MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be Nov 09 2018, 10:25 am regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Scott H. Duerring Curtis T. Hill, Jr. South Bend, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Chandra K. Hein Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Lindani A. Mzembe, November 9, 2018 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-CR-1035 v. Appeal from the St. Joseph Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Jeffrey L. Sanford, Appellee-Plaintiff Judge Trial Court Cause No. 71D03-1409-F1-6
Tavitas, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1035 | November 9, 2018 Page 1 of 8 Case Summary
[1] Lindani Mzembe appeals his conviction for burglary, a Level 2 felony. We
affirm.
Issue
[2] Mzembe raises a single issue in his brief, which we restate as whether the
evidence of the “breaking” requirement was sufficient to support Mzembe’s
burglary conviction.
Facts
[3] Before leaving for work, James Munoz (“James”) took out the trash from his
house to the back alley behind his house. When James was in the alley, he was
approached by two men. One of those men had a gun. The men asked James
for money and told him to get on the ground. James only had five or six dollars
in his wallet, so the men asked James what he had in the house. James,
instead, offered his phone and wallet, hoping the men would not want to go
inside his home where his pregnant wife and daughter were located.
Apparently unsatisfied with that offer, the men forced James into the house.
[4] The men walked James through the house to see what valuable items the men
could steal. The men eventually made their way upstairs, where James’ wife,
Jennifer Munoz (“Jennifer”), and James’ daughter were sleeping. The men
continued to grow increasingly frustrated because James did not have anything
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1035 | November 9, 2018 Page 2 of 8 the men perceived to be valuable to steal. James offered the men his computer,
hoping the men would take it and leave the home.
[5] During the process of rummaging through James’ and Jennifer’s home, the men
gathered the family in the living room and ordered the family to kneel and face
the couch. During this time, the men focused the gun on Jennifer. When
James saw an opportunity, he reached for the gun and told Jennifer to run.
James struggled for the gun and, at one point, was fighting both men for control
of the weapon. Suddenly, James noticed that he had blood on his face and in
his eyes from being hit with the gun in the struggle. After fighting with James
for some time, the men ran away, and James immediately tended to his crying
daughter.
[6] Jennifer was able to escape and ran to the home of Brenda Hutchins to call the
police. Shortly after, Officers Nathan Wojtysiak and Scott Robinson of the
Mishawaka Police Department, arrived at the Munoz home. The officers could
see that someone was still in the house, so they approached the house from
both the front and back. Officer Robinson observed a man with a gun and
ordered him to stop. The individual with the gun then started running. The
officers were joined by Corporal Matthew Porter, and they all chased the
suspect. Ultimately, the officers were able to catch and arrest Tremayne
Grundy. Grundy identified Mzembe as the other man who committed the
robbery with him. Mzembe was able to leave the house without being
immediately caught by police. Missing from the Munoz home were James’
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1035 | November 9, 2018 Page 3 of 8 computer, wallet, and phone, and Jennifer’s phone and keys. James was
transported to the hospital for treatment of his injuries from the incident.
[7] Later that day, Susan Freeman, another neighbor of James and Jennifer, found
her side gate ajar, a black hooded sweatshirt hanging on her gate, and a set of
keys in her yard. Freeman called the police to collect the items based on her
knowledge of the incident at the Munoz house earlier that day. The DNA
found on the sweatshirt in Freeman’s yard was consistent with DNA taken
from both James and Mzembe.
[8] The next day, James identified Mzembe in a photo lineup shown to him by the
police as one of the two men that participated in the armed robbery of his
home. Police discovered the gun found in Grundy’s possession was registered
to an individual named Dirtrice Harris, who is Mzembe’s former girlfriend, and
the mother of Mzembe’s child.
[9] The State ultimately charged Mzembe with robbery with a deadly weapon, a
Level 3 felony; burglary, a Level 2 felony; and robbery resulting in bodily
injury, a Level 3 felony. A jury found Mzembe guilty of all three charges.
