NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 20 2019 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
LINDA ANN BAILLIE, individually, and as No. 17-17022 Personal Representative of the Estate of the Deceased/ and on behalf of all heirs and next D.C. No. 2:14-cv-00420-SMM of kin of the deceased, Estate of James Donald Baillie, II, MEMORANDUM* Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
MEDAIRE, INC.; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona Stephen M. McNamee, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 5, 2019 Phoenix, Arizona
Before: IKUTA and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and BLOCK,** District Judge.
Linda Ann Baillie appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
defendants MedAire, Inc. and two of its physicians (collectively, “MedAire”) in
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Frederic Block, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation. her suit under the Montreal Convention (the “Convention”) arising out of a heart
attack that her husband, James Baillie, suffered on a British Airways flight from
London to Phoenix. Reviewing de novo, Pavoni v. Chrysler Grp., LLC, 789 F.3d
1095, 1098 (9th Cir. 2015), we reverse.
To prevail in her claim under Article 17 of the Convention, Baillie must
prove that MedAire’s actions (1) constituted “an unexpected and unusual event or
happening that is external to the passenger” (2) that comprised “some link in the
chain” of events that led to Mr. Baillie’s death.1 Air France v. Saks, 470 U.S. 392,
405–06 (1985); see also Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for
International Carriage by Air art. 17(1), ratified August 29, 2003, S. Treaty Doc.
No. 106-45, 2242 U.N.T.S. 309. Baillie has presented sufficient evidence, taken in
the light most favorable to her as the nonmovant, to establish a genuine issue as to
these material facts. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986).
First, a reasonable jury could conclude that MedAire acted in an unusual or
unexpected manner by failing to recommend that the airline divert the flight so that
1 We do not consider whether the Montreal Convention applies to MedAire in this case. See Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air art. 30, ratified August 29, 2003, S. Treaty Doc. No. 106-45, 2242 U.N.T.S. 309 (hereinafter “Montreal Convention”) (Convention’s liability regime applicable to agents of air carriers). The parties have not appealed the district court’s determination that the Convention applies, and the issue does not affect our subject matter jurisdiction, cf. Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 516 (2006) (“[W]hen Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional in character.”).
2 Mr. Ballie could receive medical attention. To determine whether MedAire’s
actions were expected or usual, the jury would consider industry standards, best
practices, expert medical testimony, and any other relevant evidence. See, e.g.,
Prescod v. AMR, Inc., 383 F.3d 861, 868 (9th Cir. 2004) (“While baggage removal
and delivery delays are routine in air travel, the atypical aspect of this case was the
promises made by defendants’ employees that the bag would not be taken from
[the passenger] and would not be delayed.”); Fishman v. Delta Air Lines, 132 F.3d
138, 143 (2d Cir. 1998) (“The application of a hot compress . . . may have been a
routine measure for relieving the pain suffered by passengers incident to the
descent of the aircraft; but the measure was carried out in a way (using excessive,
scalding water) that was not expected, usual, normal, or routine.”). Baillie’s expert
witness, cardiologist Dr. Candipan, testified that he would have expected a
physician to recognize Mr. Baillie’s symptoms as consistent with a heart attack and
to have recommended a diversion accordingly. MedAire’s expert contested that
medical opinion and also argued that the decision whether to divert a flight
depends on other factors. This dispute causes the question whether MedAire’s
advice was unexpected to be one a jury must resolve in light of all of the evidence
and conflicting expert testimony.2
2 Contrary to the dissent’s suggestion, it is not inappropriate to evaluate MedAire’s conduct against a negligence standard to help determine whether
3 Second, a reasonable jury could conclude that MedAire’s actions were a link
in the causal chain that resulted in Mr. Baillie’s death. Although MedAire
contends that Baillie cannot establish the requisite causation because Dr. Candipan
could not opine to a reasonable degree of medical probability that Mr. Baillie
would have survived had he undergone surgery sooner, the deposition testimony
on which it relies does not establish precisely what Dr. Candipan believed James’s
odds of survival would have been. Taking this testimony in the light most
favorable to Baillie, a jury could credit Dr. Candipan’s opinion that there was a
non-negligible chance that James would have survived. Similarly, both Dr.
Candipan and MedAire’s expert physician agreed that some benefit could have
resulted had his artery been reopened between six and eight hours after the onset of
his heart attack. There is thus a genuine question of material fact as to whether
MedAire’s actions were at least some link in the causal chain leading to Mr.
