempt at establishing that her injuries were caused by Defendant’s conduct or that a favorable decision would redress them. See 28 Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561. Nonetheless, the Court need not address these things since Ms. Littlejohn has failed to establish injury in fact. her informed use of credit. Nonetheless, the Court is hesitant to dismiss the case with || prejudice, and will give her another opportunity to fix these deficiencies. 3 4 Accordingly, 5 6 IT IS ORDERED GRANTING Defendant Phoenix Title Loans LLC’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs First Amended Complaint, (Doc. 42); 8 9 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff may file a Second Amended Complaint within thirty (30) days of this Order’s date. If no Second Amended Complaint 11 || is filed within thirty days, the Clerk of Court is directed to terminate this case without || further order by the Court. 13 14 Dated this 15th day of May, 2020. 15 16 = 17 ox — +S 18 Gnted States District lodge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

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