Mzembe was sentenced to sixteen years in the Department of Correction for the
robbery with a deadly weapon conviction; thirty years for the burglary
conviction; and sixteen years for the robbery resulting in bodily injury
conviction. The court ordered Mzembe’s sentences to run consecutively to
each other, for an aggregate sentence of sixty-two years.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1035 | November 9, 2018 Page 4 of 8 Analysis
[10] Mzembe challenges the sufficiency of the evidence related to his burglary
conviction. 1 When there is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, “[w]e
neither reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility.” Gibson v. State, 51
N.E.3d 204, 210 (Ind. 2016) (citing Bieghler v. State, 481 N.E.2d 78, 84 (Ind.
1985)). Instead, “we ‘consider only that evidence most favorable to the
judgment together with all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom.’” Id.
(quoting Bieghler, 481 N.E.2d at 84). “We will affirm the judgment if it is
supported by ‘substantial evidence of probative value even if there is some
conflict in that evidence.’” Id. (quoting Bieghler, 481 N.E.2d at 84); see also
McCallister v. State, 91 N.E.3d 554, 558 (Ind. 2018) (holding that, even though
there was conflicting evidence, it was “beside the point” because that argument
“misapprehend[s] our limited role as a reviewing court”). Further, “[w]e will
affirm the conviction unless no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of
the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Love v. State, 73 N.E.3d 693, 696
(Ind. 2017) (citing Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007)).
[11] Mzembe specifically argues that the State did not prove there was a “breaking,”
and, therefore, the evidence was insufficient as to his burglary conviction. The
State charged Mzembe with burglary, a Level 2 felony. “A person who breaks
1 Mzembe raises only one issue focused on the “evidence to convict of Burglary,” Appellant’s Br. p. 4.
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be Nov 09 2018, 10:25 am regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Scott H. Duerring Curtis T. Hill, Jr. South Bend, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Chandra K. Hein Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Lindani A. Mzembe, November 9, 2018 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-CR-1035 v. Appeal from the St. Joseph Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Jeffrey L. Sanford, Appellee-Plaintiff Judge Trial Court Cause No. 71D03-1409-F1-6
Tavitas, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1035 | November 9, 2018 Page 1 of 8 Case Summary
[1] Lindani Mzembe appeals his conviction for burglary, a Level 2 felony. We
affirm.
Issue
[2] Mzembe raises a single issue in his brief, which we restate as whether the
evidence of the “breaking” requirement was sufficient to support Mzembe’s
burglary conviction.
Facts
[3] Before leaving for work, James Munoz (“James”) took out the trash from his
house to the back alley behind his house. When James was in the alley, he was
approached by two men. One of those men had a gun. The men asked James
for money and told him to get on the ground. James only had five or six dollars
in his wallet, so the men asked James what he had in the house. James,
instead, offered his phone and wallet, hoping the men would not want to go
inside his home where his pregnant wife and daughter were located.
Apparently unsatisfied with that offer, the men forced James into the house.
[4] The men walked James through the house to see what valuable items the men
could steal. The men eventually made their way upstairs, where James’ wife,
Jennifer Munoz (“Jennifer”), and James’ daughter were sleeping. The men
continued to grow increasingly frustrated because James did not have anything
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1035 | November 9, 2018 Page 2 of 8 the men perceived to be valuable to steal. James offered the men his computer,
hoping the men would take it and leave the home.
[5] During the process of rummaging through James’ and Jennifer’s home, the men
gathered the family in the living room and ordered the family to kneel and face
the couch. During this time, the men focused the gun on Jennifer. When
James saw an opportunity, he reached for the gun and told Jennifer to run.
James struggled for the gun and, at one point, was fighting both men for control
of the weapon. Suddenly, James noticed that he had blood on his face and in
his eyes from being hit with the gun in the struggle. After fighting with James
for some time, the men ran away, and James immediately tended to his crying
daughter.
