1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 NANCY LEWIS,
8 Plaintiff-Appellant,
9 v. NO. 29,607
10 ANTHONY SENA, JOSE GRIEGO, et al.,
11 Defendants-Appellees.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF RIO ARRIBA 13 Sheri A. Raphaelson, District Judge
14 Nancy Lewis 15 Espanola, NM
16 Pro Se Appellant
17 Long, Pound & Komer, P.A. 18 Little V. West 19 Santa Fe, NM
20 for Appellee
21 MEMORANDUM OPINION
22 BUSTAMANTE, Judge. 1 Plaintiff appeals from this dismissal of her complaint. We issued a notice of
2 proposed summary disposition, proposing to affirm. Plaintiff has filed a combined
3 motion to amend the docketing statement and memorandum in opposition, together
4 with a “proposed amended docketing statement” which we shall treat as an aspect of
5 the memorandum in opposition. After due consideration, we remain unpersuaded by
6 Plaintiff’s arguments. We therefore affirm.
7 Plaintiff contends that her complaint was improperly dismissed. [DS 1-4; PADS
8 1-6] We briefly reiterate the applicable standards as follows. “A motion to dismiss
9 tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint.” Lohman v. Daimler-Chrysler Corp.,
10 2007-NMCA-100, ¶ 4, 142 N.M. 437, 166 P.3d 1091. “When the plaintiff is pro se,
11 the pleadings must tell a story from which the essential elements prerequisite to the
12 granting of the relief sought can be found or reasonably inferred.” Griffin v. Thomas,
13 1997-NMCA-009, ¶ 8, 122 N.M. 826, 932 P.2d 516. “A complaint should not be
14 dismissed [for failure to state a claim] unless there is a total failure to allege some
15 matter essential to the relief sought.” Lohman, 2007-NMCA-100, ¶ 4. In this context,
16 “we accept all well-pleaded facts as true and evaluate whether the claimant could
17 prevail under any state of facts which might be proven in accordance with the
18 allegations of the complaint.” Id.
2 1 In her original complaint, Plaintiff did not clearly identify which cause or
2 causes of action she was pursuing. [RP 1-3] However, the title referred to
3 “misrepresentation, lying, [and] dashing career.” [RP 1] We are unaware of any cause
4 of action for “dashing career” as such. Reading the complaint as broadly as possible,
5 we will treat it is attempting to state a claim for misrepresentation.
6 Misrepresentation may form a basis for a valid tort claim, either as fraud or as
7 negligent misrepresentation. A claim of either variety requires a false statement. See
8 UJI 13-1632 NMRA (describing the elements of negligent misrepresentation); UJI
9 13-1633 NMRA (describing the elements of fraud); Cain v. Champion Window Co.
10 of Albuquerque, LLC, 2007-NMCA-085, ¶ 22, 142 N.M. 209, 164 P.3d 90 (observing
11 that, to recover in fraud, a claimant must establish that he or she suffered damages that
12 were proximately caused by justifiable reliance on a misrepresentation).
13 Plaintiff’s complaint does not contain any allegation of a false statement. [RP
14 1-3] It merely indicates that Plaintiff received a copy of a memo. [RP 1-3] That memo
15 was addressed to “Adjunct faculty,” and indicated generally that orientation would be
16 taking place to assist part-time faculty in preparing for the upcoming semester. [RP
17 23] Nothing contained within that memo appears to have been objectively untrue.
18 Although Plaintiff argues the memo “became a false statement when [it was] mailed
19 to [her],” [PADS 2, emphasis in original, footnote omitted] we disagree. The memo
3 1 did not affirmatively state that Plaintiff would receive class assignments; as Plaintiff
2 acknowledged, she merely “assumed” that this was the case. [RP 1] The fact that
3 Plaintiff may have drawn unwarranted inferences from the memo does not render its
4 contents false.
