OPINION
Opinion by:
Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Leonardo Rivas appeals his convictions for the murder of Felix Flores and for conspiracy to commit Flores’ murder. He does not challenge his conviction for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon against a bystander. We overrule Leonardo’s issues on appeal and affirm the trial court’s judgments.
BACKGROUND
On the night of October 14, 2011, Leonardo Rivas, also known as “Lenny,” was at a party on Cedar Street in Hondo, Texas, along with his brother, Michael Rivas, and Adriana Benavides. During the party, Michael received a message that Eusebio “Chevio” Luna, a member of the Mexican Mafia, wanted to meet with him about some cocaine that he believed was stolen by Adriana.
Michael and Adriana left the party and drove to a house on 18th Street where Michael met with Chevio in front of the house. During their discussion, Felix Flores, the murder victim, drove up in a white van. Michael testified that Chevio instructed him to kill Adriana and when Michael refused, Chevio made a hand gesture to Felix and several other men who then began attacking Michael. Adriana testified that Felix had something in his hands which she could not see, but assumed was a knife, and he went toward Michael’s neck with it; she saw some bleeding afterward, but it was “not that bad.” Adriana admitted lying to the police when she said Michael was stabbed in other places too. Michael testified that he was stabbed three times during the fight, at least once by Felix; he stated he was stabbed in the neck, chest, and back of the neck. Michael was able to knock Felix down and run down the street where Adriana picked him up in her parents’ black Expedition. The severity of Michael’s injuries was the subject of conflicting testimony, but it is undisputed that he did not seek medical attention.
Michael and Adriana returned to the Cedar Street party, and Michael told Leonardo that he had been stabbed. Leonardo testified Michael was bleeding on his neck'and chest and was “scared.” Michael told Leonardo, “they got me.” Leonardo testified he argued with Michael, trying to convince him to go to the hospital or their sister’s house to get his injuries treated; Michael refused, saying “they would come get him.” Adriana stated that Michael was pacing back and forth and was mad; she stated Leonardo also sounded mad. After some discussion between the brothers, they got back in the Expedition with Adriana. Michael was driving, Leonardo was in the front passenger seat, and Adriana was in the rear passenger seat. There
was conflicting testimony about whether they were going to get Michael’s injuries “cleaned up” as Leonardo stated he wanted to do, were going “cruising” as Michael testified, or were going to find Felix. Adriana testified that she heard Leonardo say he “knew where Felix would be.” Leonardo, however, testified that he did not know it was Felix who stabbed his brother, and did not know where Felix lived. Adriana testified that Leonardo retrieved his gun before they left the party. Leonardo testified he always carries a gun because he has been attacked in the past. Adriana stated she heard “clicking noises” coming from the gun before they left the party. Adriana stated she also heard Leonardo tell Michael, “I’m going to make you a believer” when they were driving toward 12th Street.
At approximately 1:15 a.m., Felix Flores was at his brother Johnny Joe Flores’ house on 12th Street, where they were drinking beer and eating tacos around a cement slab in front of the mobile home; the cement slab was about eleven feet from the property line. Also present were Johnny Joe’s wife, Margie Gonzales, their sons and grandchildren, and Felix’s girlfriend Janie Aguilar- Felix told them he had been “jumped” by Michael Rivas, also known as “Mikeo,” and they observed a bump above Felix’s eye. After about ten minutes, a black Expedition drove up and stopped in front of the Flores yard, close to the property line and about three to four feet short of the stop sign. Johnny Joe heard a male voice from inside the vehicle say, “Yeah, that’s him,” and Felix said, “That’s them ... Mikeo and Lenny.” Margie testified the male voice inside the Expedition said, “There he is” before the vehicle came to a stop. Felix raised his hands up and yelled something in Spanish; Johnny Joe and Margie testified Felix yelled, “what’s up” in Spanish. Margie stated she heard the male voice from the vehicle say, “you mother f* *ker.”