[6] Jennifer was able to escape and ran to the home of Brenda Hutchins to call the
police. Shortly after, Officers Nathan Wojtysiak and Scott Robinson of the
Mishawaka Police Department, arrived at the Munoz home. The officers could
see that someone was still in the house, so they approached the house from
both the front and back. Officer Robinson observed a man with a gun and
ordered him to stop. The individual with the gun then started running. The
officers were joined by Corporal Matthew Porter, and they all chased the
suspect. Ultimately, the officers were able to catch and arrest Tremayne
Grundy. Grundy identified Mzembe as the other man who committed the
robbery with him. Mzembe was able to leave the house without being
immediately caught by police. Missing from the Munoz home were James’
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1035 | November 9, 2018 Page 3 of 8 computer, wallet, and phone, and Jennifer’s phone and keys. James was
transported to the hospital for treatment of his injuries from the incident.
[7] Later that day, Susan Freeman, another neighbor of James and Jennifer, found
her side gate ajar, a black hooded sweatshirt hanging on her gate, and a set of
keys in her yard. Freeman called the police to collect the items based on her
knowledge of the incident at the Munoz house earlier that day. The DNA
found on the sweatshirt in Freeman’s yard was consistent with DNA taken
from both James and Mzembe.
[8] The next day, James identified Mzembe in a photo lineup shown to him by the
police as one of the two men that participated in the armed robbery of his
home. Police discovered the gun found in Grundy’s possession was registered
to an individual named Dirtrice Harris, who is Mzembe’s former girlfriend, and
the mother of Mzembe’s child.
[9] The State ultimately charged Mzembe with robbery with a deadly weapon, a
Level 3 felony; burglary, a Level 2 felony; and robbery resulting in bodily
injury, a Level 3 felony. A jury found Mzembe guilty of all three charges.
Mzembe was sentenced to sixteen years in the Department of Correction for the
robbery with a deadly weapon conviction; thirty years for the burglary
conviction; and sixteen years for the robbery resulting in bodily injury
conviction. The court ordered Mzembe’s sentences to run consecutively to
each other, for an aggregate sentence of sixty-two years.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1035 | November 9, 2018 Page 4 of 8 Analysis
[10] Mzembe challenges the sufficiency of the evidence related to his burglary
conviction. 1 When there is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, “[w]e
neither reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility.” Gibson v. State, 51
N.E.3d 204, 210 (Ind. 2016) (citing Bieghler v. State, 481 N.E.2d 78, 84 (Ind.
1985)). Instead, “we ‘consider only that evidence most favorable to the
judgment together with all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom.’” Id.
(quoting Bieghler, 481 N.E.2d at 84). “We will affirm the judgment if it is
supported by ‘substantial evidence of probative value even if there is some
conflict in that evidence.’” Id. (quoting Bieghler, 481 N.E.2d at 84); see also
McCallister v. State, 91 N.E.3d 554, 558 (Ind. 2018) (holding that, even though
there was conflicting evidence, it was “beside the point” because that argument
“misapprehend[s] our limited role as a reviewing court”). Further, “[w]e will
affirm the conviction unless no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of
the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Love v. State, 73 N.E.3d 693, 696
(Ind. 2017) (citing Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007)).
[11] Mzembe specifically argues that the State did not prove there was a “breaking,”
and, therefore, the evidence was insufficient as to his burglary conviction. The
State charged Mzembe with burglary, a Level 2 felony. “A person who breaks
1 Mzembe raises only one issue focused on the “evidence to convict of Burglary,” Appellant’s Br. p. 4. Mzembe has not challenged any of his other convictions and, therefore, we focus our analysis only on the burglary conviction and, specifically, on the “breaking” element.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1035 | November 9, 2018 Page 5 of 8 and enters the building or structure of another person, with intent to commit a
felony or theft in it, commits burglary, a Level 5 felony.” Ind. Code § 35-43-2-
1. The offense is a Level 2 felony if it is committed while armed with a deadly
weapon or results in serious bodily injury to any person other than a defendant.
Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1(3). The State was required to prove that there was a
“breaking” to adequately prove all the elements of burglary.
[12] “The element of breaking is satisfied by showing that even the slightest force
was used to gain unauthorized entry.” Davis v. State, 743 N.E.2d 751, 753 (Ind.
