Mr. Justice Van Obsdee
delivered the opinion of the Court:
A number of assignments are made of errors alleged to have occurred in the course of the trial, which, we think, need not be considered. For the purposes of this appeal, it is only necessary to consider the assignment charging error in granting the peremptory instruction of the defendant directing a verdict in its favor. The order or assignment upon which defendant assorts its right to the fund in question consists of the following letter:
Baltimore, February 17, 1906.
Messrs. Thompson-Starrett Co.,
14th and G Streets N. W., Washington, D. C.
Gentlemen:—
We hereby authorize you to pay over to the National Metropolitan Citizens Bank any and all payments as they may become [366]*366due, according to our contract with you for work to be done on the National Metropolitan Citizens Bank building.
.Very truly yours,
(Seal) Southern Construction Company,
Warfield Ward, President.
J. Hurst Purnell, See. & Treas.
Accepted by
Thompson-Starrett Co.
B. C. Dickinson, Mgr.
Two days prior to the giving of this order, a letter was written by the Southern Construction Company to the president of the bank, which is to some extent explanatory of their transactions. It is as follows:
Feb. 15, 1906.
Mr. E. S. Parker,
President National Metropolitan Citizens Bank,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir:—
Confirming the conversation the writer had with you this morning, we beg to make application for a loan of $2,000. We have at present $6,000 worth of hollow tile fireproofing stored in Washington, which is to be used in fireproofing your new building. We are willing to' assign this material over to you, and likewise any payment which will be due us from the Thompson-Starrett Company on our erection of the work. This loan to be placed to our credit in your bank and to be subject to our check.
We would be very glad to have an answer from you by Saturday, February 17 th.
Respectfully submitted,
Southern Construction Co.
The validity of this assignment is vigorously assailed by counsel for plaintiff. We think it ‘ unnecessary, however, to [367]*367consider this point, since, conceding, for the purposes of this appeal, that the assignment is valid, a question upon which we express no opinion, it is apparent that, at the date of the attachment, the loan for which it had been taken by the bank as security had been satisfied-, at least, to the extent of preventing the bank from claiming a lien on the fund in question superior to that acquired by the attaching creditor. It appears that the bank applied the last payment received from the ThompsonStarrett Company, amounting to $885.50, to the reduction of the original loan, and took a new note on August 14, 1906, for the sum of $1,200, surrendering the original note. The new note reads as follows:
$1,200. Washington, D. C., August 14, 1906.
Sixty days after date we promise to pay to the order of ourselves twelve hundred dollars at National Metropolitan Bank, Washington, D. C.
Southern Construction Co.,
Warfield Ward, President,
J. Hurst Purnell, Sec.-Tr.
Value received.
No. --•
Due Oct. 15th.
The note was indorsed on the back as follows:
J. Hurst Purnell,
Warfield Ward,
Southern Construction Company,
410 Cont. Bldg., Balto., Md. .
This note was allowed to become long overdue. The bank, on July 15, 1907, took the personal note of J. Hurst Purnell for the sum of $1,200, and took the note of the construction com[368]*368pany as collateral security for the payment of the personal note. The Purnell note reads, in part, as follows:
$1,200. Washington, D. C., July 15, 1907.
On demand, for value received, I-promise to pay to the National Metropolitan Bank of Washington, or order, at office of said bank, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, twelve hundred dollars, with interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum, having deposited with said bank, as collateral security for the payment of this note, and also as collateral for all other present and future demands of any and all kind, of the said bank against the undersigned, due, or not due, the following property, viz.:
Note, Southern Construction Company, for $1,200, dated August 14, 1906, for sixty days, and indorsed by Warfield Ward and J. Hurst Purnell, and do hereby authorize the said bank, on the nonperformance of this promise, or the nonpayment of any of the demands aforesaid, or failure to furnish further security as hereafter agreed, to sell the whole or any part of. said collaterals or substitutes therefor or additions thereto, at any broker’s board or public or private sale, at the option of the said bank without notice, etc.