• What happened next was the subject of conflicting testimony. The Flores family testified that Felix was standing in front of the slab and took, at most, two -steps, and that Leonardo reached down as if he were going to open the passenger door and exit the vehicle, but instead raised a gun and just started shooting at Felix out of the open passenger window. Leonardo testified that when the Expedition was at the stop sign he heard Adriana scream, “Look out, look out,” and when he turned he saw Felix at the passenger side window. Felix reached inside the open window and began “swinging” at him, Leonardo raised his hand to block Felix and “felt where he stabbed me.” Leonardo then screamed; “Oh shit.” Leonardo testified that he was “scared” and “panicked” because he was afraid Felix was going to kill him. Leonardo reached for his gun next to the console, and began shooting at Felix with the gun. extended through the open window. Michael testified that. when he stopped the Expedition at the stop sign he heard a male voice yell something, saw Felix and Johnny Joe approaching the vehicle, and then Felix was there at the passenger window attacking Leonardo; Michael stated “there was a strike” and he got “scared” and “panicked.” The next thing Michael knew,, he heard Leonardo firing the gun. Michael did not see if Felix had something in his hand. Both Leonardo and Michael testified that everything happened very fast. Adriana testi
fied that she saw Felix put his hands up ■ and say something in Spanish, that she yelled to Leonardo, “Look out, look out” when she recognized Felix, that Leonardo was shocked and said “oh shit” when he saw Felix, and that Leonardo just started shooting at Felix with the gun extended outside the window; she saw Felix fall backwards. Adriana testified that Felix did not approach the Expedition and did not get close enough to stab Leonardo, although Felix was close enough “to threaten;” she did not hear Felix make any verbal threats. At trial, Adriana admitted lying when she initially told police she saw Felix at the window and saw him stab Leonardo on the- arm. Adriana testified that she saw no weapons on Felix or anyone else in the Flores group at the 12th Street house.
It was undisputed that Leonardo fired the first gunshots at Felix. Some witnesses, including Johnny Joe Flores, Margie Gonzalez, and Janie Aguilar, testified that after Leonardo stopped shooting, Michael fired more shots. Michael denied ever shooting the gun, and Adriana stated she only saw Leonardo fire the gun. ■ Felix was shot nine times, with the majority of the gunshots to his front right torso. Johnny Joe Flores was shot in the upper thigh as he pushed his wife out of the way. No weapons were recovered at the scene.
Immediately after the shooting, the Rivas brothers and Adriana drove off in the Expedition and went to Leonardo’s home. Michael and Leonardo split up and ran off in different directions, while Adriana drove to her house. Leonardo testified he was “freaking out,” . “scared,” and “crying.” Michael stated Leonardo was crying and kept repeating, “I shot him, I shot him.” Leonardo stated he was “in shock with what happened”, and just started running; he threw the gun away when he realized he was still holding it. The investigating officers found spent shell casings in the road where the Expedition was parked. An examination of the Expedition showed none of Felix’s' blood was found on the inside- or the outside of the Expedition. The gunshot wounds on Felix’s body had no stippling, indicating the shots were not fired at close range, i.e., within two to three feet; however, the medical examiner did not receive Felix’s clothing which could have contained soot from the gunshots. Felix’s body was located near the cement slab. The distance from the cement slab to the location of the casings was approximately six to eleven feet. The fatal wound,- a gunshot wound to Felix’s ear which traveled down his skull,and severed his spine, was fired from more than two -to three feet away and would have incapacitated Felix where he stood. The medical examiner could not, however, determine the chronological order of the gunshot wounds or the exact distance between the shooter and the victim. The array of’gunshot wounds was consistent with the shooter sitting down and the victim moving to avoid the shots. A few days after the shooting, Leonardo and Michael were separately located in San Antonio and arrested. At that time, Leonardo had a small abrasion on his left hand and Michael had a small abrasion to the back of his head and a scratch on his chest.
Leonardo and Michael were indicted for Felix’s murder and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon against Johnny Joe Flores. They were subsequently charged with conspiracy to commit Felix’s murder. Adriana was also indicted for conspiracy to commit murder; she entered a plea and testified at trial against the Rivas brothers. Because the three indictments against Leonardo and Michael arose out of the same criminal episode, the indictments against each defendant were consolidated into a single criminal action.
