COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Clements and Agee Argued at Richmond, Virginia
LEVON DENARD COOPER MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 0190-01-2 JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS FEBRUARY 12, 2002 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND Thomas N. Nance, Judge
Craig W. Stallard, Assistant Public Defender (Patricia P. Nagel, Assistant Public Defender; Office of the Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.
Eugene Murphy, Assistant Attorney General (Randolph A. Beales, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Appellant Levon Denard Cooper was convicted in a bench trial
of grand larceny of an automobile in violation of Code § 18.2-95.
On appeal, he contends the evidence was not sufficient to sustain
his conviction. We disagree and affirm the conviction.
As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this
case and because this memorandum opinion carries no precedential
value, this opinion recites only those facts and incidents of the
proceedings as necessary to the parties' understanding of the
disposition of this appeal.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Cooper contends the evidence was insufficient to support his
larceny conviction because the Commonwealth failed to prove that
he knew the car he was driving was stolen. The evidence, he
argues, merely showed that he was driving a car that, unbeknownst
to him, had been stolen six weeks earlier. Such evidence, he
asserts, was insufficient to allow the trial court to infer that
he was the one who had stolen the car. Moreover, he argues, even
if such an inference of larceny was permitted, his evidence was
sufficient to rebut it.
When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal,
we review the evidence "in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly
deducible therefrom." Bright v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 248,
250, 356 S.E.2d 443, 444 (1997). "In so doing, we must discard
the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the
Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence
favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences that may be
drawn therefrom." Watkins v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 335, 349,
494 S.E.2d 859, 866 (1998). We are further mindful that the
"credibility of a witness, the weight accorded the testimony, and
the inferences to be drawn from proven facts are matters solely
for the fact[ ]finder's determination." Keyes v. City of Virginia
Beach, 16 Va. App. 198, 199, 428 S.E.2d 766, 767 (1993). We will
not disturb the conviction unless it is plainly wrong or
- 2 - unsupported by the evidence. Sutphin v. Commonwealth, 1 Va. App.
241, 243, 337 S.E.2d 897, 898 (1985).
"At common law, larceny is the taking and carrying away of
the goods and chattels of another with intent to deprive the owner
of the possession thereof permanently." Lund v. Commonwealth, 217
Va. 688, 691, 232 S.E.2d 745, 748 (1977). Code § 18.2-95 provides
that grand larceny includes "larceny not from the person of
another of goods and chattels of the value of $200.00 or more."
Furthermore, "the unexplained possession of recently stolen goods
permits an inference of larceny by the possessor." Bright, 4 Va.
App. at 251, 356 S.E.2d at 444. In other words, "'[p]ossession of
goods recently stolen is prima facie evidence of guilt of the
crime of larceny, and throws upon the accused the burden of
accounting for that possession.'" Hope v. Commonwealth, 10 Va.
App. 381, 385, 392 S.E.2d 830, 833 (1990) (en banc) (quoting Fout
v. Commonwealth, 199 Va. 184, 190, 98 S.E.2d 817, 821 (1957)).
In this case, Cooper does not dispute that the Commonwealth's
evidence was sufficient to establish that the victim's car was
stolen on May 4, 2000. Likewise, he concedes that he, as the
driver of the car, was in possession of it on June 19, 2000. He
contends, however, that the Commonwealth failed to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that he knew the car was stolen. His mere use of
a car that he does not know is stolen is insufficient, he argues,
to prove he stole the car, especially since he was able to
reasonably explain his possession of the car. Thus, the issue
- 3 - before us is whether it was proper, under the facts of this
case, for the trial court to infer guilt from Cooper's
possession of the stolen car.
There is no direct evidence linking Cooper to the theft of
the car. The evidence establishes, however, that on the evening
of May 4, 2000, Greg Walters parked his white 1991 Ford
Thunderbird car in a restaurant parking lot at Glenside and Broad
Streets. Walters left a spare set of car keys in the car's middle
console. The car, according to Walters, was undamaged when he
left it that evening. The following morning, the car was gone.
Walters called the police and reported his car stolen.
The evidence further establishes that, on June 19, 2000,
while on patrol, Richmond City Police Officer Steven Kuzniewski
observed Cooper driving a white Ford Thunderbird car, which, when
Kuzniewski first saw it, was stopped in the middle of the road.
Kuzniewski saw a man on the side of the road approach the stopped
car and get in. The car then started down the road.
Intending to stop the driver of the Thunderbird for improper
stopping and taking on passengers in the street, Kuzniewski turned
his vehicle around and got behind the other car. As Kuzniewski
followed the Thunderbird down the block, his partner ran a DMV
check on the car's license plates and discovered that the car
had been reported stolen. Kuzniewski activated his vehicle's
lights and siren, and Cooper pulled over.