5 In light of this deficiency, the dismissal of Plaintiff’s complaint was
6 appropriate. See Lohman, 2007-NMCA-100, ¶ 4 (observing that dismissal is
7 appropriate where there has been a total failure to allege some essential matter).
8 However, we note that the Tort Claims Act supplies an additional and independent
9 basis for the district court’s ruling. [RP 54]
10 “Generally, the Tort Claims Act provides governmental entities and public
11 employees acting in their official capacities with immunity from tort suits unless the
12 Act sets out a specific waiver of that immunity.” Weinstein v. City of Santa Fe ex rel.
13 Santa Fe Police Dep’t, 121 N.M. 646, 649, 916 P.2d 1313, 1316 (1996). Insofar as
14 Defendants’ conduct, as alleged in the complaint, occurred in relation to activities
15 undertaken in their official capacities as public employees, the Tort Claims Act would
16 appear to apply.
17 Below, Plaintiff identified no specific waiver of immunity in support of her
18 claim. Instead, she cited NMSA 1978, Section 41-4-4 (2001), which is the provision
19 granting governmental immunity. [RP 30] See Electro-Jet Tool & Mfg. Co. v. City of
4 1 Albuquerque, 114 N.M. 676, 682, 845 P.2d 770, 776 (1992) (“Section 41-4-4 grants
2 a governmental entity and any public employee acting within the scope of duty
3 immunity from liability for any tort except as waived elsewhere in the Act.”).
4 Plaintiff has never taken the position that any of the ensuing provisions, which
5 establish waivers in a variety of circumstances, should apply.
6 In her docketing statement, Plaintiff argued that Section 41-4-4(E) supplies a
7 waiver of immunity for the fraudulent and malicious acts of public employees. [DS
8 2] However, this is an indemnity provision, which “permit[s] the state to recover
9 defense and settlement costs from employees who have ‘acted fraudulently or with
10 actual intentional malice.’” Celaya v. Hall, 2004-NMSC-005, ¶ 25, 135 N.M. 115,
11 85 P.3d 239. It does not supply a waiver of immunity as against claims by third
12 parties such as Plaintiff. To the contrary, as specified in Section 41-4-4(A), only
13 Sections 41-4-5 through 41-4-12 of the Act supply waivers of immunity.
14 In her memorandum in opposition, Plaintiff now argues that the individual
15 Defendants should not be able to claim immunity because their conduct was unlawful,
16 such that it falls outside the scope of their employment. [PADS 3] Contrary to
17 Plaintiff’s suggestion, however, the fact that a public employee’s conduct may have
18 been improper does not automatically take it outside the course and scope of his or her
19 employment. See Seeds v. Lucero, 2005-NMCA-067, ¶ 10, 137 N.M. 589, 113 P.3d
5 1 859 (“Our case law establishes that a public employee may be within the scope of
2 authorized duty even if the employee’s acts are fraudulent, intentionally malicious, or
3 even criminal.”) (emphasis omitted). As a result, Plaintiff’s failure to demonstrate that
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1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 NANCY LEWIS,
8 Plaintiff-Appellant,
9 v. NO. 29,607
10 ANTHONY SENA, JOSE GRIEGO, et al.,
11 Defendants-Appellees.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF RIO ARRIBA 13 Sheri A. Raphaelson, District Judge
14 Nancy Lewis 15 Espanola, NM
16 Pro Se Appellant
17 Long, Pound & Komer, P.A. 18 Little V. West 19 Santa Fe, NM
20 for Appellee
21 MEMORANDUM OPINION
22 BUSTAMANTE, Judge. 1 Plaintiff appeals from this dismissal of her complaint. We issued a notice of
2 proposed summary disposition, proposing to affirm. Plaintiff has filed a combined
3 motion to amend the docketing statement and memorandum in opposition, together
4 with a “proposed amended docketing statement” which we shall treat as an aspect of
5 the memorandum in opposition. After due consideration, we remain unpersuaded by
