Lewis v. Charolais Corp.

19 S.W.3d 671, 1999 Ky. App. LEXIS 167, 2000 WL 772400
CourtCourt of Appeals of Kentucky
DecidedApril 30, 1999
DocketNo. 1996-CA-001260-MR
StatusPublished
Cited by6 cases

This text of 19 S.W.3d 671 (Lewis v. Charolais Corp.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals of Kentucky primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Lewis v. Charolais Corp., 19 S.W.3d 671, 1999 Ky. App. LEXIS 167, 2000 WL 772400 (Ky. Ct. App. 1999).

Opinion

OPINION

EMBERTON, Judge.

Ron D. Lewis appeals from a judgment based upon a jury verdict denying recovery on his claim for damages for the destruction of a stream flowing across his [673]*673property; and, which awarded appellees, Charoláis Corporation and Bituminous Resources, Inc., $25,000 on their claim that Lewis had engaged in a campaign of harassment against them. Lewis alleges in this appeal: (1) that the trial judge submitted incorrect instructions on the issue of loss of the stream; (2) that the jury was unduly prejudiced by improper statements by counsel for Charoláis; (3) that the trial judge erred in awarding costs to Charoláis; (4) that the trial judge erred in refusing to allow appellant’s expert to testify as to the cost of remediation; and (5) that the decision of the jury on Charoláis’ harassment claim was “clearly erroneous.” Finding no reversible error in any of the contentions advanced in this appeal, we affirm.

The action precipitating this appeal commenced when Lewis lodged a complaint in the Christian Circuit Court alleging, among other things, that Charoláis had destroyed a stream running across his land. The evidence adduced at trial indicates that in 1990, Don and Betty Bowles, the sole shareholders of Charoláis, obtained a permit to conduct surface coal mining and reclamation activities on property near the community of White Plains, Kentucky. Lewis, who owns a parcel of real property near the mining site, contacted a Charoláis employee with some concerns he wanted the company to address as the mining operations began to approach his property. At a meeting with Junior Durall, the mining site supervisor, Lewis expressed concern that the proposed mining and reclamation activity would destroy a stream running across his property. Durall testified that Lewis feared that the reclamation of an old strip pit as called for in the permit would cause the stream to run dry. Durall stated that Lewis wanted to acquire a parcel of the Bowleses’ property that lies between the mining site and his property and that Lewis intimated that if the Bowleses would simply give him that property he would not complain about the proposed mining and reclamation activities.

Don Bowles testified that within a few days of the meeting with Durall, Lewis came to the Charoláis scale house to discuss acquiring the property. Bowles explained that transferring the property at that point would not be possible because of complications with the permit process. Lewis returned a few days later and offered Bowles $100 per acre for the land. Bowles stated that Lewis made it clear that refusal of that offer would cost him “tenfold.”

Shortly after the meeting, Lewis began filing complaints with the Department of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement and with the Federal Office of Surface Mining. The environmental services manager for DSMRE testified as to the content of the complaints and as to the disposition by DSMRE. Of the thirty-some complaints Lewis filed, the DSMRE noted violations on only two occasions and both were later dispensed with, one overturned by an Administrative Law Judge and the other modified by the DSMRE. The DSMRE manager also testified that Charoláis was considered by his office to be a “good” company in that they had received numerous national and local awards for reclamation work and that they were known to quickly respond to complaints and requests by the DSMRE.

After hearing considerable testimony as to the nature of the “stream” running across Lewis’s property, the jury found that the source of the stream was pit discharge from rain and surface water runoff which, under the instructions, was tantamount to a verdict for Charoláis. Lewis’s primary argument in this appeal is that the instructions on loss of water are erroneous both under the common law and statutory law of this Commonwealth. We disagree.

The instructions submitted on the water loss claim first required the jury to determine whether, prior to the mining activity, there was a stream of water flowing across the properties of Charoláis and Lewis in a [674]*674quantity sufficient for use in agricultural purposes. If the answer to that interrogatory was “yes,” the jury was then asked to determine whether the source of the stream was a perched aquifer as Lewis maintained or pit discharge from rain and surface water runoff as claimed by Charo-láis. On conflicting evidence the jury concluded that the source of the stream was pit discharge from rain and surface runoff. Because the jury was directed to proceed to consider whether the mining activities unreasonably diminished the flow of water in the stream only if it concluded that the source of the stream was a perched aquifer, the inquiry into the cause of any diminution in the flow of the stream ended with the determination that the source was pit discharge.

Lewis contends in this forum that the interrogatory concerning the source of the water should not have been given because the source of the water is irrelevant. Citing KRS Chapter 151, he maintains that every source of water to any stream or ditch is absolutely protected by Kentucky law, abrogating the common law in this area. Thus, Lewis contends that whether the source of the water was a perched aquifer or pit discharge from rain and surface runoff the jury should have resolved the question of responsibility for its destruction. We disagree.

Our review of the framework set out in KRS Chapter 151 convinces us that it is not intended to supplant the common law but rather establishes a mechanism for the management of groundwater “for the health, welfare, and economic prosperity of all citizens.” In other words, the legislature created a comprehensive process for the regulation of water use and placed the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet in charge of enforcement. Kentucky Revised Statute (KRS) 151.110(2); 151.125; and 151.182. Thus, being regulatory in nature, Chapter 151 does not, as Lewis suggests, create a private right of action, but simply arms the Cabinet with authority to issue permits, promulgate regulations and enforce its orders through the institution of court actions. The common law, on the other hand, directs itself to property owners’ rights to water in accordance with physical characteristics of the body of water and is therefore the appropriate guide for our review.

Examining, in light of well-established case law, Lewis’s contention that the jury’s inquiry into liability for his loss of water ends with the determination that prior to the mining activity there was a “stream of water” flowing across his property, we conclude that a determination as to the source of the stream is critical. Contrary to Lewis’s position, both the statutes and the case law differentiate between established streams and water courses and diffuse surface water. After hearing extensive expert and lay testimony as to the source of the water and the nature of the stream across Lewis’s property, the jury determined that the origin of the flow was pit discharge from rain and surface runoff. Because there was evidence of substance supporting the jury verdict, the trial judge did not err in refusing to set it aside.

Nor do we believe that it was error to submit instructions under which a finding that the source was pit discharge ended the inquiry into responsibility for destruction of the stream. This case falls squarely within the rationale set out in Withers v. Berea College, Ky., 849 S.W.2d 357 (1961), in which the court held that interference with surface water before it enters into a natural watercourse is not actionable:

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19 S.W.3d 671, 1999 Ky. App. LEXIS 167, 2000 WL 772400, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/lewis-v-charolais-corp-kyctapp-1999.