2001) (citing Trice v. State, 490 N.E.2d 757, 758-59 (Ind. 1986)). “Opening an
unlocked door or pushing a door that is slightly ajar constitutes a breaking.”
Davis, 743 N.E.2d at 753 (citing Utley v. State, 589 N.E.2d 232, 241 (Ind. 1992));
see also Anderson v. State, 37 N.E.3d 972, 972 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (holding that
“rushing someone to gain unauthorized entry is sufficient evidence of force
used” to prove a breaking). “The occurrence of a breaking may be proven
entirely by circumstantial evidence.” Id. (citing McCovens v. State, 529 N.E.2d
26 (Ind. 1989)). Finally, “[t]he element of ‘breaking’ can also be accomplished
by forcing a person to open the door to a residence.” Jenkins v. State, 34 N.E.3d
258, 262 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (citing Dew v. State, 439 N.E.2d 624, 625 (Ind.
1982)), trans. denied.
[13] Mzembe argues that there was no direct evidence of a breaking and that the
circumstantial evidence is “wholly inconclusive.” Appellant’s Br. p. 6.
Therefore, Mzembe argues, the State did not prove all the elements of burglary
and, accordingly, the evidence was insufficient to convict Mzembe of burglary.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1035 | November 9, 2018 Page 6 of 8 This court has denied that conclusive evidence is required to prove a breaking.
See Jenkins, 34 N.E.3d at 262 (noting that our supreme court “has also held the
use of physical force against a victim to gain entry into a residence was
sufficient to prove the element of breaking independent of conclusive evidence
force was used to open the residence’s door”) (citations omitted).
[14] Our supreme court addressed a similar breaking issue in Dew v. State. In Dew,
Dew was involved in a motor vehicle accident with a mother and her daughter.
439 N.E.2d at 624. After the mother, daughter, and Dew exited their vehicles
to inspect the damage from the collision, Dew drew a gun and forced the
mother to empty her purse. Id. Dew then drove the mother and daughter to
their home, forced the mother to open the door with her keys, and took the car,
television, stereo, and other items. Id. Dew argued there was insufficient
evidence of a breaking because the “victim opened the door to her home with
her keys” while Dew had a gun pointed at the victim. Id. Our supreme court
concluded “‘by forcing the victim at gunpoint to unlock the door and let him
into the house, appellant was as guilty of breaking as if he had taken the keys
from her hand and unlocked the door himself.’” Id. at 624-25 (quoting Moore v.
State, 369 N.E.2d 628 (Ind. 1977)). The Dew court held that “when access is
accomplished by threatening the victim with force to unlock the door and allow
entry, a breaking as an essential element of burglary, has occurred.” Id. at 625.
[15] James testified that the men “forced” him into the house after displaying a gun.
Tr. Vol. II p. 69. James stated that he was nervous to resist the suspects’
request to enter because the men had a gun. James also testified that he did not
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1035 | November 9, 2018 Page 7 of 8 want to tell the men the door “wasn’t locked.” Id. This statement could lead
the jury to the reasonable conclusion that the door was closed but unlocked. As
discussed above, opening an unlocked door meets the requirements of the
breaking element. See Davis, 743 N.E.2d at 753. While Mzembe offers several
possible theories about the condition of the door, including possible theories
about how it is likely the door remained open while James took out the trash,
we will not reweigh the evidence. See McCallister, 91 N.E.3d at 558.
[16] Furthermore, it is irrelevant to our analysis if the jury believed that James, and
not Mzembe, opened the door to the house. James testified that the men had a
gun and that he did not resist because he feared the use of the gun. Therefore,
the jury could reasonably conclude that Mzembe forced James to open the door
to let him into James’ home. As in Dew, by pointing a gun at James and
instructing James to open the door to his own home, Mzembe employed
sufficient force to meet the breaking requirement for burglary. Therefore, we
cannot say the evidence was insufficient to convict Mzembe of burglary.
Conclusion
[17] There is sufficient evidence of a “breaking” to support Mzembe’s conviction for
burglary. We affirm.
[18] Affirmed.
Brown, J., and Altice, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1035 | November 9, 2018 Page 8 of 8