- 4 - However, before the officers could exit their car, Cooper
looked back at them and then drove away. Kuzniewski pursued
Cooper for approximately twelve blocks, at which point Cooper
stopped the car and fled on foot, leaving two passengers in the
car. Kuzniewski and his partner pursued him and were able to
apprehend him a few blocks away. They placed him under arrest
for driving a stolen vehicle. Cooper told the officers that he
had run from them because his license was suspended, but he gave
them no explanation for his possession of the stolen car.
Returning, approximately fifteen minutes later, to the
stolen vehicle, Kuzniewski observed that the steering column had
been "popped" on the left side. Approximately five inches of
the plastic covering had been ripped off the steering column,
exposing the inside of the ignition system, including "a little
piece of metal that was sticking out." According to Kuzniewski,
that metal piece was a "switch you move up and down [and] around
to start" the car.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Clements and Agee Argued at Richmond, Virginia
LEVON DENARD COOPER MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 0190-01-2 JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS FEBRUARY 12, 2002 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND Thomas N. Nance, Judge
Craig W. Stallard, Assistant Public Defender (Patricia P. Nagel, Assistant Public Defender; Office of the Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.
Eugene Murphy, Assistant Attorney General (Randolph A. Beales, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Appellant Levon Denard Cooper was convicted in a bench trial
of grand larceny of an automobile in violation of Code § 18.2-95.
On appeal, he contends the evidence was not sufficient to sustain
his conviction. We disagree and affirm the conviction.
As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this
case and because this memorandum opinion carries no precedential
value, this opinion recites only those facts and incidents of the
proceedings as necessary to the parties' understanding of the
disposition of this appeal.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Cooper contends the evidence was insufficient to support his
larceny conviction because the Commonwealth failed to prove that
he knew the car he was driving was stolen. The evidence, he
argues, merely showed that he was driving a car that, unbeknownst
to him, had been stolen six weeks earlier. Such evidence, he
asserts, was insufficient to allow the trial court to infer that
he was the one who had stolen the car. Moreover, he argues, even
if such an inference of larceny was permitted, his evidence was
sufficient to rebut it.
When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal,
we review the evidence "in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly
deducible therefrom." Bright v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 248,
250, 356 S.E.2d 443, 444 (1997). "In so doing, we must discard
the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the
Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence
favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences that may be
drawn therefrom." Watkins v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 335, 349,
494 S.E.2d 859, 866 (1998). We are further mindful that the
"credibility of a witness, the weight accorded the testimony, and
the inferences to be drawn from proven facts are matters solely
for the fact[ ]finder's determination." Keyes v. City of Virginia
Beach, 16 Va. App. 198, 199, 428 S.E.2d 766, 767 (1993). We will
not disturb the conviction unless it is plainly wrong or
- 2 - unsupported by the evidence. Sutphin v. Commonwealth, 1 Va. App.
241, 243, 337 S.E.2d 897, 898 (1985).
"At common law, larceny is the taking and carrying away of
the goods and chattels of another with intent to deprive the owner
of the possession thereof permanently." Lund v. Commonwealth, 217
Va. 688, 691, 232 S.E.2d 745, 748 (1977). Code § 18.2-95 provides
that grand larceny includes "larceny not from the person of
another of goods and chattels of the value of $200.00 or more."
Furthermore, "the unexplained possession of recently stolen goods
permits an inference of larceny by the possessor." Bright, 4 Va.
App. at 251, 356 S.E.2d at 444. In other words, "'[p]ossession of
goods recently stolen is prima facie evidence of guilt of the
crime of larceny, and throws upon the accused the burden of
accounting for that possession.'" Hope v. Commonwealth, 10 Va.
App. 381, 385, 392 S.E.2d 830, 833 (1990) (en banc) (quoting Fout
v. Commonwealth, 199 Va. 184, 190, 98 S.E.2d 817, 821 (1957)).
In this case, Cooper does not dispute that the Commonwealth's
evidence was sufficient to establish that the victim's car was
stolen on May 4, 2000. Likewise, he concedes that he, as the
driver of the car, was in possession of it on June 19, 2000. He
contends, however, that the Commonwealth failed to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that he knew the car was stolen. His mere use of
a car that he does not know is stolen is insufficient, he argues,
to prove he stole the car, especially since he was able to
reasonably explain his possession of the car. Thus, the issue
- 3 - before us is whether it was proper, under the facts of this
case, for the trial court to infer guilt from Cooper's
possession of the stolen car.
There is no direct evidence linking Cooper to the theft of
the car. The evidence establishes, however, that on the evening
of May 4, 2000, Greg Walters parked his white 1991 Ford
Thunderbird car in a restaurant parking lot at Glenside and Broad
Streets. Walters left a spare set of car keys in the car's middle
console. The car, according to Walters, was undamaged when he
left it that evening. The following morning, the car was gone.
Walters called the police and reported his car stolen.
