1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
11 Edward George Lesofski, No. CV-20-00044-TUC-RM
12 Plaintiff, ORDER
13 v.
14 United States Secretary for the United States Air Force, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Pending before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. (Doc. 10.) The Court 18 issued an Order on May 1, 2020 warning Plaintiff that a failure to respond to the Motion 19 to Dismiss may, in the Court’s discretion, “be deemed a consent to the granting of that 20 Motion without further notice, and judgment may be entered dismissing the complaint 21 and action with prejudice pursuant to LRCiv 7.2(i).” (Doc. 11); see Brydges v. Lewis, 18 22 F.3d 651 (9th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). The Court ordered Plaintiff to respond to the 23 Motion to Dismiss on or before June 1, 2020. (Id.) Plaintiff has not responded. 24 I. Background 25 On January 27, 2020, Plaintiff filed a Complaint and Motion for Temporary 26 Restraining Order (“TRO”) related to his eviction from a campground located on Davis- 27 Monthan Air Force Base. (Docs. 1, 2.) In the Complaint and Motion for TRO, Plaintiff 28 indicates that he is a disabled veteran with four service dogs and that he, together with the 1 dogs, had been living on a campground in the Davis-Monthan Air Force Base for three 2 months preceding the filing of this lawsuit. (Id.) Plaintiff states that on January 27, 2020, 3 he was served with an eviction notice requiring him to leave the campground within 24 4 hours. (Doc. 2 at 1.) A copy of the eviction notice is attached to the Motion for TRO. (Id. 5 at 2.) The eviction notice indicates that Plaintiff has violated campground rules limiting 6 guests to three dogs per site; requiring guests to leash dogs at all times and immediately 7 pick up pet droppings; and prohibiting guests from bringing pets into facilities such as the 8 campground office, rest room, and laundry room. (Id.) The eviction notice also indicates 9 that Plaintiff has “treated other guests with disrespect when reminded of the park rules.” 10 (Id.) 11 In his Complaint, Plaintiff avers that the campground has selectively enforced its 12 rules, that he had no chance to address the charges against him, and that the eviction 13 notice violates his rights under the Fifth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States 14 Constitution. (Doc. 1.) Plaintiff avers that this Court has jurisdiction under 42 U.S.C. § 15 1983 and the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 29 U.S.C. § 701 et seq., and, 16 liberally construed, his Complaint alleges a Rehabilitation Act violation. (Id.); see 17 Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (pro se documents are to be liberally 18 construed). Plaintiff seeks money damages for “moving” and “emotional damages.” (Id.) 19 The Court denied Plaintiff’s request for a TRO on January 28, 2020. (Doc. 6.) 20 II. Standard of Review 21 Dismissal is appropriate under Rule 12(b)(6) if the facts alleged do not state a 22 claim that is “plausible on its face.” See Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 23 566 (2007). When assessing the sufficiency of the complaint, all factual allegations are 24 taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Iolab 25 Corp. v. Seaboard Sur. Co., 15 F.3d 1500, 1504 (9th Cir. 1994). While a complaint need 26 not plead “detailed factual allegations,” the factual allegations it does include “must be 27 enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp., 550 U.S. at 28 555. The allegations “must contain sufficient . . . underlying facts to give fair notice and 1 to enable the opposing party to defend itself effectively.” Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 2 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). 3 LRCiv 7.2(i) provides: 4 If a motion does not conform in all substantial respects with the requirements of this Local Rule, or if the unrepresented 5 party or counsel does not serve and file the required answering memoranda, of if the unrepresented party or 6 counsel fails to appear at the time and place assigned for oral argument, such non-compliance may be deemed a consent to 7 the denial or granting of the motion and the Court may dispose of the motion summarily. 8 9 III. Discussion 10 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s Complaint should be dismissed because his 11 allegations do not “plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief” under the ADA, the 12 Rehabilitation Act, or 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (Doc. 10.) 13 A. ADA Claim 14 Defendant argues that the ADA does not apply to the federal government. (Id.); 15 see 42 U.S.C. § 12131(1) (defining public entity in Title II to include only state and local 16 governments and commuter authorities); 42 U.S.C. § 12181(6) and (7) (defining public 17 accommodations in Title III to include only private enterprises affecting interstate 18 commerce). “The United States has not waived its sovereign immunity to be sued [for 19 damages] under the ADA[.]” Gray v. United States, 69 Fed. Cl. 95, 101 (2005). There is 20 no private cause of action against the United States under the ADA. Id. Accordingly, the 21 Court will dismiss Plaintiff’s ADA claim. 22 B. Rehabilitation Act Claim 23 Defendant argues that, although the Rehabilitation Act does apply to the federal 24 government, Plaintiff has not adequately stated the elements of a Rehabilitation Act 25 Claim. (Doc. 10 at 3.) To state a claim under the Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff must 26 allege that: (1) he was disabled within the meaning of the statute; (2) he was “otherwise 27 qualified” for the defendant’s services, with or without reasonable accommodation; (3) he 28 was denied the services because of his disability; and (4) the defendant received federal 1 financial assistance. Martin v. Cal. Dept. of Vet. Affairs, 560 F.3d 1042, 1047 (9th Cir. 2 2009). Courts look to regulations implementing the ADA to define a disability under the 3 Rehabilitation Act. See Walton v. U.S. Marshals Servc., 492 F.3d 998, 1005 (9th Cir. 4 2007). The ADA defines “disability” as: (A) a physical or mental impairment that 5 substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual, (B) a 6 record of such an impairment, or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment. 42 7 U.S.C. § 12102(2); see also 28 C.F.R. § 35.108(b) (defining “physical or mental 8 impairment”); 28 C.F.R. § 35.108(c) (defining “major life activities”). 9 Although Plaintiff alleges that he is disabled, he provides no information about his 10 disability and provides no facts that would indicate that his disability impairs a major life 11 activity within the meaning of the statute. Accordingly, Plaintiff has failed to allege facts 12 sufficient to state a claim under the Rehabilitation Act.
