Likes v. Baer

8 Iowa 368

Opinions

Stockton, J.

*

Where a vendor becomes liable to a vendee, for the defective quality of goods sold, whether his liability arises through fraud, or breach of contract, the true measure of damages is the difference in value between goods corresponding with the representations made, and those actually delivered. Casey v. Gruman, 4 Hill, 626 ; Bærkins v. Bevan, 3 Rawle, 44; Cothers v. Keever, 4 Barr., 168. The consideration, or purchase money, although strong, is not conclusive evidence of such value. The same rule has been applied by this court, in case of the sale of real estate. Hahn v. Cummings, 3 Iowa, 583.

The plaintiff complains, in this case, that the quality of the land conveyed to him by the defendant, was falsely and fraudulently misrepresented to him, by the defendant, and that he xvas, by such misrepresentations, induced to make the exchange of lands. The damages are claimed for this misrepresentation, whereby it is alleged that the plaintiff' has sustained a loss eqxial to the difference between the actual value of the land, and what it would have been worth, had it answered the description given of it by the defendant. Such, we think, is the true measure of the plaintiff’s damages ; and in this view of the subject, he was at liberty to object to any evidence of the value of land conveyed by him to the defendant, as immaterial. The court, therefore, did not err in ruling out the question to the witness, Sprague, as to what the land was worth, and what improvenents were on it; nor in refusing to give the instructions asked by defendant, as to the true measure of plaintiff’s damages.

It is further to be observed, that the parties exchanged lands without anything being said by them as to the value of their respective tracts; and although the plaintiff alleges that the land conveyed by him, to defendant, was of the value of three thousand dollars, yet this is not a substantial averment of the petition, which shows by the whole tenor, that the plaintiff sought to have his damages measured, not by the difference in value between the two tracts of land, but by the difference between the actual value of the land conveyed to him, and the value of such land, as the defendant represented it to be. The defendant did not represent that his land was worth as much as plaintiff’s; but that it was of a certain quality and character. Confiding in these representations, the plaintiff made the exchange, and if they turned out to have been falsely and fraudulently made, the defendant must answer in damages, in such sum as will make the plaintiff whole for all injury sustained by him, from such false representations.

The defendant urges that the court erred in charging the jury, that “ the measure of damages was the difference between the value of the land purchased by defendant, as it was at the time of the trade, and the amount that the land would have been worth at that time, had it been such as it was represented to be by defendant.

If there was an error in this instruction, it was an error in favor of the defendant, of which he cannot complain. But we are of opinion that there is a clerical error here, and that the instruction read, “ the land purchased of defendant,” and not “ purchased ly defendant.” The whole tenor of the instructions given and refused, shows that this was the meaning of the court, if not its language; and even if the instruction is correctly copied into the transcript, we think the jury were not misled by it, to the prejudice of the defendant.

The court was asked by the defendant to instruct the jury, that “if the only testimony before them in relation to. the quality of the land, is such representations as may be detailed to you by witnesses, uncorroborated by anything in writing, or any facts surrounding the transaction, such evidence should be looked to carefully by the jury.” This instruction the court gave, with the qualification, that “ the declarations and representations of the defendant, in regard to the quality or condition of the land, during the trade, are important evidence, and should be considered by the jury.” The instruction, as asked, refers to the testimony of witnesses, as to the quality of the land. It was proper enough that the court should direct the jury, that this evidence should be carefully considered by them, as they should carefully consider all testimony given to them. But we think there was no impropriety in the court further directing them, that the declarations and representations made by defendant, upon the same subject, should be considered by by them.

The defendant further asked the court to charge the jury, that “ hearsay evidence, or what may be said by parties, which may be given in evidence by witnesses, is, or may be, according to the circumstances, the weakest kind of testimony.” This instruction the court refused to give, and such refusal is assigned for error. Hearsay evidence, in its legal sense, denotes that kind of evidence which does not derive its value solely from the credit to be given to the witness himself, but rests, also, in part, on the veracity and competency of some other person. Phillips on Evidence, 185; Gfreenleaf’s Evidence, section 99. Hearsay evidence, as thus described, is uniformly held incompetent to establish any specific fact, wbicb, in its nature, is susceptible of being proved by witnesses who can speak from their own knowledge. The effect of the instruction, if given as asked, would have been to attach the character of hearsay to the evidence given by the witnesses, as to what was said by the parties at the time the agreement was made, as to the quality, and character of defendant’s land. This would have been to the prejudice of plaintiff’s rights. The court might well have told the jury, that verbal admissions were to be received with great caution ; but the instruction asked is very different from this, and we think the court was right in refusing to give it.

The motion in arrest of judgment and for a new trial, we think, were also properly overruled.

Whight, C.’ J., dissenting upon one point.