MedAire’s conduct was unexpected or unusual. The Convention provides for unlimited liability for negligent conduct that also qualifies as an accident, but it also imposes strict liability subject to a damages cap for accidents for which the defendant proves lack of negligence or other fault. See Montreal Convention art. 21 (“For damages arising under paragraph 1 of Article 17 not exceeding 100 000 Special Drawing Rights for each passenger, the carrier shall not be able to exclude or limit its liability,” but the carrier’s liability is limited if it proves “such damage was not due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the carrier or its servants or agents.”). The language the dissent cites from Olympic Airways v. Husain, 540 U.S. 644, 657 (2004), about the inapplicability of a negligence standard stems from the existence of the Convention’s strict liability provisions and does not suggest that a higher level of fault than negligence is required for any liability.
4 Baillie’s injuries and death.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
5 FILED MAR 20 2019 Baillie v. MedAire, Inc., 17-17022 IKUTA, Circuit Judge, dissenting: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I would affirm the district court. Baillie has not raised a genuine issue of
material fact as to whether there was an “accident” under the Montreal Convention,
because Baillie presented no evidence that MedAire’s failure to recommend a
flight diversion was “unexpected or unusual” in this case. Air France v. Saks, 470
U.S.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 20 2019 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
LINDA ANN BAILLIE, individually, and as No. 17-17022 Personal Representative of the Estate of the Deceased/ and on behalf of all heirs and next D.C. No. 2:14-cv-00420-SMM of kin of the deceased, Estate of James Donald Baillie, II, MEMORANDUM* Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
MEDAIRE, INC.; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona Stephen M. McNamee, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 5, 2019 Phoenix, Arizona
Before: IKUTA and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and BLOCK,** District Judge.
Linda Ann Baillie appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
defendants MedAire, Inc. and two of its physicians (collectively, “MedAire”) in
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Frederic Block, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation. her suit under the Montreal Convention (the “Convention”) arising out of a heart
attack that her husband, James Baillie, suffered on a British Airways flight from
London to Phoenix. Reviewing de novo, Pavoni v. Chrysler Grp., LLC, 789 F.3d
1095, 1098 (9th Cir. 2015), we reverse.
To prevail in her claim under Article 17 of the Convention, Baillie must
prove that MedAire’s actions (1) constituted “an unexpected and unusual event or
happening that is external to the passenger” (2) that comprised “some link in the
chain” of events that led to Mr. Baillie’s death.1 Air France v. Saks, 470 U.S. 392,
405–06 (1985); see also Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for
International Carriage by Air art. 17(1), ratified August 29, 2003, S. Treaty Doc.
No. 106-45, 2242 U.N.T.S. 309. Baillie has presented sufficient evidence, taken in
the light most favorable to her as the nonmovant, to establish a genuine issue as to
these material facts. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986).
First, a reasonable jury could conclude that MedAire acted in an unusual or
unexpected manner by failing to recommend that the airline divert the flight so that
1 We do not consider whether the Montreal Convention applies to MedAire in this case. See Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air art. 30, ratified August 29, 2003, S. Treaty Doc. No. 106-45, 2242 U.N.T.S. 309 (hereinafter “Montreal Convention”) (Convention’s liability regime applicable to agents of air carriers). The parties have not appealed the district court’s determination that the Convention applies, and the issue does not affect our subject matter jurisdiction, cf. Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 516 (2006) (“[W]hen Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional in character.”).