6 Plaintiff’s arguments. We therefore affirm.
7 Plaintiff contends that her complaint was improperly dismissed. [DS 1-4; PADS
8 1-6] We briefly reiterate the applicable standards as follows. “A motion to dismiss
9 tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint.” Lohman v. Daimler-Chrysler Corp.,
10 2007-NMCA-100, ¶ 4, 142 N.M. 437, 166 P.3d 1091. “When the plaintiff is pro se,
11 the pleadings must tell a story from which the essential elements prerequisite to the
12 granting of the relief sought can be found or reasonably inferred.” Griffin v. Thomas,
13 1997-NMCA-009, ¶ 8, 122 N.M. 826, 932 P.2d 516. “A complaint should not be
14 dismissed [for failure to state a claim] unless there is a total failure to allege some
15 matter essential to the relief sought.” Lohman, 2007-NMCA-100, ¶ 4. In this context,
16 “we accept all well-pleaded facts as true and evaluate whether the claimant could
17 prevail under any state of facts which might be proven in accordance with the
18 allegations of the complaint.” Id.
2 1 In her original complaint, Plaintiff did not clearly identify which cause or
2 causes of action she was pursuing. [RP 1-3] However, the title referred to
3 “misrepresentation, lying, [and] dashing career.” [RP 1] We are unaware of any cause
4 of action for “dashing career” as such. Reading the complaint as broadly as possible,
5 we will treat it is attempting to state a claim for misrepresentation.
6 Misrepresentation may form a basis for a valid tort claim, either as fraud or as
7 negligent misrepresentation. A claim of either variety requires a false statement. See
8 UJI 13-1632 NMRA (describing the elements of negligent misrepresentation); UJI
9 13-1633 NMRA (describing the elements of fraud); Cain v. Champion Window Co.
10 of Albuquerque, LLC, 2007-NMCA-085, ¶ 22, 142 N.M. 209, 164 P.3d 90 (observing
11 that, to recover in fraud, a claimant must establish that he or she suffered damages that
12 were proximately caused by justifiable reliance on a misrepresentation).
13 Plaintiff’s complaint does not contain any allegation of a false statement. [RP
14 1-3] It merely indicates that Plaintiff received a copy of a memo. [RP 1-3] That memo
15 was addressed to “Adjunct faculty,” and indicated generally that orientation would be
16 taking place to assist part-time faculty in preparing for the upcoming semester. [RP
17 23] Nothing contained within that memo appears to have been objectively untrue.
18 Although Plaintiff argues the memo “became a false statement when [it was] mailed
19 to [her],” [PADS 2, emphasis in original, footnote omitted] we disagree. The memo
3 1 did not affirmatively state that Plaintiff would receive class assignments; as Plaintiff
2 acknowledged, she merely “assumed” that this was the case. [RP 1] The fact that
3 Plaintiff may have drawn unwarranted inferences from the memo does not render its
4 contents false.
5 In light of this deficiency, the dismissal of Plaintiff’s complaint was
6 appropriate. See Lohman, 2007-NMCA-100, ¶ 4 (observing that dismissal is
7 appropriate where there has been a total failure to allege some essential matter).
8 However, we note that the Tort Claims Act supplies an additional and independent
9 basis for the district court’s ruling. [RP 54]
10 “Generally, the Tort Claims Act provides governmental entities and public
11 employees acting in their official capacities with immunity from tort suits unless the
12 Act sets out a specific waiver of that immunity.” Weinstein v. City of Santa Fe ex rel.
13 Santa Fe Police Dep’t, 121 N.M. 646, 649, 916 P.2d 1313, 1316 (1996). Insofar as
14 Defendants’ conduct, as alleged in the complaint, occurred in relation to activities
15 undertaken in their official capacities as public employees, the Tort Claims Act would
16 appear to apply.