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1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
11 Edward George Lesofski, No. CV-20-00044-TUC-RM
12 Plaintiff, ORDER
13 v.
14 United States Secretary for the United States Air Force, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Pending before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. (Doc. 10.) The Court 18 issued an Order on May 1, 2020 warning Plaintiff that a failure to respond to the Motion 19 to Dismiss may, in the Court’s discretion, “be deemed a consent to the granting of that 20 Motion without further notice, and judgment may be entered dismissing the complaint 21 and action with prejudice pursuant to LRCiv 7.2(i).” (Doc. 11); see Brydges v. Lewis, 18 22 F.3d 651 (9th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). The Court ordered Plaintiff to respond to the 23 Motion to Dismiss on or before June 1, 2020. (Id.) Plaintiff has not responded. 24 I. Background 25 On January 27, 2020, Plaintiff filed a Complaint and Motion for Temporary 26 Restraining Order (“TRO”) related to his eviction from a campground located on Davis- 27 Monthan Air Force Base. (Docs. 1, 2.) In the Complaint and Motion for TRO, Plaintiff 28 indicates that he is a disabled veteran with four service dogs and that he, together with the 1 dogs, had been living on a campground in the Davis-Monthan Air Force Base for three 2 months preceding the filing of this lawsuit. (Id.) Plaintiff states that on January 27, 2020, 3 he was served with an eviction notice requiring him to leave the campground within 24 4 hours. (Doc. 2 at 1.) A copy of the eviction notice is attached to the Motion for TRO. (Id. 5 at 2.) The eviction notice indicates that Plaintiff has violated campground rules limiting 6 guests to three dogs per site; requiring guests to leash dogs at all times and immediately 7 pick up pet droppings; and prohibiting guests from bringing pets into facilities such as the 8 campground office, rest room, and laundry room. (Id.) The eviction notice also indicates 9 that Plaintiff has “treated other guests with disrespect when reminded of the park rules.” 10 (Id.) 11 In his Complaint, Plaintiff avers that the campground has selectively enforced its 12 rules, that he had no chance to address the charges against him, and that the eviction 13 notice violates his rights under the Fifth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States 14 Constitution. (Doc. 1.) Plaintiff avers that this Court has jurisdiction under 42 U.S.C. § 15 1983 and the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 29 U.S.C. § 701 et seq., and, 16 liberally construed, his Complaint alleges a Rehabilitation Act violation. (Id.); see 17 Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (pro se documents are to be liberally 18 construed). Plaintiff seeks money damages for “moving” and “emotional damages.” (Id.) 19 The Court denied Plaintiff’s request for a TRO on January 28, 2020. (Doc. 6.) 20 II. Standard of Review 21 Dismissal is appropriate under Rule 12(b)(6) if the facts alleged do not state a 22 claim that is “plausible on its face.” See Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 23 566 (2007). When assessing the sufficiency of the complaint, all factual allegations are 24 taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Iolab 25 Corp. v. Seaboard Sur. Co., 15 F.3d 1500, 1504 (9th Cir. 1994). While a complaint need 26 not plead “detailed factual allegations,” the factual allegations it does include “must be 27 enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp., 550 U.S. at 28 555. The allegations “must contain sufficient . . . underlying facts to give fair notice and 1 to enable the opposing party to defend itself effectively.” Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 2 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). 3 LRCiv 7.2(i) provides: 4 If a motion does not conform in all substantial respects with the requirements of this Local Rule, or if the unrepresented 5 party or counsel does not serve and file the required answering memoranda, of if the unrepresented party or 6 counsel fails to appear at the time and place assigned for oral argument, such non-compliance may be deemed a consent to 7 the denial or granting of the motion and the Court may dispose of the motion summarily. 8 9 III. Discussion 10 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s Complaint should be dismissed because his 11 allegations do not “plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief” under the ADA, the 12 Rehabilitation Act, or 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (Doc. 10.) 13 A. ADA Claim 14 Defendant argues that the ADA does not apply to the federal government. (Id.); 15 see 42 U.S.C. § 12131(1) (defining public entity in Title II to include only state and local 16 governments and commuter authorities); 42 U.S.C. § 12181(6) and (7) (defining public 17 accommodations in Title III to include only private enterprises affecting interstate 18 commerce). “The United States has not waived its sovereign immunity to be sued [for 19 damages] under the ADA[.]” Gray v. United States, 69 Fed. Cl. 95, 101 (2005). There is 20 no private cause of action against the United States under the ADA. Id. Accordingly, the 21 Court will dismiss Plaintiff’s ADA claim. 