KNAPPEN, Circuit Judge.
Appeal from a judgment of deportation. Appellant is a person of Chinese parentage, and was born in China. He was admitted to the United States, through the port of San Francisco, October 15, 1910, as the “minor son of Dew Fook Shing,” who then was and still is a merchant at San Francisco, dealing in Chinese and Japanese goods. Appellant’s certificate of identity gives his age as 20 years, and his occupation that of “merchant, Fook Woh & Co.,” doubtless meaning “Fook Wo & Co.,” the firm with which the father was connected. Appellant was arrested April 30, 1914, at Cleveland, Ohio, under section 13 of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1888 (Act Sept. 13, 1888, c. 1015, 25 Stat. 479 [Comp. St. 1916, § 4313]), [407]*407as a Chinese person unlawfully within the United S'tates. The commissioner found him to be a laborer, and ordered his deportation. On appeal to the District Court full hearing was had de novo, and the commissioner’s order of deportation affirmed. Judge (now Mr. Justice) Clarke, who heard the case, was of opinion that while, appellant was eligible to admission under the treaty between the United States and China as the minor son of a Chinese merchant lawfully domiciled here, yet that he was “admitted only nominally” as such, and did not fall within the scope of the principle recognized by the rulings of the courts which (in the interest of the family relation) have construed the section as permitting the entry of a Chinese merchant’s wife and minor children,'1 and that appellant “really entered the United States as a laborer” in violation of law.
[1, 2] That appellant was, when arrested, a laborer, is persuasively established by the evidence. But we have twice held, in accordance with what we deemed the better authority, that the fact that one who lawfully entered as the minor son of a merchant has since become a laborer is not enough to destroy his right to remain. Lew Ling Chong v. United States, supra; Lam Fung Yen v. Frick, supra. The case does not fall within the principle of Low Wah Suey v. Backus, 225 U. S. 460, 32 Sup. Ct. 734, 56 L. Ed. 1165, where a Chinese woman, who had lawfully entered as the wife of a citizen of the United States, was held deportable under the general Immigration Act as an alien found as an inmate of a house of prostitution. The general Immigration Act does not forbid the residence of Chinese laborers. Nor do we think the rule under which the minor son of a Chinese merchant is admitted necessarily inapplicable in principle to one who has less than a year of minority remaining. We think no arbitrary line of demarcation, depending on time alone, can properly be drawn. If, then, appellant is deportable, it can only be because his entry was not in good faith in the interest of the rclaiion stated, and for the purpose claimed, but was in bad faith, and in reality as, or for the purpose of immediately becoming, a laborer, in evasion of the Exclusion Act.
[3-5] By section 3 of the act of May 5, 1892, c. 60, 27 Stat. 25 (Comp. St. 1916, § 4317) the burden was on appellant to show, to the satisfaction of the court, his right to remain. Chin Bak Kan v. United States, 186 U. S. 193, 200, 22 Sup. Ct. 891, 46 L. Ed. 1121 ; Lum Kim v. United States (C. C. A. 6) 225 Fed. 31, 34, 140 C. C. A. 357. His certificate of admission was prima facie evidence of such right; hut we think it was nevertheless open to the government to show that the entry was in fact not for the purpose of conserving the family relation, and following the occupation of a merchant, but for the purpose of immediately becoming a laborer, and thus in evasion of the Exclusion Act, and that the court, if so satisfied, is justified in holding that the entry was in violation of the statute, and the one so entering thus unlawfully here. We also think that the fact that a Chi[408]*408nese person, so securing admission as a merchant and as the son of a merchant, is 20 years of age, and immediately becomes and continues as a laborer, is strong evidence tending to show that he came into the United States as a laborer. These propositions are directly sustained by United States v. Foo Duck (C. C. A. 9) 172 Fed. 856, 858, 97 C. C. A. 204.