17 Below, Plaintiff identified no specific waiver of immunity in support of her
18 claim. Instead, she cited NMSA 1978, Section 41-4-4 (2001), which is the provision
19 granting governmental immunity. [RP 30] See Electro-Jet Tool & Mfg. Co. v. City of
4 1 Albuquerque, 114 N.M. 676, 682, 845 P.2d 770, 776 (1992) (“Section 41-4-4 grants
2 a governmental entity and any public employee acting within the scope of duty
3 immunity from liability for any tort except as waived elsewhere in the Act.”).
4 Plaintiff has never taken the position that any of the ensuing provisions, which
5 establish waivers in a variety of circumstances, should apply.
6 In her docketing statement, Plaintiff argued that Section 41-4-4(E) supplies a
7 waiver of immunity for the fraudulent and malicious acts of public employees. [DS
8 2] However, this is an indemnity provision, which “permit[s] the state to recover
9 defense and settlement costs from employees who have ‘acted fraudulently or with
10 actual intentional malice.’” Celaya v. Hall, 2004-NMSC-005, ¶ 25, 135 N.M. 115,
11 85 P.3d 239. It does not supply a waiver of immunity as against claims by third
12 parties such as Plaintiff. To the contrary, as specified in Section 41-4-4(A), only
13 Sections 41-4-5 through 41-4-12 of the Act supply waivers of immunity.
14 In her memorandum in opposition, Plaintiff now argues that the individual
15 Defendants should not be able to claim immunity because their conduct was unlawful,
16 such that it falls outside the scope of their employment. [PADS 3] Contrary to
17 Plaintiff’s suggestion, however, the fact that a public employee’s conduct may have
18 been improper does not automatically take it outside the course and scope of his or her
19 employment. See Seeds v. Lucero, 2005-NMCA-067, ¶ 10, 137 N.M. 589, 113 P.3d
5 1 859 (“Our case law establishes that a public employee may be within the scope of
2 authorized duty even if the employee’s acts are fraudulent, intentionally malicious, or
3 even criminal.”) (emphasis omitted). As a result, Plaintiff’s failure to demonstrate that
4 a waiver of immunity should apply remains a fatal deficiency.
5 Finally, we turn to Plaintiff’s motion to amend the docketing statement. Such
6 a motion will only be granted upon a showing that the supplemental issue is viable.
7 See State v. Moore, 109 N.M. 119, 128-29, 782 P.2d 91, 100-01 (Ct. App. 1989)
8 (providing that issues sought to be presented must be viable). By her motion to
9 amend, Plaintiff appears to seek to argue that the district court erred in effectively
10 denying her motion to amend her complaint. For the reasons that follow, we conclude
11 that this issue is not viable. We therefore deny the motion.
12 “A district court's denial of a motion to amend is reviewed under an abuse of
13 discretion standard.” Alliance Health of Santa Teresa, Inc. v. Nat’l. Presto Indus., Inc.,
14 2007-NMCA-157, ¶ 26, 143 N.M. 133, 173 P.3d 55. The denial of a motion to amend
15 a complaint does not constitute an abuse of discretion where the amendment would
16 have been futile. Id. (citing Stinson v. Berry, 1997-NMCA-076, ¶ 11, 123 N.M. 482,
17 943 P.2d 129).
18 We have reviewed Plaintiff’s proposed amended complaint, [RP 30-34] and
19 conclude that the amendment would not have remedied the deficiencies associated
6 1 with the original complaint. Although the amended complaint contains more factual
2 detail, the supplemental material does no more to supply the essentials than the
3 original complaint. No objectively false statement is alleged and no basis for a waiver
4 of immunity is suggested. [RP 30-34] Because the amended complaint was no more
5 capable of withstanding a motion to dismiss than the original complaint, the
6 amendment would have been futile. We therefore conclude that the district court’s
7 implicit denial of the motion to amend was well within its discretion.
8 For the reasons stated above and in the notice of proposed summary disposition,
9 we affirm.
10 IT IS SO ORDERED.
11 12 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
13 WE CONCUR:
14 15 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
16 17 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge