Mr. Justice Robb
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The court below, after stating that the defendant had pleaded set-off in addition to the general issue, ruled that the plea of set-off is not available as against an indorser, even though the indorsement was made after maturity. No other question appears to lave been considered.
The opinion of the trial court on the question decided, which we adopt, is as follows:
“This is a motion for judgment under the 73d rule. Plaintiff sues on a promissory note transferred to him by indorsement of the payee. The defendant pleads set-off, in addition to the general issue, and his affidavit of defense sets forth the facts npon which the set-off is founded. From the affidavit it appears that the set-off is based upon transactions with the payee and indorsin' of the note, not affecting the validity of, or consideration for, the note. Plaintiff took the note after maturity; and the question involved is whether the defendant can plead as a set-off against him — which he might have pleaded [480]*480against the original payee, had the note remained in the latter’s hands.
“The answer is to be found in a construction of Code sections 1351 and 1362 [31 Sfcat. at L. 1401, 1402, chap. 854] relating to negotiable instruments, and section 1566 [31 Stat. at L. 1423, eliap. 854] relating to set-off.
“Section 1351 reads as follows: ‘An instrument negotiable in its origin continues to be negotiable until it has been restrictively indorsed or discharged by payment or otherwise.’ «
“Section 1362 reads: ‘In the hands of any holder other than a holder in due course, a negotiable instrument is subject to the same defenses as if it were non-ncgotiable. But a holder who derives his title through a holder in due course, and who is not himself a party to any fraud or illegality affecting the instrument; has all the rights of such former holder in respect of all parties prior to the latter.’
“In the instant case, there is no claim that the note upon which suit is brought has been cither ‘restrict!vely indorsed’ or ‘discharged by payment or otherwise.’ By the express terms of the Code, therefore, it continues to be a negotiable instrument after maturity.
“Under other section of the Code, defining a holder in due course, it is equally evident that plaintiff is not such holder. Section 1362 fixes his rights. The note in his hands ‘is subject to the same defenses as if it were non-negotiablc.’ ‘But a holder who derives his title through a holder in due course, and who is not himself a party to any fraud or illegality affecting the instrument, has all the rights of such former holder in respect of all parties prior to the latter.’
“Plainly this language refers only to defenses affecting the instrument. ‘The plea of set-off is in the nature of a cross action by'the defendant, who, it is declared in the (’ode, “shall be deemed to have brought an action, at the time of filing such plea, against the plaintiff for the matters mentioned in the plea.”’ McGuire v. Gerstley, 26 App. D. C. 193.
“Set-off is a creature of statute, unknown to the common law; and authority to avail of it must, of course, be granted by the statute. The only provision of the District Code which [481]*481Isas relation to the question here involved is sec. 1566 [31 Stat. at L. 14-23, chap. 854] which reads as follows: ‘Effect of Assignment. — When cross-demands have existed between persons under such circumstances that if one had brought an action against the other a counterclaim or set-off could have been pleaded, neither can be deprived of the benefit thereof by an assignment by the other; but in an action by the assignee of any non-negotiable debt the defendant may set off any indebtedness to him of the assignor, existing before notice of the assignment, as well as any indebtedness to him of the plaintiff.’
“Taking this section as a whole, it is resolved into the statement that in an action by the assignee of any non-negotiable debt, the defendant may set off any indebtedness to him of the assignor. The terms used are wholly inapplicable to negotiable -instruments. According to accurate legal terminology, the person who transfers a promissory note is not called an assignor, but an indorser; the person to whom it is transferred is not designated the assignee, but the indorsee; and the use of the words, ‘non-negotiable debt,’ as meaning a negotiable promissory note would be a startling neologism.
“In the able and exhaustive brief filed by defendant’s counsel cases are cited from other jurisdictions in which the right to maintain a set-off under circumstances similar to those involved here have been maintained. But in every instance an examination discloses that the decisions are based upon statutes differing in important particulars from the provisions of the Code of this District. Thus, in McKay v. Hall, 30 Okla. 773, 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 658, 120 Pac. 1108, the Oklahoma supreme court permitted a set-off under the conditions existing in the instant ease; hut its decision was based upon sec. 5559, of Snyder’s Compiled Laws, which provides that, ‘in the case of an assignment of a thing in action, the action of the assignee shall be without prejudice to any set-off or other defenses now allowed; but this action shall not apply to negotiable bonds, promissory notes, or bills of exchange transferred in good faiih and upon good consideration before due.’ The court quite naturally held that the exception of negotiable promissory notes ‘transferred in good faith and upon good consideration before [482]*482cine’ indicated that tlie right of set-off applied as against' such instruments transferred after they were due. This was an accurate application of the maxim, Ji.rpj-e.ssio unins ext e.ve.luxio al terms.