[0] The important question is whether there is persuasive evidence that appellant’s entry was with such evasive purpose. The trial judge was impressed with the completeness of the showing of appellant’s entire separation from his father, and of the fact that appellant had been from the time of his arrival in the country “very certainly a common laborer.” As already said, the judge found that appellant “really entered the United States as a laborer, and that his coming was in violation of the statutes of this government.” This conclusion is entitled to great weight, especially as most of the testimony was taken in the presence of the judge. Lum Kim v. United States, supra. It does not appear whether the commissioner found that appellant entered the country in evasion of the act; and the case is thus not within the rule that the findings of the commissioner and District Judge will be reconsidered only when it is clear an incorrect conclusion has been reached. Chin Bak Kan v. United States, supra; Tom Hong v. United States, 193 U. S. 517, 522, 24 Sup. Ct. 517, 48 L. Ed. 772. But the case does fall within the rule applied by this court to equity hearings generally, that the conclusion of the trial judge, who saw and' heard the witnesses, will .be accepted, unless the evidence is found to preponderate decidedly against such conclusion.2 The evidence does not so preponderate.
[7] Appellant has not attended school since he entered the United States. He admitted that he had never been engaged as a merchant since he came here, and had done no traveling; that he came from Oakland, Cal., directly to Cleveland, and had lived ever since (about three years) at a laundry there; and there was express and apparently credible testimony that he was actively doing laundry work for several months before the trial in the District Court. He testified before the inspector that he had been with his father at Oakland but about “one or two months” before going to Cleveland. True, he testified in the District Court that ffe stayed in S!an Francisco “about two months to learn business” before going to Cleveland; that he had earned no money in Cleveland; that at the laundry his only work was helping with the cooking and sweeping; that he spent a great deal of his time looking for a location in which to open a store; that he brought with him to Cleveland $200, which his father had given him, and that the latter sent him $80 or $90 a year while at Cleveland. But the court was not bound to believe appellant. The father testified, by deposition, that he sent appellant $80 or $90 during all the time appellant was in Cleveland, and said nothing whatever about giving him $200 before he left California. Appellant’s testimony as to his stay in San Francisco is not corroborated. Both the inspector and the trial judge [409]*409found appellant’s hands heavily calloused, as of a man engaged in hard manual labor.
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KNAPPEN, Circuit Judge.
Appeal from a judgment of deportation. Appellant is a person of Chinese parentage, and was born in China. He was admitted to the United States, through the port of San Francisco, October 15, 1910, as the “minor son of Dew Fook Shing,” who then was and still is a merchant at San Francisco, dealing in Chinese and Japanese goods. Appellant’s certificate of identity gives his age as 20 years, and his occupation that of “merchant, Fook Woh & Co.,” doubtless meaning “Fook Wo & Co.,” the firm with which the father was connected. Appellant was arrested April 30, 1914, at Cleveland, Ohio, under section 13 of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1888 (Act Sept. 13, 1888, c. 1015, 25 Stat. 479 [Comp. St. 1916, § 4313]), [407]*407as a Chinese person unlawfully within the United S'tates. The commissioner found him to be a laborer, and ordered his deportation. On appeal to the District Court full hearing was had de novo, and the commissioner’s order of deportation affirmed. Judge (now Mr. Justice) Clarke, who heard the case, was of opinion that while, appellant was eligible to admission under the treaty between the United States and China as the minor son of a Chinese merchant lawfully domiciled here, yet that he was “admitted only nominally” as such, and did not fall within the scope of the principle recognized by the rulings of the courts which (in the interest of the family relation) have construed the section as permitting the entry of a Chinese merchant’s wife and minor children,'1 and that appellant “really entered the United States as a laborer” in violation of law.
[1, 2] That appellant was, when arrested, a laborer, is persuasively established by the evidence. But we have twice held, in accordance with what we deemed the better authority, that the fact that one who lawfully entered as the minor son of a merchant has since become a laborer is not enough to destroy his right to remain. Lew Ling Chong v. United States, supra; Lam Fung Yen v. Frick, supra. The case does not fall within the principle of Low Wah Suey v. Backus, 225 U. S. 460, 32 Sup. Ct. 734, 56 L. Ed. 1165, where a Chinese woman, who had lawfully entered as the wife of a citizen of the United States, was held deportable under the general Immigration Act as an alien found as an inmate of a house of prostitution. The general Immigration Act does not forbid the residence of Chinese laborers. Nor do we think the rule under which the minor son of a Chinese merchant is admitted necessarily inapplicable in principle to one who has less than a year of minority remaining. We think no arbitrary line of demarcation, depending on time alone, can properly be drawn. If, then, appellant is deportable, it can only be because his entry was not in good faith in the interest of the rclaiion stated, and for the purpose claimed, but was in bad faith, and in reality as, or for the purpose of immediately becoming, a laborer, in evasion of the Exclusion Act.
[3-5] By section 3 of the act of May 5, 1892, c. 60, 27 Stat. 25 (Comp. St. 1916, § 4317) the burden was on appellant to show, to the satisfaction of the court, his right to remain. Chin Bak Kan v. United States, 186 U. S. 193, 200, 22 Sup. Ct. 891, 46 L. Ed. 1121 ; Lum Kim v. United States (C. C. A. 6) 225 Fed. 31, 34, 140 C. C. A. 357. His certificate of admission was prima facie evidence of such right; hut we think it was nevertheless open to the government to show that the entry was in fact not for the purpose of conserving the family relation, and following the occupation of a merchant, but for the purpose of immediately becoming a laborer, and thus in evasion of the Exclusion Act, and that the court, if so satisfied, is justified in holding that the entry was in violation of the statute, and the one so entering thus unlawfully here. We also think that the fact that a Chi[408]*408nese person, so securing admission as a merchant and as the son of a merchant, is 20 years of age, and immediately becomes and continues as a laborer, is strong evidence tending to show that he came into the United States as a laborer. These propositions are directly sustained by United States v. Foo Duck (C. C. A. 9) 172 Fed. 856, 858, 97 C. C. A. 204.
[0] The important question is whether there is persuasive evidence that appellant’s entry was with such evasive purpose. The trial judge was impressed with the completeness of the showing of appellant’s entire separation from his father, and of the fact that appellant had been from the time of his arrival in the country “very certainly a common laborer.” As already said, the judge found that appellant “really entered the United States as a laborer, and that his coming was in violation of the statutes of this government.” This conclusion is entitled to great weight, especially as most of the testimony was taken in the presence of the judge. Lum Kim v. United States, supra. It does not appear whether the commissioner found that appellant entered the country in evasion of the act; and the case is thus not within the rule that the findings of the commissioner and District Judge will be reconsidered only when it is clear an incorrect conclusion has been reached. Chin Bak Kan v. United States, supra; Tom Hong v. United States, 193 U. S. 517, 522, 24 Sup. Ct. 517, 48 L. Ed. 772. But the case does fall within the rule applied by this court to equity hearings generally, that the conclusion of the trial judge, who saw and' heard the witnesses, will .be accepted, unless the evidence is found to preponderate decidedly against such conclusion.2 The evidence does not so preponderate.
[7] Appellant has not attended school since he entered the United States. He admitted that he had never been engaged as a merchant since he came here, and had done no traveling; that he came from Oakland, Cal., directly to Cleveland, and had lived ever since (about three years) at a laundry there; and there was express and apparently credible testimony that he was actively doing laundry work for several months before the trial in the District Court. He testified before the inspector that he had been with his father at Oakland but about “one or two months” before going to Cleveland. True, he testified in the District Court that ffe stayed in S!an Francisco “about two months to learn business” before going to Cleveland; that he had earned no money in Cleveland; that at the laundry his only work was helping with the cooking and sweeping; that he spent a great deal of his time looking for a location in which to open a store; that he brought with him to Cleveland $200, which his father had given him, and that the latter sent him $80 or $90 a year while at Cleveland. But the court was not bound to believe appellant. The father testified, by deposition, that he sent appellant $80 or $90 during all the time appellant was in Cleveland, and said nothing whatever about giving him $200 before he left California. Appellant’s testimony as to his stay in San Francisco is not corroborated. Both the inspector and the trial judge [409]*409found appellant’s hands heavily calloused, as of a man engaged in hard manual labor. The trial judge was justified in characterizing appellant’s testimony as “unsatisfactory and evasive,” and in saying that “the story that defendant has spent three or four years in idleness in a laundry in Cleveland, spending his time in searching for a place to engage in business, is too improbable to be accepted by any court.”