See
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 3.02(a), (b) (West
2011). The prosecutions against Leonardo and Michael were subsequently consolidated for trial under a single cause number.
See
Tex.Code Crim. Peoc. Ann. art. 36.09 (West 2007). At the joint trial, both Leonardo and Michael raised self-defense, but the jury found them each guilty on all three counts, implicitly rejecting their claims of self-defense. Based on the jury’s recommendation, the trial court assessed Leonardo’s punishment at life imprisonment on the murder conviction and twenty years’ imprisonment on the aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and conspiracy' convictions, with all sentences to run concurrently.
Leonardo now appeals.
Analysis
Leonardo raises four issues on appeal, asserting that: (1) the trial court erred in denying his request for a jury instruction on sudden passion during the punishment phase; (2) the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for conspiracy to commit murder; (3) the State knowingly presented perjured testimony during the guilt/innocence phase; and (4) the trial court erred in excluding testimony concerning a law enforcement officer’s bias against Leonardo.
Sudden Passion Instruction
During the punishment phase of trial, Leonardo adopted the request made by Michael for a jury instruction bn sudden passion. The State objected 'there was no evidence of sudden passion, stating the issue was one of “pure self-defense.” The trial court denied the instruction. On appeal, Leonardo contends there was at least some evidence that he experienced such a degree of fear or terror when Felix attacked him through the vehicle’s window that he was incapable of cool reflection when he shot at Felix; therefore, he was entitled to receive a sudden passion instruction. The State replies that there is no believable evidence of provocation by Felix at the time of the shooting and, even if there was, it was not of such a type that would render an ordinary person incapable of cool reflection, in his response; alternatively, .the State argues that Leonardo was not harmed by the absence of the sudden passion instruction.
Once a defendant has been found guilty of murder, he may argue during the punishment phase that he caused the person’s death while under the immediate in-, fluence of sudden passion arising from an adequate cause. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(d) (West 2011);
see Trevino v. State,
100 S.W.3d 232, 240 (Tex.Crim.App.2003) (noting that sudden passion is solely a punishment issue, which may be raised after the defendant’s intent to kill has already been affirmatively resolved). Sudden passion is a mitigating circumstance, which if proven by a preponderance of the evidence, reduces the murder from a first degree felony to a second degree felony subject to a maximum sentence of twenty years. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(c), (d) (West 2011);
McKinney v. State,
179 S.W.3d 565, 569 (Tex.Crim.App.2005). “Sudden passion is ‘passion directly caused by and arising out of provocation by the individual killed’ which arises at the time of the murder.”
Wooten v. State,
400 S.W.3d 601, 605 (Tex.Crim.App.2013) (quoting Tex. Penal . Code Ann. § 19.02(a)(2)). The passion may not be solely the result of former provocation. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(a)(2) (West 2011). “Adequate cause is a ‘cause that would commonly produce a degree of anger, rage, resentment, or terror in a person of ordinary temper, sufficient to render the mind'incapable of cool reflection.’ ”
Wooten,
400 S.W.3d at 605 (quoting Tex.
Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(a)(1)). The defendant has the burden of both production and persuasion on the issue of sudden passion.
Wooten,
400 S.W.3d at 605.
To be entitled to receive a jury-instruction on the issue of sudden passion at punishment, the defendant must request the instruction and “the record must at least minimally support an inference: (1) that the defendant in fact acted under the immediate influence of a passion such as terror, anger, rage, or resentment; (2) that his sudden passion was in fact induced by some provocation by the deceased or another acting with him, which provocation would commonly produce such a.passion in a person of ordinary temper; (3) that he committed the murder before regaining his capacity for cool reflection; and (4) that a causal connection existed ‘between the provocation, passion, and homicide.’ ”
Id.
A jury should be instructed on sudden passion if the issue is raised by the evidence, even if that evidence is “weak, impeached, contradicted, or unbelievable;” however, the evidence “must not be so weak, contested, or incredible” that it could not support a finding of sudden passion by a rational jury.
Trevino,
100 S.W.3d' at 238. In determining whether it was error to deny the requested instruction on sudden passion, the ‘ reviewing court focuses on the evidence supporting the instruction, not on the evidence refuting it.