“The case of Downing v. Gibson 53 Iowa, 517, 5 N. W. 699, also cited by defendant’s counsel, was decided under a statute almost identical with the. section of the Oklahoma law above quoted, differing in the same important particular from sec. 1566 of the District Code.
“It was argued at the oral hearing of the motion that to permit the payee of a note to transfer it to a third party to prevent the maker from pleading a set-off which he had against the payee, worked a grovious wrong to the maker. ■ This contention was disposed of by the supreme court of Now Hampshire in Leavitt v. Peabody, 62 N. H. 185, in the following language.:
“ ‘The negotiability of a promissory note is not affected by its dishonor. The payee can transfer to another' the maker's promise as effectively after as before maturity. [Citing cases. | The doctrine that in an action by the assignee the maker may set off his demands against the payee makes the note to the extent- of those claims non-negotiablo;. or, rather, makes its negotiability depend not upon the terms of the contract, but upon the accidental circumstances that at the time of the transfer the payee- is, or is not, indebted to the maker; and, if he is, that the latter does or does not elect to assert his right of set-off. Whitehead v. Walker, 10 Mees & W. 698, 152 Eng:"Reprint, 652, 12 L. J. Exch. N. S. 28. In short, it places overdue-bills of exchange and promissory notes upon the same footing in this respect as unassignable dioses in action. Baxter v. Little, 6 Met. 10, 39 Am. Dec. 707.
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Mr. Justice Robb
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The court below, after stating that the defendant had pleaded set-off in addition to the general issue, ruled that the plea of set-off is not available as against an indorser, even though the indorsement was made after maturity. No other question appears to lave been considered.
The opinion of the trial court on the question decided, which we adopt, is as follows:
“This is a motion for judgment under the 73d rule. Plaintiff sues on a promissory note transferred to him by indorsement of the payee. The defendant pleads set-off, in addition to the general issue, and his affidavit of defense sets forth the facts npon which the set-off is founded. From the affidavit it appears that the set-off is based upon transactions with the payee and indorsin' of the note, not affecting the validity of, or consideration for, the note. Plaintiff took the note after maturity; and the question involved is whether the defendant can plead as a set-off against him — which he might have pleaded [480]*480against the original payee, had the note remained in the latter’s hands.
“The answer is to be found in a construction of Code sections 1351 and 1362 [31 Sfcat. at L. 1401, 1402, chap. 854] relating to negotiable instruments, and section 1566 [31 Stat. at L. 1423, eliap. 854] relating to set-off.
“Section 1351 reads as follows: ‘An instrument negotiable in its origin continues to be negotiable until it has been restrictively indorsed or discharged by payment or otherwise.’ «
“Section 1362 reads: ‘In the hands of any holder other than a holder in due course, a negotiable instrument is subject to the same defenses as if it were non-ncgotiable. But a holder who derives his title through a holder in due course, and who is not himself a party to any fraud or illegality affecting the instrument; has all the rights of such former holder in respect of all parties prior to the latter.’
“In the instant case, there is no claim that the note upon which suit is brought has been cither ‘restrict!vely indorsed’ or ‘discharged by payment or otherwise.’ By the express terms of the Code, therefore, it continues to be a negotiable instrument after maturity.
“Under other section of the Code, defining a holder in due course, it is equally evident that plaintiff is not such holder. Section 1362 fixes his rights. The note in his hands ‘is subject to the same defenses as if it were non-negotiablc.’ ‘But a holder who derives his title through a holder in due course, and who is not himself a party to any fraud or illegality affecting the instrument, has all the rights of such former holder in respect of all parties prior to the latter.’
“Plainly this language refers only to defenses affecting the instrument. ‘The plea of set-off is in the nature of a cross action by'the defendant, who, it is declared in the (’ode, “shall be deemed to have brought an action, at the time of filing such plea, against the plaintiff for the matters mentioned in the plea.”’ McGuire v. Gerstley, 26 App. D. C. 193.