2 Mr. Ballie could receive medical attention. To determine whether MedAire’s
actions were expected or usual, the jury would consider industry standards, best
practices, expert medical testimony, and any other relevant evidence. See, e.g.,
Prescod v. AMR, Inc., 383 F.3d 861, 868 (9th Cir. 2004) (“While baggage removal
and delivery delays are routine in air travel, the atypical aspect of this case was the
promises made by defendants’ employees that the bag would not be taken from
[the passenger] and would not be delayed.”); Fishman v. Delta Air Lines, 132 F.3d
138, 143 (2d Cir. 1998) (“The application of a hot compress . . . may have been a
routine measure for relieving the pain suffered by passengers incident to the
descent of the aircraft; but the measure was carried out in a way (using excessive,
scalding water) that was not expected, usual, normal, or routine.”). Baillie’s expert
witness, cardiologist Dr. Candipan, testified that he would have expected a
physician to recognize Mr. Baillie’s symptoms as consistent with a heart attack and
to have recommended a diversion accordingly. MedAire’s expert contested that
medical opinion and also argued that the decision whether to divert a flight
depends on other factors. This dispute causes the question whether MedAire’s
advice was unexpected to be one a jury must resolve in light of all of the evidence
and conflicting expert testimony.2
2 Contrary to the dissent’s suggestion, it is not inappropriate to evaluate MedAire’s conduct against a negligence standard to help determine whether
3 Second, a reasonable jury could conclude that MedAire’s actions were a link
in the causal chain that resulted in Mr. Baillie’s death. Although MedAire
contends that Baillie cannot establish the requisite causation because Dr. Candipan
could not opine to a reasonable degree of medical probability that Mr. Baillie
would have survived had he undergone surgery sooner, the deposition testimony
on which it relies does not establish precisely what Dr. Candipan believed James’s
odds of survival would have been. Taking this testimony in the light most
favorable to Baillie, a jury could credit Dr. Candipan’s opinion that there was a
non-negligible chance that James would have survived. Similarly, both Dr.
Candipan and MedAire’s expert physician agreed that some benefit could have
resulted had his artery been reopened between six and eight hours after the onset of
his heart attack. There is thus a genuine question of material fact as to whether
MedAire’s actions were at least some link in the causal chain leading to Mr.
MedAire’s conduct was unexpected or unusual. The Convention provides for unlimited liability for negligent conduct that also qualifies as an accident, but it also imposes strict liability subject to a damages cap for accidents for which the defendant proves lack of negligence or other fault. See Montreal Convention art. 21 (“For damages arising under paragraph 1 of Article 17 not exceeding 100 000 Special Drawing Rights for each passenger, the carrier shall not be able to exclude or limit its liability,” but the carrier’s liability is limited if it proves “such damage was not due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the carrier or its servants or agents.”). The language the dissent cites from Olympic Airways v. Husain, 540 U.S. 644, 657 (2004), about the inapplicability of a negligence standard stems from the existence of the Convention’s strict liability provisions and does not suggest that a higher level of fault than negligence is required for any liability.
4 Baillie’s injuries and death.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
5 FILED MAR 20 2019 Baillie v. MedAire, Inc., 17-17022 IKUTA, Circuit Judge, dissenting: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I would affirm the district court. Baillie has not raised a genuine issue of
material fact as to whether there was an “accident” under the Montreal Convention,
because Baillie presented no evidence that MedAire’s failure to recommend a
flight diversion was “unexpected or unusual” in this case. Air France v. Saks, 470
U.S. 392, 405 (1985).
Baillie’s evidence does not include any indicia of an “accident” identified in
Supreme Court or our precedent. Baillie failed to show that the defendants
violated applicable industry standards or internal company policies. Cf. Olympic
Airways v. Husain, 540 U.S. 644, 656 (2004). Nor did Baillie show that
defendants failed to honor an explicit request for assistance knowing that such
failure could lead to serious health consequences. Cf. id.; see also Prescod v.
AMR, Inc., 383 F.3d 861, 868 (9th Cir. 2004). Even if mere negligence in failing
to recommend a diversion could rise to the level of an “unexpected or unusual”
event (and Husain, 540 U.S. at 657, suggests it does not),1 Baillie offers no
1 The majority is incorrect to suggest that the question whether a carrier was negligent has a bearing on the question whether a particular event constitutes an “accident” that triggers liability under Article 17 of the Montreal Convention. An accident means an “unexpected or unusual event,” Saks, 470 U.S. at 405; therefore the proper inquiry in this case is whether MedAire’s actions or failures to act were unexpected or unusual, not whether they were negligent. See Husain, 540 U.S. at (continued...) evidence of such negligence here. Rather, Baillie offers evidence regarding the
standard of care expected from a cardiologist treating a patient on the scene and
fails to show how this standard is relevant to a remote medical advisor making a
recommendation to a pilot based on limited data.
Because Baillie has not raised a genuine issue of material fact that
MedAire’s recommendation was negligent, let alone “unexpected or unusual” in
this case, I dissent.
1 (...continued) 657. The majority’s citation to Article 21 of the Montreal Convention is inapposite. While a carrier may have greater or lesser exposure to damages depending on its negligence, the carrier’s monetary exposure tells us nothing about whether an accident occurred in the first place.