McKinney,
179 S.W.3d at 569 (citing
Trevino,
100 S.W.3d at 238-39).
If denial of the sudden passion instruction was error, and the error was preserved, the court must determine whether the appellant suffered “some harm.”
Wooten,
400 S.W.3d at 606 (harm analysis is conducted under the standards set out in article 36.19 of the Code of Criminal-Procedure);
see
Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b) (harm standard for non-structural error). The degree of harm is evaluated in view of the complete jury charge, counsel’s arguments, the evidence as a whole, including the contested issues and the weight of the probative evidence, and any other relevant factors contained in the record.
Wooten,
400 S.W.3d'at 606. The reviewing court’s focus is “to determine the likelihood that a jury would have believed that the appellant acted out of sudden passion had it been given the instruction.”
Id.
Assuming, without deciding, that the evidence was sufficient to at least minimally support an inference that Leonardo acted under the immediate influence of sudden passion arising from an adequate cause, we conclude the denial of a jury instruction on sudden passion did not harm Leonardo.
See id.
at 607 (declining to address whether trial court erred in denying a sudden passion instruction because harm analysis was dispositive). The record shows there were two competing theories at trial — the State’s, assertion that Leonardo and Michael .went looking for Felix after he stabbed Michael and intentionally killed him in cold blood, and the defense’s assertion that after Félix rushed their vehicle and attacked Leonardo, Leonardo shot Felix in self-defense. The jury-heard the evidence in support of self-defense and implicitly rejected it by finding Leonardo and Michael guilty of intentionally murdering Felix. We acknowledge that just because a jury rejects a defendant’s self-defense theory at guilt/innocence does not necessarily mean the defendant is not entitled to a sudden passion instruction at the punishment phase, or that the jury would reject sudden passion as mitigation of punishment.
See Trevino,
100 S.W.3d at 242 (recognizing that, depending on the facts, there could be evidence that was not discredited by the rejection of self-defense which supports a claim of sudden passion). The evidence
supporting a jury’s rejection of self-defense does, however, factor into the harm-analysis with respect to the erroneous denial of a sudden passion instruction, and may demonstrate the absence of harm depending on the facts. •
See id.; see also Wooten,
400 S.W.3d at 609.
Here, the jury heard substantial evidence contradicting the claim of self-defense, including the following: (1) the testimony by Adriana and the witnesses at the Flores house that Felix was standing next to the cement slab and did not get close to the Expedition, taking at most two to three steps before Leonardo started shoot-' ing at him; (2) the testimony by law enforcement officers that Felix’s body'was lying by the cement slab and there was no blood trail between the body and the street; (3) the testimony by the witnesses at the Flores house that the Expedition stopped at the property line and several feet short of the stop sign, thus contradicting Michael’s testimony they were “just cruising;” (4) Adriana’s testimony that Leonardo stated he “knew where Felix would be,” and was going to make his brother Michael “a believer;” (5) Johnny Joe and Margie’s testimony -that they heard a male voice inside the vehicle ‘say, “There he is” or “Yeah, that’s him” when the Expedition stopped in front of the Flores house, supporting an inference that Leonardo and Michael had come to find Felix; and (6) the witness testimony and admission by Leonardo that he extended his hand outside the window when he-fired the gun at Felix, the testimony that none of Felix’s blood was found on the outside or inside of the Expedition and that' there was no stippling around his gunshot wounds as expected when a gun is fired at close range, which supports an inference that Felix was not within two to three feet of the vehicle when Leonardo shot him. Further, Leonardo admitted retrieving his handgun after learning that Michael had been stabbed and before they left in the Expedition, and there was testimony that Leonardo was heard loading the gun before leaving the party; these actions occurred prior to any provocation by Felix against Leonardo. Such evidence showing that a defendant anticipated the event and prepared himself to respond to the expected altercation tends to show deliberation and undermines a claim of sudden passion.