22 B. Rehabilitation Act Claim 23 Defendant argues that, although the Rehabilitation Act does apply to the federal 24 government, Plaintiff has not adequately stated the elements of a Rehabilitation Act 25 Claim. (Doc. 10 at 3.) To state a claim under the Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff must 26 allege that: (1) he was disabled within the meaning of the statute; (2) he was “otherwise 27 qualified” for the defendant’s services, with or without reasonable accommodation; (3) he 28 was denied the services because of his disability; and (4) the defendant received federal 1 financial assistance. Martin v. Cal. Dept. of Vet. Affairs, 560 F.3d 1042, 1047 (9th Cir. 2 2009). Courts look to regulations implementing the ADA to define a disability under the 3 Rehabilitation Act. See Walton v. U.S. Marshals Servc., 492 F.3d 998, 1005 (9th Cir. 4 2007). The ADA defines “disability” as: (A) a physical or mental impairment that 5 substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual, (B) a 6 record of such an impairment, or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment. 42 7 U.S.C. § 12102(2); see also 28 C.F.R. § 35.108(b) (defining “physical or mental 8 impairment”); 28 C.F.R. § 35.108(c) (defining “major life activities”). 9 Although Plaintiff alleges that he is disabled, he provides no information about his 10 disability and provides no facts that would indicate that his disability impairs a major life 11 activity within the meaning of the statute. Accordingly, Plaintiff has failed to allege facts 12 sufficient to state a claim under the Rehabilitation Act. Even if Plaintiff were disabled 13 within the meaning of the statute, however, he has also failed to allege facts showing that 14 he was denied Defendant’s services because of his disability. Although Plaintiff suggests 15 that he was removed from the campground for having more than three service dogs, he 16 has not stated sufficient facts to link this reason for his removal with his disability—for 17 example, that his disability requires more than three service dogs. Accordingly, the Court 18 will dismiss the Rehabilitation Act claim. 19 C. Constitutional Claims 20 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s constitutional claims fail because 42 U.S.C. § 21 1983 does not apply to the federal government. (Doc. 10 at 5); see Ibrahim v. Dep’t of 22 Homeland Sec., 538 F.3d 1250, 1257 (9th Cir. 2008) (“[S]ection 1983 only provides a 23 remedy against persons acting under color of state law”). As Plaintiff names only the 24 Secretary for the United States Air Force as a Defendant, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 does not 25 provide a basis for jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s constitutional claims. 26 Defendant acknowledges that federal actors can be liable for constitutional 27 violations under Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 28 403 U.S. 388 (1971). A Bivens cause of action only lies against federal officials acting in 1 their individual capacities. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676 (9th Cir. 2009). Thus, 2 to state a Bivens claim, a plaintiff “must plead that each Government-official defendant, 3 through the official’s own individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” Id. There is 4 no vicarious liability under Bivens. Id. The Complaint does not name any individual 5 federal officials other than the Secretary and does not allege facts indicating that the 6 Secretary personally violated Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. Accordingly, the Court will 7 dismiss Plaintiff’s constitutional claims. 8 D. Leave to Amend 9 “Dismissal with prejudice and without leave to amend is not appropriate unless it 10 is clear . . . that the complaint could not be saved by amendment.” Eminence Capital, 11 LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003) (per curiam). Leave to amend 12 should freely be granted in the absence of undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive, 13 repeated failure to cure deficiencies, undue prejudice to the opposing party, or futility of 14 amendment. Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)). 15 Plaintiff’s ADA claim and constitutional claims against the United States cannot 16 be cured by amendment; it is not entirely clear whether Plaintiff’s Rehabilitation Act 17 claim could be cured. However, Plaintiff failed to timely respond to the Motion to 18 Dismiss and, over two months after the deadline, has not filed a Response. The Court 19 deems Plaintiff’s non-response to the Motion to Dismiss a consent to the granting of the 20 Motion and the dismissal of his claims with prejudice. (Doc. 11); see also LRCiv 7.2(i); 21 Brydges, 18 F.3d 651. 22 Accordingly, 23 . . . . 24 . . . . 25 . . . . 26 . . . . 27 . . . . 28 . . . . 1 IT IS ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 10) is granted. The 2|| above-captioned action is dismissed with prejudice. The Clerk of Court is directed to 3 || enter judgment accordingly and close this case. 4 Dated this 19th day of August, 2020. 5 6 1 a th by) 8 ANEML Honorable Rostsiary □□□□□□□ 9 United States District □□□□□ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
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