The Purnell note, by this transaction, became the primary evidence of indebtedness. The bank could not recover on both notes. Neither, could -it. select-which one it might treat as the primary security. It had placed itself in a position where it could only dispose of the construction company note as collateral in the event of its failure to recover on the Purnell note, — a contingency which never happened. The law does not favor uncertainties. The bank cannot treat Purnell as its debtor on its books, and thereby, for the purpose of inspection, remove overdue paper from its books, and, at the same time, claim the protection here sought in the courts. The auditor for the bank attempted to explain the reason for the taking of the Purnell note as follows: “This note was given to keep an overdue note of the Southern Construction Company off the books, balance of $1,200 due on the Southern Construction Company note, [369]*369and tbe note was taken from Mr. Purnell with that Southern Construction note as collateral in order to keep the paper alive, take the overdue paper off the books.” On the strength of this testimony, it is claimed that the bank never surrendered possession of the construction company note. Its officer at the trial did not so testify. His evidence is that the note “had never been out of the bank.” This, however, is of little importance, since the taking of the Purnell note and the transfer of the construction company note to the position of collateral security constituted in law a constructive delivery of the construction company note to Purnell and a change of possession. The transaction must be treated as a novation, whereby the bank surrendered its security under the assignment from the construction company, and accepted the primary obligation of Purnell, secured by the construction company note, which Purnell put up as collateral. The title to the construction company note passed to Purnell, and with it all right of the bank to assert its lien against the fund here in question became extinguished.
It is claimed by counsel for defendant that the assignment was general in its terms, and nothing short of the satisfaction of the debt to the bank would satisfy the object and purpose of the assignment.
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Mr. Justice Van Obsdee
delivered the opinion of the Court:
A number of assignments are made of errors alleged to have occurred in the course of the trial, which, we think, need not be considered. For the purposes of this appeal, it is only necessary to consider the assignment charging error in granting the peremptory instruction of the defendant directing a verdict in its favor. The order or assignment upon which defendant assorts its right to the fund in question consists of the following letter:
Baltimore, February 17, 1906.
Messrs. Thompson-Starrett Co.,
14th and G Streets N. W., Washington, D. C.
Gentlemen:—
We hereby authorize you to pay over to the National Metropolitan Citizens Bank any and all payments as they may become [366]*366due, according to our contract with you for work to be done on the National Metropolitan Citizens Bank building.
.Very truly yours,
(Seal) Southern Construction Company,
Warfield Ward, President.
J. Hurst Purnell, See. & Treas.
Accepted by
Thompson-Starrett Co.
B. C. Dickinson, Mgr.
Two days prior to the giving of this order, a letter was written by the Southern Construction Company to the president of the bank, which is to some extent explanatory of their transactions. It is as follows:
Feb. 15, 1906.
Mr. E. S. Parker,
President National Metropolitan Citizens Bank,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir:—
Confirming the conversation the writer had with you this morning, we beg to make application for a loan of $2,000. We have at present $6,000 worth of hollow tile fireproofing stored in Washington, which is to be used in fireproofing your new building. We are willing to' assign this material over to you, and likewise any payment which will be due us from the Thompson-Starrett Company on our erection of the work. This loan to be placed to our credit in your bank and to be subject to our check.
We would be very glad to have an answer from you by Saturday, February 17 th.
Respectfully submitted,
Southern Construction Co.
The validity of this assignment is vigorously assailed by counsel for plaintiff. We think it ‘ unnecessary, however, to [367]*367consider this point, since, conceding, for the purposes of this appeal, that the assignment is valid, a question upon which we express no opinion, it is apparent that, at the date of the attachment, the loan for which it had been taken by the bank as security had been satisfied-, at least, to the extent of preventing the bank from claiming a lien on the fund in question superior to that acquired by the attaching creditor. It appears that the bank applied the last payment received from the ThompsonStarrett Company, amounting to $885.50, to the reduction of the original loan, and took a new note on August 14, 1906, for the sum of $1,200, surrendering the original note. The new note reads as follows:
$1,200. Washington, D. C., August 14, 1906.