McKinney,
179 S.W.3d at 570;
Gonzales v. State,
717 S.W.2d 355, 357 (Tex.Crim.App.1986). Further, Leonardo cannot base his sudden passion claim solely on the former provocation by Felix against Michael. Tex Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(a)(2);
De Leon v. State,
373 S.W.3d 644, 650 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2012, pet. ref'd). Finally, the jury was entitled to consider Leonardo’s actions after the shooting, i.e., he immediately fled the scene, he split up from his brother and Adriana, he disposed of the gun, and he left town.
See Clayton v. State,
235 S.W.3d 772, 780 (Tex.Crim.App.2007) (flight is evidence of consciousness of guilt).
As noted, the evidence supporting rejection of a self-defense claim may, depending on the facts of the case, demonstrate the absence of any harm from denial of a sudden passion instruction.
See Wooten,
400 S.W.3d at 609;
see also Trevino,
100 S.W.3d at 242. Indeed, we have previously recognized that, except in rare instances, when the State’s evidence is sufficient to overcome- a claim of self-defense, it will also be sufficient to show the absence of sudden passion.
See Chavez v. State,
6 S.W.3d 56, 65 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1999, pet. ref'd) (citing
Benavides v. State,
992 S.W.2d 511, 524-25 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. ref'd)). Based on our review of the record as a whole, we conclude that, in- this case, the evidence contradicting Leonardo’s claim of self-defense is also sufficient to establish the absence of
harm from the denial of a sudden passion instruction. Tex.Code CRiM. PROC. Ann. art. 36.19 (West 2006);
Wooten,
400 S.W.3d at 608.
Conspiracy to Commit Murder
As noted, Leonardo was also convicted of conspiracy'to commit murder, a second degree" felony, and received á twenty-year sentence of imprisonment. The indictment alleged that, with the intent that murder be committed, Leonardo agreed with Adriana and Michael that one of them would cause the death of Felix Flores by shooting him with a handgun, and that Leonardo performed an overt act in pursuance of such agreement by shooting Felix. A person commits criminal conspiracy when (1) with intent that a felony be committed, (e.g., murder), (2) he agrees with one or more persons that one or more of them will engage in conduct that constitutes the felony offense, and (3) he or one or more of them performs an overt act in pursuance of the agreement. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 15.02(a) (West 2011). The essential element of criminal conspiracy is an agreement to commit a crime.
Williams v. State,
646 S.W.2d 221, 222 (Tex.Crim.App.1983).
Leonardo challenges his conspiracy conviction by asserting there was no evidence of any agreement between him and Michael and/Or Adriana to shoot and kill Felix Flores that night. He relies on the testimony by all three co-defendants denying that there was any discussion or agreement among them about killing Felix. However, direct evidence of an agreement among conspirators is not required and rarely exists.
Williams v. State,
82 S.W.3d 557, 564-65 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2002, pet. ref'd). Conspiracy must often be proven by “circumstances from which the existence of the conspiracy is logically deducible.”
Id.
at 565;
Butler v. State,
758 S.W.2d 856, 860 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Disk] 1988, no pet.) (noting that because conspirators’ work is often clandestine in nature, direct evidence is not required and circumstantial evidence will suffice). Indeed, the statute explicitly states that the. existence of an agreement constituting a conspiracy may be inferred from the parties’-acts. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 15.02(b) (West 2011).