The evidence further establishes that, on June 19, 2000,
while on patrol, Richmond City Police Officer Steven Kuzniewski
observed Cooper driving a white Ford Thunderbird car, which, when
Kuzniewski first saw it, was stopped in the middle of the road.
Kuzniewski saw a man on the side of the road approach the stopped
car and get in. The car then started down the road.
Intending to stop the driver of the Thunderbird for improper
stopping and taking on passengers in the street, Kuzniewski turned
his vehicle around and got behind the other car. As Kuzniewski
followed the Thunderbird down the block, his partner ran a DMV
check on the car's license plates and discovered that the car
had been reported stolen. Kuzniewski activated his vehicle's
lights and siren, and Cooper pulled over.
- 4 - However, before the officers could exit their car, Cooper
looked back at them and then drove away. Kuzniewski pursued
Cooper for approximately twelve blocks, at which point Cooper
stopped the car and fled on foot, leaving two passengers in the
car. Kuzniewski and his partner pursued him and were able to
apprehend him a few blocks away. They placed him under arrest
for driving a stolen vehicle. Cooper told the officers that he
had run from them because his license was suspended, but he gave
them no explanation for his possession of the stolen car.
Returning, approximately fifteen minutes later, to the
stolen vehicle, Kuzniewski observed that the steering column had
been "popped" on the left side. Approximately five inches of
the plastic covering had been ripped off the steering column,
exposing the inside of the ignition system, including "a little
piece of metal that was sticking out." According to Kuzniewski,
that metal piece was a "switch you move up and down [and] around
to start" the car. There were no keys in the ignition itself,
which was intact, but Kuzniewski did find keys in the car's
middle console. Kuzniewski testified that the damage to the
steering column was plainly visible to anyone driving the car.
Initially, we find that Cooper's admitted possession of the
stolen car was sufficiently recent, as a matter of law, to
establish a prima facie case of larceny and, thus, justify the
inference that Cooper stole the car. See Sullivan v.
Commonwealth, 210 Va. 201, 204, 169 S.E.2d 577, 579 (1969)
- 5 - (holding that possession of stolen goods two and a half months
after they were stolen is not, as a matter of law, too long a
time to consider goods recently stolen); Wilborne v.
Commonwealth, 182 Va. 63, 68-69, 28 S.E.2d 1, 3-4 (1943)
(holding that three months is not too long a time to permit the
recent-possession inference). We turn, then, to Cooper's claims
that he did not know the car was stolen and that the evidence he
presented was sufficient to rebut the inference that he was the
one who stole the car.
Testifying on his own behalf, Cooper denied knowing the car
was stolen. He testified that Duke, a person he had known for
five years but whose last name he did not know, picked him up in
the morning and drove him to the "Temp agency." Duke got a job
but Cooper did not, so Duke let him borrow the car for the day.
Cooper had seen Duke driving the car several times before that
day. Duke had told him that the car belonged to a friend of
his. Cooper testified that he used a key to start the car and
that he never noticed the damaged steering column. He further
testified that, when he stopped the car to flee the police on
foot, he left the key in the ignition. According to Cooper, he
fled from the police because his license was suspended and he
had already been convicted of driving on a suspended license
twice before. Thus, he "panicked." Cooper also testified that,
when apprehended by the police, he told them that Duke had lent
him the car.
- 6 - While Cooper's account of how he obtained possession of the
recently stolen car would, if found credible by the trial court,
overcome the inference that he stole the car, the trial court
obviously did not believe Cooper's explanation. The trier of
fact is not required to accept a party's evidence in its
entirety, but is free to believe or disbelieve in part or in
whole the testimony of any witness. Rollston v. Commonwealth,
11 Va. App. 535, 547, 399 S.E.2d 823, 830 (1991). Furthermore,
"[i]n its role of judging witness credibility, the fact finder
is entitled to disbelieve the self-serving testimony of the
accused and to conclude that the accused is lying to conceal his
guilt." Marable v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 505, 509-10, 500
S.E.2d 233, 235 (1998). Thus, the trial court was not required
to accept Cooper's testimony as to why he had possession of the
recently stolen car.
Based on our review of the record, we cannot say that the
trial court's decision to reject Cooper's explanation was
plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. In the light
most favorable to the Commonwealth, the evidence clearly showed
that Cooper knew the car was stolen. He could plainly see the
damaged steering wheel column, and he started and drove the car
without a key in the ignition. Furthermore, after being pulled
over by the police, he fled, and, when apprehended, he gave the
officers no explanation for his possession of the recently
stolen vehicle. He did not tell them that Duke had lent him the
- 7 - car for the day. This evidence supports the trial court's
finding that Cooper's explanation of his possession of the
stolen car was not credible.
Cooper having failed to credibly explain his possession of
the recently stolen car, the trial court was entitled to
conclude that Cooper stole the car. We hold, therefore, that
the evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that Cooper committed the larceny.
Accordingly, we affirm Cooper's conviction.
Affirmed.
- 8 -