Sixty days after date we promise to pay to the order of ourselves twelve hundred dollars at National Metropolitan Bank, Washington, D. C.
Southern Construction Co.,
Warfield Ward, President,
J. Hurst Purnell, Sec.-Tr.
Value received.
No. --•
Due Oct. 15th.
The note was indorsed on the back as follows:
J. Hurst Purnell,
Warfield Ward,
Southern Construction Company,
410 Cont. Bldg., Balto., Md. .
This note was allowed to become long overdue. The bank, on July 15, 1907, took the personal note of J. Hurst Purnell for the sum of $1,200, and took the note of the construction com[368]*368pany as collateral security for the payment of the personal note. The Purnell note reads, in part, as follows:
$1,200. Washington, D. C., July 15, 1907.
On demand, for value received, I-promise to pay to the National Metropolitan Bank of Washington, or order, at office of said bank, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, twelve hundred dollars, with interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum, having deposited with said bank, as collateral security for the payment of this note, and also as collateral for all other present and future demands of any and all kind, of the said bank against the undersigned, due, or not due, the following property, viz.:
Note, Southern Construction Company, for $1,200, dated August 14, 1906, for sixty days, and indorsed by Warfield Ward and J. Hurst Purnell, and do hereby authorize the said bank, on the nonperformance of this promise, or the nonpayment of any of the demands aforesaid, or failure to furnish further security as hereafter agreed, to sell the whole or any part of. said collaterals or substitutes therefor or additions thereto, at any broker’s board or public or private sale, at the option of the said bank without notice, etc.
The Purnell note, by this transaction, became the primary evidence of indebtedness. The bank could not recover on both notes. Neither, could -it. select-which one it might treat as the primary security. It had placed itself in a position where it could only dispose of the construction company note as collateral in the event of its failure to recover on the Purnell note, — a contingency which never happened. The law does not favor uncertainties. The bank cannot treat Purnell as its debtor on its books, and thereby, for the purpose of inspection, remove overdue paper from its books, and, at the same time, claim the protection here sought in the courts. The auditor for the bank attempted to explain the reason for the taking of the Purnell note as follows: “This note was given to keep an overdue note of the Southern Construction Company off the books, balance of $1,200 due on the Southern Construction Company note, [369]*369and tbe note was taken from Mr. Purnell with that Southern Construction note as collateral in order to keep the paper alive, take the overdue paper off the books.” On the strength of this testimony, it is claimed that the bank never surrendered possession of the construction company note. Its officer at the trial did not so testify. His evidence is that the note “had never been out of the bank.” This, however, is of little importance, since the taking of the Purnell note and the transfer of the construction company note to the position of collateral security constituted in law a constructive delivery of the construction company note to Purnell and a change of possession. The transaction must be treated as a novation, whereby the bank surrendered its security under the assignment from the construction company, and accepted the primary obligation of Purnell, secured by the construction company note, which Purnell put up as collateral. The title to the construction company note passed to Purnell, and with it all right of the bank to assert its lien against the fund here in question became extinguished.
It is claimed by counsel for defendant that the assignment was general in its terms, and nothing short of the satisfaction of the debt to the bank would satisfy the object and purpose of the assignment. Without discussing the validity of the assignment, it is sufficient to call attention to the fact that counsel overlook the difficulty which confronts them, that the debt of the construction company to the bank has been satisfied. The Purnell note accomplished this. The power of the bank to take money due the construction company from the ThompsonStarrett Company no longer existed. That right did not pass to Purnell by the delivery of the construction company note, and could not, therefore, pass back when the note was put up with the bank as collateral for the payment of a different obligation. The title to the note still remained in Purnell, subject to be forfeited to the bank for failure to pay his own note. We are unable to discover any theory upon which the defendant can claim a lien upon the fund in question superior to that acquired by plaintiff under the writ of attachment.
[370]*370We are not unmindful of the rule that the assignment or transfer of a note usually carries with it the security for its payment. This is especially true in the case of mortgages, deeds of trust, and instruments executed and of record as security for the payment of notes or bonds of indebtedness. But we think the present alleged assignment does not come within that class of securities. Here the letter of the construction company to the Thompson-Starrett Company was an order for it to pay any balance due it to the bank. It is obvious that the Thompson-Starrett Company would not have been justified in paying this money to a third party upon the order of the bank. The test of the validity of the assignment lies in the power of the bank to enforce its claim against the ThompsonStarrett Company, over the objection of the construction company, and the further right of the Thompson-Starrett Company to comply with its conditions, and at the same time escape liability to the construction company.
In arriving at the right of the bank to lay claim to the fund in question under the assignment, it is beside the case that no objection is being made by the construction company. The legal test to be applied is whether such objection could be made. With this situation presented, it can hardly be claimed that the bank, under a personal assignment which in effect furnished a mere cloak through which it passed to the construction company over $10,000, without applying any part of this sum to the liquidation of the $2,000 loan, could assert a lien superior to that of the attaching creditor. During the time that these transactions were being carried on between the bank and the construction company, the note was repeatedly renewed.
Referring to these transactions in detail, the witness Purnell, secretary and treasurer of the construction company, testified on cross-examination as follows: “On cross-examination, the attention of the witness was called to the fact that the alleged assignment to the bank was dated February 19, 1906, and the checks offered in evidence, aggregating over $11,000, were all paid to the bank after that date; the witness was asked whether the bank received money from the Thompson-Starrett Company [371]*371after that, and witness replied that the checks were all made out for the account of the Southern Construction Company; in all instances except one, the bank gave the Southern Construction Company credit for the full amount, of these checks, until August 10, 1906, the date of the last check, for $885, when the Southern Construction Company asked the bank to renew the note for $2,000, and the bank refused to do this, but said that it would take a new note for $1,200, and thus the $2,000 note was reduced to $1,200. Witness was asked what authority he had to tell the bank how to apply the money received on these checks from the Thompson-Starrett Company, and replied that, when the bank notified them that it had received a check for work which the Southern Construction Company had done the previous month, Mr. Ward and witness came over to see the bank, and asked it to continue the loan for $2,000, and to let them have the cheek, and, at their request, the bank would let them have the check; that they never received a cent from the Thompson-Starrett Company after the assignment was given to the bank; that they got that $885 in August by its being deducted from the $2,000 note; that the bank turned the amount of the said checks received by the bank after the date of the assignment, over to them without collateral security; and that there was always margin enough for the protection of the bank.”
Though there is no evidence of fraudulent intent on the part of the bank, and none can be reasonably inferred from the record, yet it must be remembered that the building was being erected for it; the material furnished by plaintiff went into it, and the bank must have known of the existence of dealings between plaintiff and the construction company. While these facts do not in themselves determine the nature or legal effect of the assignment in question, or whether it would follow the transfer of the note to Purnell, and, as collateral, back to the bank, yet they are important in ascertaining the intent of the parties at the time the assignment was made. Tf the assignment was for the sole purpose, as appears from the record, and as we must assume, to secure the loan of $2,000 from the bank to the construction company, the bank should have promptly [372]*372applied the funds coming into its hands to that purpose. This it did not do. It violated the intent the parties presumably had in making the assignment, and thereby prejudiced the rights of the plaintiff, who was ignorant of the existing relations between the bank and the construction company, when it extended credit to the latter. Assuming again the validity of this assignment, a matter not free from doubt, it cannot be held that it was within the contemplation of the parties that it should extend further than to authorize the bank to hold out sufficient of' the funds coming into its hands to satisfy the loan. This it failed to do, when ample opportunity was afforded. It elected to accept other security, and, by so doing, forfeited further claim upon the fund in question.
The judgment is reversed, with costs, and remanded with instructions to proceed in accordance with the views expressed in this opinion. Reversed.
Mr. Justice Anderson, of the supreme court of the District of Columbia, sat with the court in the hearing and determination of this appeal, in the absence of Mr. Chief Justice Shepard.