Here, the record contains sufficient circumstantial evidence to súpport a reasonable inference of an agreement between Leonardo and Michael and/or Adriana to murder Felix that night. Several statements were made by Leonardo and Michael from which an inference of an agreement to murder Felix can be drawn. Michelle Benavides, who lived at the trailer next door to the party on Cedar Street and was the niece of Felix Flores, testified she heard Leonardo, Michael, and Adriana arguing by a black Expedition at about 12:20 p.m. on the night of Felix’s murder. She heard Leonardo say, “F* *k them. I already told these mother f* *kers they’re not going to f* *k with us,” and then in response to something said by Michael, he stated, “F* *k that, Bro. F* *k that shit. I’m tired of their shit.”. The three then got in the Expedition and drove, off.- Michelle Benavides’, ex-husband, Stephen Rodriguez, testified he heard the Rivas brothers talking next door and heard Michael say, “Hey Bro, let’s — you want to ride with me to go get this ’mother f*-*ker?” He testified that Leonardo initially said, “No Bro, I’m cool,” but later said, “Let’s just ride.” Before they got in the Expedition and drove away, Rodriguez heard a gun being loaded with a clip and the chamber being pulled back or “racked.”' About 20 to 30 minutes later, he heard gunshots in the neighborhood and learned that' Felix-had been shot. As detailed above, Adriana testified she heard Leonardo say he
“knew where Felix would be” before they left the party, and heard Leonardo tell Michael, “I’m going to make you a believer” as they-were driving toward Felix-’s house. In addition, Johnny Joe and Margie heard a male voice belonging to either Leonardo or Michael -say, “Yeah, that’s him” or “There he is” when the Expedition stopped in front of the Flores house. Leonardo’s action in going to get his gun after Michael told him that he had been stabbed, along with the sound of the gun being “racked” or loaded, when viewed in the context of the statements , further supports an inference that the intent behind taking the gun was to shoot Felix, not merely one of self-protection. Michael’s actions in evading police on the way to the Flores house and in stopping the Expedition not at the stop sign, but three to four feet short in front of the Flores’ yard also support the existence of an agreement to shoot Felix. Finally, the fact that all three individuals fled in the Expedition immediately after the shooting, and then split up with each going in a different direction, also constitutes circumstances from which a conspiracy can be inferred. We conclude the circumstantial evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s finding of a conspiracy 'to murder the victim.
Williams,
82 S.W.3d at 564-65;
Brooks v. State,
323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex.Crim.App.2010) (legal sufficiency standard of review).
Perjured Testimony
Leonardo next asserts the State knowingly presented or failed to correct false testimony that Felix was not a member of the Mexican Mafia, and tried to exclude testimony that Felix was a Mexican Mafia member, which violated his due process rights and undermined his self-defense claim.
See Ex parte Castellano,
863 S.W.2d 476, 481 (Tex.Crim.App.1993) (the State violates a defendant’s right to due process when it actively or passively uses perjured testimony to obtain a conviction). Specifically, Leonardo argues that the prosecutor knew that Felix was a Mexican Mafia member but allowed the State’s witnesses- to testify/ that he was not -a member. Leonardo points to the testimony by Johnny Joe Flores, Margie Gonzalez, and Janie Aguilar as well as two law enforcement ' officers concerning their knowledge about Felix’s membership in the Mexican Mafia. Each of the Flores family witnesses stated that, to their knowledge, Felix was not a Mexican -Mafia member: Johnny Joe testified-that he was never a part, of the Mexican Mafia, and did. not know anyone/,who was a member; his wife Margie testified that she never knew Johnny Joe or Felix to be a member of the Mexican Mafia, and denied knowing anyone who claimed to be a member; Felix’s girlfriend, Janie, testified she never knew Felix to be in the Mexican Mafia and they never discussed the gang. Hondo Police Sergeant Ricardo Garza, when asked if he knew whether Felix Flores, Johnny Joe Flores, or Leonardo Rivas were members of the Mexican Mafia, ■ answered “No.” When asked the same question with regard- to Michael Rivas, Sergeant Garza answered, ‘Yes.’-’ Finally, Officer Ramiro Guedea was ’ asked, “Do you know from personal experience whether or not Felix Flores was a member of the Mexican Mafia?” and answered “No.” When Officer Guedea then added, “I do now,” the State objected that the answer was speculation not based on personal ■ knowledge. The trial court instructed defense counsel to rephrase the question using a proper predicate, but counsel opted to address the issue through a different, witness. There was no abuse of discretion in the court’s ruling.,. With respect to Leonardo’s claim of perjury, there is nothing in the record to show the witnesses lied with respect to their personal knowledge of Felix’s mem
bership in the Mexican Mafia.- The fact that another witness later testified to his own knowledge and belief that Felix was a Mexican Mafia member does not render the other testimony perjured, but merely creates conflicting evidence for the jury to consider and weigh.
See Farrakhan v. State,
263 S.W.3d 124, 131 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2006),
aff'd,
247 S.W.3d 720 (Tex.Crim.App.2008) (perjury is committed by making a deliberate and willful false statement under.oath).,.