The trial judge was, in our opinion, justified in concluding that appellant entered for the purpose of becoming a laborer. The preservation of the family relation seems to have cut but little, if any, figure; appellant lived with his father but a few months at the most, then locating at a point more than 2,000 miles distant. Indeed, while the record does not affirmatively show whether or not appellant’s mother is still living, and, if so, where she is, the inference that she was and is still living in China is at least as natural as any other (so far as inference can be indulged from the testimony). The date of appellant’s birth does not appear; there is nothing to show whether, when entering, he was nearer 20 than 21 years of age. But the circumstances, all combined, tend strongly to sustain the conclusion that the entry was in evasion of the act which forbids the entry of a Chinese laborer.
These conclusions must result in affirming the judgment, unless the court was precluded by what occurred on the trial from considering the fact of fraudulent or evasive entry. At the opening of the trial appellant’s attorney said that he did not understand that the charge of fraudulent entry was in the case, and asked whether the government claimed that appellant “has lost his right to remain in this country because he may have performed some labor after he was permitted to and came into this country as the minor son of a Chinese merchant.” The government’s attorney replied that probably appellant “had a valid status when he came in; that probably is true, yet the fact that he so soon after his arrival in this country became a laborer, and has followed the work of a laborer ever since, renders him subject to deportation, inasmuch as his status is changed”; and later, “The government simply states this: That the certificate of identification which was issued to this man was issued in the regular way and manner, and that this certificate was in his possession at the time he was arrested, but that since the time he entered the United States he has become a laborer, performed labor almost continuously at a laundry, and he thereby forfeits his right to remain, and is subject to deportation”; and the judge said, in reply to a question of appellant’s counsel, that he understood there was no charge that the entry was fraudulent. As the judgment of deportation can be sustained only upon a finding that the entry was fraudulent in the sense that appellant entered only nominally in the relation stated, but really for the purpose of becoming a laborer in evasion of the statute, it would be our duty to award a new trial, if the disclaimer made on the part of the government has prejudiced the defense.
It is possible that the attorney for the government had not then seen our opinion in the Lew Ling Chong Case, which, though announced before, was first published after, the trial below, and apparently was then contending that the change of status was enough to make the appellant deportable. But we find in the record no suggestion that appellant has [410]*410been in fact prejudiced by the government’s disclaimer. The assignment of errors ignores that subject. Counsel have not suggested that the defense has been curtailed because of the disclaimer. On the other hand, appellant seems, so far as concerns the allegation of fraud, to rely here upon the proposition, as stated in the original brief of his counsel, that “his entry, must have been secured by trick or deceit, and the only trick or deceit available to one seeking to enter as the minor son of a merchant is to falsely claim relationship as son of a resident Chinese merchant.” Substantially the same proposition is found in the supplemental brief of appellant’s counsel. The government’s disclaimer may not unfairly be construed as meaning that appellant’s sonship to a Chinese merchant domiciled here, and his eligibility as such to enter, were not questioned.
But we cannot assent to the proposition that, because appellant wa? eligible to enter as the minor son of a Chinese merchant in the interest of the family relation, he is not deportable, although he entered in reality as a laborer and for such purpose. Appellant’s course of life since and before entering the United States seems to have been pretty fully gone into, and it seems fairly clear that appellant has not been prejudiced by the disclaimer made.
The judgment of deportation is accordingly affirmed.