“Set-off is a creature of statute, unknown to the common law; and authority to avail of it must, of course, be granted by the statute. The only provision of the District Code which [481]*481Isas relation to the question here involved is sec. 1566 [31 Stat. at L. 14-23, chap. 854] which reads as follows: ‘Effect of Assignment. — When cross-demands have existed between persons under such circumstances that if one had brought an action against the other a counterclaim or set-off could have been pleaded, neither can be deprived of the benefit thereof by an assignment by the other; but in an action by the assignee of any non-negotiable debt the defendant may set off any indebtedness to him of the assignor, existing before notice of the assignment, as well as any indebtedness to him of the plaintiff.’
“Taking this section as a whole, it is resolved into the statement that in an action by the assignee of any non-negotiable debt, the defendant may set off any indebtedness to him of the assignor. The terms used are wholly inapplicable to negotiable -instruments. According to accurate legal terminology, the person who transfers a promissory note is not called an assignor, but an indorser; the person to whom it is transferred is not designated the assignee, but the indorsee; and the use of the words, ‘non-negotiable debt,’ as meaning a negotiable promissory note would be a startling neologism.
“In the able and exhaustive brief filed by defendant’s counsel cases are cited from other jurisdictions in which the right to maintain a set-off under circumstances similar to those involved here have been maintained. But in every instance an examination discloses that the decisions are based upon statutes differing in important particulars from the provisions of the Code of this District. Thus, in McKay v. Hall, 30 Okla. 773, 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 658, 120 Pac. 1108, the Oklahoma supreme court permitted a set-off under the conditions existing in the instant ease; hut its decision was based upon sec. 5559, of Snyder’s Compiled Laws, which provides that, ‘in the case of an assignment of a thing in action, the action of the assignee shall be without prejudice to any set-off or other defenses now allowed; but this action shall not apply to negotiable bonds, promissory notes, or bills of exchange transferred in good faiih and upon good consideration before due.’ The court quite naturally held that the exception of negotiable promissory notes ‘transferred in good faith and upon good consideration before [482]*482cine’ indicated that tlie right of set-off applied as against' such instruments transferred after they were due. This was an accurate application of the maxim, Ji.rpj-e.ssio unins ext e.ve.luxio al terms.
“The case of Downing v. Gibson 53 Iowa, 517, 5 N. W. 699, also cited by defendant’s counsel, was decided under a statute almost identical with the. section of the Oklahoma law above quoted, differing in the same important particular from sec. 1566 of the District Code.
“It was argued at the oral hearing of the motion that to permit the payee of a note to transfer it to a third party to prevent the maker from pleading a set-off which he had against the payee, worked a grovious wrong to the maker. ■ This contention was disposed of by the supreme court of Now Hampshire in Leavitt v. Peabody, 62 N. H. 185, in the following language.:
“ ‘The negotiability of a promissory note is not affected by its dishonor. The payee can transfer to another' the maker's promise as effectively after as before maturity. [Citing cases. | The doctrine that in an action by the assignee the maker may set off his demands against the payee makes the note to the extent- of those claims non-negotiablo;. or, rather, makes its negotiability depend not upon the terms of the contract, but upon the accidental circumstances that at the time of the transfer the payee- is, or is not, indebted to the maker; and, if he is, that the latter does or does not elect to assert his right of set-off. Whitehead v. Walker, 10 Mees & W. 698, 152 Eng:"Reprint, 652, 12 L. J. Exch. N. S. 28. In short, it places overdue-bills of exchange and promissory notes upon the same footing in this respect as unassignable dioses in action. Baxter v. Little, 6 Met. 10, 39 Am. Dec. 707.
“ ‘There is no good reason why one who agrees to pay his note, to bearer, or to such person as the payee may order, should not be required to perform his agreement according to its' terms. If it is assigned before maturity, he may be compelled to pay a demand "which, as between him and the payee, is not justly due; but whether it is assigned before of after maturity, there is no reason why he should not be required to pay whatever is equitably due, and to-the person to whom, by the contract, he [483]*483has agreed to pay it. To permit a debtor to extinguish his creditor's demand by applying upon it his claims against a third person is not equitable. Instead of compelling a performance, it sanctions a breach of the contract — as much as it would to permit him to satisfy the debt in counterfeit coin. * * * By its express terms, the maker authorizes the payee to assign, and his assignee to accept the assignment, as well after as before the note falls due. lie is bound to anticipate that it may be negotiated after maturity if it is then unpaid and not otherwise extinguished, and he lias no right to give credit upon the faith that it will not be. It cannot be a fraud upon the maker to do that which he has authorized to be done;. It is rather a fraud upon the assignee to give the contract an effect so essentially ‘different from that which it purports on its face to have. The right of set-off is “a personal privilege, and not an incident or accompaniment of the debt,” and is contingent ttpon tlie existence of mutual debts at tlie time suit is commenced. [Citing" cases. ] In the last-named ease it was held that the set-off' could not be allowed, although the note was assigned for the express purpose of defeating it.