Leonardo also complains that the State objected to his attempts to elicit testimony about the significance of Felix’s tattoos. He points to the State’s objections that Officer Guedea and Sergeant Valenzuela were not qualified to testify that Felix’s tattoos were an indication of his association with the Mexican Mafia.
Even if the trial court’s rulings sustaining those objections were an abuse of discretion, there was no harm because the same evidence-was presented through different witnesses. Sergeant Garza, a State witness, testified to his substantial training and, experience with respect to gangs operating in Texas, and explained that the tattoo on both sides of Michael’s neck is the Aztec god of war or an Aztec warrior. Garza testified that the tattoo is affiliated with the Mexican Mafia. A photograph of Michael’s neck tattoo was admitted. Sergeant Garza further testified that in order to have tattoos, associated with the Mexican Mafia a person must have consent from ranking members of the gang; he also explained that having a particular Mexican Mafia tattoo does not necessarily mean that the person is high ranking within the organization. He explained the hierarchy and the level of a “prospect,” which'Michael testified he knew Felix to be. Finally, Garza stated his opinion in front of the jury that one of the tattoos on Felix’s body depicted an Aztec warrior similar to the one on Michael’s neck, and that Felix’s tattoo creates a suspicion of his Mexican Mafia association. Several autopsy photographs of the tattoos on Felix’s body and face were admitted. In, addition, Michael testified that a person cannot get the type of tattoos that Felix had unless he was affiliated with the Mexican Mafia, as Michael himself had been. Thus, the jury had the opportunity to consider Sergeant Garza’s testimony and compare the tattoo photographs in resolving the conflicts in the evidence with regard to Felix’s Mexican Mafia association. We conclude the record does not support Leonardo’s assertion that the State knowingly presented perjured testimony concerning Felix’s membership in the Mexican Mafia and that he was not harmed by the court’s rulings on the State’s objections.
Exclusion of Testimony Showing Bias
In his last issue, Leonardo argues the trial court erred in excluding testimony by Julianna Jasso concerning Sergeant Brian Valenzuela’s bias or prejudice against Leonardo based on both men’s pri- or relationship with Jasso by whom they both have children. Specifically, Leonardo complains that Jasso was not permitted to
answer his question asking whether Sergeant Valenzuela had ever harassed her and Leonardo when they were dating by stopping them when they were together. The State’s objection that the question called for speculation on the part of Jasso was sustained. There is nothing in the record to show what Jasso’s answer would have been.
See Holmes v. State,
323 S.W.3d 163, 168, 170 (Tex.Crim.App.2009) (recognizing a distinction between the exclusion of impeachment evidence going to the substance of the evidence, which must be preserved by bill of exception dr otherwise under Texas Rule of Evidence 103(a)(2), and impeachment evidence going to a witnesses’ truthfulness or bias, for which identification of the general subject matter is sufficient).
Assuming, without deciding, that the trial court’s ruling was error, the record shows that any error was harmless because other testimony was admitted pertaining to possible bias by Valenzuela against Leonardo. Both Valenzuela and Jasso testified about their own prior relationship which produced two children and to the fact that Jasso subsequently had two more children with Leonardo. Jasso was allowed to testify that she had issues with Valenzuela about her visitation hours while she was dating Leonardo. Valenzuela testified that his relationship with Jasso ended in 2005, and that he had primary custody of their two children and Jasso had visitation rights. Leonardo’s cross-examination of Valenzuela was not restricted, and he had the opportunity to question Valenzuela about any potential bias or prejudice Valenzuela had against him stemming from his relationship with Jasso. Leonardo was further able to cross-examine Valenzuela about his actions during the investigation of Felix’s murder, i,e., that Valenzuela instructed another officer to pick up shell casings in the street where EMS might park, and that Valenzuela was the recipient of an unsolicited statement from Adriana that Leonardo was the shooter. The jury had the benefit of this evidence in assessing the credibility of Sergeant .Valenzuela’s trial testimony and the propriety of his actions during the investigation. Therefore, Leonardo was. not harmed,by any error in excluding the challenged testimony. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing reasons, we overrule Leonardo’s issues on appeal and affirm the trial court’s judgments.