“ 'The equities, infirmities, and defenses available against the indorsee of an overdue note are such as arise out of the transaction on account of -which it was given, mid go to show that- it never had a legal existence, as illegality, or want of consideration, duress, and tlie like; or, if valid in its inception, such - as show that it has been, prior to the transfer, extinguished, as by payment. If the note is not indorsed, and an action to enforce payment is brought by the payee, they must be asserted in answer to that suit, or tlie benefit of them is forever lost. They afford in such ease no ground for an independent action in favor of tlie maker. A set-off, on the contrary, is not a defense, hut a cross action. It concedes the validity of the plaintiffs claim, and is founded upon an independent cause of action in favor of the defendant, who may at his election assert it by way of set-off, or enforce it by a separate suit.’
"Other cases in accord are Simpson v. Hall, 47 Conn. 417; Kilcrease v. White, 6 Fla. 45; Hankins v. Shoup, 2 Ind. 342; Eversole v. Maull, 50 Md. 95; Hunleth v. Leahy, 146 Mo. 418, [484]*48448 55. W. 459; Armstrong v. Noble, 55 Vt. 428; Davis v. Miller, 14 Gratt. 1.
“The language of the circuit court of appeals for the ninth circuit, in Harrisburg Trust Co. v. Shufeldt, 31 C. C. A. 190, 59 U. S. App. 532, 87 Fed. 669, has a direct hearing upon the question herein discussed. ‘But a set-off is not a “defense,” as that term is ordinarily used (Chandler v. Drew, 6 N. H. 469, 26 Am. Dec. 704; Waterman, Set-off, secs. 5, 6), and is never pleadable as a defense unless it is expressly made so by statute. “The rule that a party taking an overdue bill or note takes it subject to the equities to which tlie transfer is subject does not extend so far as to admit set-offs which might be available against the transferrer. A set-off is not an equity, and the general rule stated is qualified and restricted to those equities arising out of the bill or note transaction itself, and the transferee is not subject to a set-off which would be good against the transferrer arising out of a collateral matter.” 2 Dan. Neg. Inst. 1455a; Chitty, Bills, 13th Am. ed. 251. The set-off in this case is not connected with the note, or with’ the consideration for the note, or the circumstances under which- it was given. It is not a defense to the note or to liability thereunder. It is a separate and independent cause of action, existing in favor of the defendant, which, by virtue of the statute only, is permitted to be set off against the plaintiff’s debt for the purpose of adjusting mutual demands and avoiding unnecessary litigation. It follows, therefore, that it is immaterial whether the plaintiff’s title to the note was equitable or legal. In either ease, the right to plead a set-off against it must depend upon the term's of the statute. * * * ’
“From the foregoing it is concluded:
“1st. That by the express terms of the Code a negotiable note retains its negotiability after maturity unless restrictively indorsed or discharged by payment or otherwise.
“2d. That the indorsee after maturity takes it subject to defenses which affect the instrument itself, and not subject to matters of defense arising out of independent transactions between the maker and payee.
“3d. That the description, ‘assignee of a non-uegotiabic debt/ [485]*485in sec. 15(56 of the Code [3.1 Stat. at L. 1123, chap. 854] does not include the indorsee of a negotiable overdue promissory note.”
But it is alleged by the defendant that at the time he signed the note sued upon the payee, the Standard Lime & Stone Company, “wrongfully and fraudulently concealed and withheld from the affiant an accounting of sales of its crushed or broken stone made directly to persons in the District of Columbia, upon which commissions were due this affiant.” It is further alleged that these commissions were considerably greater in amount than the face of the note sued upon, and that by reason thereof the consideration for the note had wholly failed. If defendant makes good that averment at the trial it is clear that the alleged accounting will he impeached, as having been procured by “fraud, error, or mistake” (Riley v. Mattingly, 42 App. D. C. 290, 294), for the affidavit of defense raises a question as to the good faith of one of the parties to the accounting. It is equally clear that want of consideration is a defense as available against an indorsee after maturity as against the payee. Code, see. 1362 [31 Stat. at L. 1402, chap. 854] Durant v. Murdock, 3 App. D. C. 114, 120; Hazen v. Van Senden, 43 App. D. C. 161; Eversole v. Maull, 50 Md. 95.
It follows that the judgment must he reversed, with costs, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.