COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Humphreys and Powell Argued at Richmond, Virginia
LEONARD TERRELL WHITAKER MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 1859-07-2 JUDGE CLEO E. POWELL DECEMBER 23, 2008 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND Bradley B. Cavedo, Judge Richard D. Taylor, Jr., Judge
Jessica M. Bulos, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public Defender, on briefs), for appellant.
Leah A. Darron, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Leonard Terrell Whitaker (“Whitaker”) was found guilty of one count of possession of a
Schedule I or II drug while in possession of a firearm, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.4(B), one
count of possession of marijuana with the intent to distribute, in violation of Code § 18.2-248.1,
one count of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2, and
one count of carrying a concealed weapon, in violation of Code § 18.2-308. Additionally,
Whitaker was found to have violated the terms of his previously suspended sentences. On
appeal, Whitaker argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the evidence
on the grounds that the search and seizure of Whitaker was a violation of his Fourth Amendment
rights. Whitaker further argues that if the evidence is suppressed and his convictions are
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. reversed, the trial court erred in revoking his previously suspended sentences. For the reasons
that follow, we affirm the decision of the trial court.
I. BACKGROUND
On November 17, 2006, four City of Richmond police officers (Officers Lindsey, Young,
Gilbert, and Partain) were on patrol in an unmarked police car. The officers were wearing plain
clothes with placards that identified them as “Richmond Police.” The area the officers were
patrolling was considered a high crime area with a lot of drug activity.
In the area of 27th and P Streets, the officers observed a group of four men, including
Whitaker, congregating on the sidewalk in front of a house. The officers exited the vehicle and
made contact with the group in order to investigate possible trespassing and to advise the
individuals that they could not block the sidewalk. While Officer Gilbert spoke with the
individuals, Officer Lindsey approached the house to speak with the occupant in order to
determine if the individuals were trespassing. Officer Lindsey knocked twice on the door, but
received no response.
Officer Gilbert then noticed that Whitaker was on a bicycle riding away from the officers.
Whitaker proceeded to ride the bicycle around the corner. Officer Gilbert informed Officer
Lindsey, who followed Whitaker. Officer Lindsey then saw that Whitaker had abandoned the
bicycle and was running down the alley. Officer Lindsey gave chase on foot while Officers
Gilbert and Young attempted to follow Whitaker in the patrol car.
Whitaker proceeded to run down the alley, across a field and around houses, and jump
over several fences. During the chase, Officer Lindsey did not notice anything unusual about
Whitaker, other than the fact that he was running from police. Officers Gilbert and Young,
however, noticed that Whitaker was holding the right pocket of his jacket while he ran.
-2- Officer Lindsey chased Whitaker for about two blocks until Whitaker slipped on loose
gravel and fell to the ground in a parking lot. Officer Lindsey kneeled down on top of Whitaker
and was attempting to handcuff Whitaker when Officer Gilbert arrived. As the officers were
attempting to handcuff Whitaker, Officer Lindsey noticed that Whitaker was trying to reach
around to his (Whitaker’s) right jacket pocket. Officer Lindsey told Officer Gilbert to “watch his
right hand. He’s trying to get something out of his pockets.”
Whitaker then stated, “Sir, I’ve got a firearm in my pocket.” Officer Gilbert retrieved the
firearm, and Whitaker was arrested for possession of a concealed weapon. A search incident to
arrest revealed a small amount of crack cocaine and sixteen plastic bags containing marijuana.
Officer Lindsey testified that he chased and detained Whitaker because Whitaker fled
from the officers as they were talking to him and others about possible trespassing and blocking
the sidewalk. Additionally, Officer Lindsey testified that the fact that the area was a high crime
area with a lot of drug activity factored into his decision to detain Whitaker. Both Officer
Lindsey and Officer Gilbert testified that Whitaker was not under arrest until they found out that
he was carrying a concealed weapon.
The trial court denied Whitaker’s motion to suppress the evidence and subsequently
found Whitaker guilty on all charges. Additionally, Whitaker was found to have violated the
terms of previously suspended sentences. The trial court revoked the suspended sentences on the
basis of the new charges and ordered that Whitaker serve the previously suspended sentences
concurrent with the new sentences.
II. ANALYSIS
“[I]n reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, ‘the burden is upon [the
appellant] to show that the ruling . . . constituted reversible error.’” Robinson v.
Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 533, 544, 625 S.E.2d 651, 656 (2006) (en banc) (quoting McGee v.
-3- Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 197, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc) (additional citation
omitted)). “In performing such analysis, we are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical
fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them and we give due weight to the
inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.”
McGee, 25 Va. App. at 198, 487 S.E.2d at 261.
Appellant’s claim that evidence was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment
presents a mixed question of fact and law which this Court reviews de novo. Whitfield v.
Commonwealth, 265 Va. 358, 361, 576 S.E.2d 463, 464 (2003) (citing Murphy v.
Commonwealth, 264 Va. 568, 573, 570 S.E.2d 836, 838 (2002)). “In evaluating the claim, the
appellate court must give deference to the factual findings of the trial court and independently
determine whether the manner in which the evidence was obtained meets the requirements of the
Fourth Amendment.” Id.
“Fourth Amendment jurisprudence recognizes three categories of police-citizen
confrontations: (1) consensual encounters, (2) brief, minimally intrusive investigatory
detentions, based upon specific, articulable facts, commonly referred to as Terry stops, and
(3) highly intrusive arrests and searches founded on probable cause.” Wechsler v.
Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 162, 169, 455 S.E.2d 744, 747 (1995).
When law enforcement officers encounter a group of citizens and merely identify
themselves and state that they are conducting an investigation, this is a consensual encounter and
not a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. See McGee, 25 Va.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Humphreys and Powell Argued at Richmond, Virginia
LEONARD TERRELL WHITAKER MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 1859-07-2 JUDGE CLEO E. POWELL DECEMBER 23, 2008 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND Bradley B. Cavedo, Judge Richard D. Taylor, Jr., Judge
Jessica M. Bulos, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public Defender, on briefs), for appellant.
Leah A. Darron, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Leonard Terrell Whitaker (“Whitaker”) was found guilty of one count of possession of a
Schedule I or II drug while in possession of a firearm, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.4(B), one
count of possession of marijuana with the intent to distribute, in violation of Code § 18.2-248.1,
one count of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2, and
one count of carrying a concealed weapon, in violation of Code § 18.2-308. Additionally,
Whitaker was found to have violated the terms of his previously suspended sentences. On
appeal, Whitaker argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the evidence
on the grounds that the search and seizure of Whitaker was a violation of his Fourth Amendment
rights. Whitaker further argues that if the evidence is suppressed and his convictions are
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. reversed, the trial court erred in revoking his previously suspended sentences. For the reasons
that follow, we affirm the decision of the trial court.
I. BACKGROUND
On November 17, 2006, four City of Richmond police officers (Officers Lindsey, Young,
Gilbert, and Partain) were on patrol in an unmarked police car. The officers were wearing plain
clothes with placards that identified them as “Richmond Police.” The area the officers were
patrolling was considered a high crime area with a lot of drug activity.
In the area of 27th and P Streets, the officers observed a group of four men, including
Whitaker, congregating on the sidewalk in front of a house. The officers exited the vehicle and
made contact with the group in order to investigate possible trespassing and to advise the
individuals that they could not block the sidewalk. While Officer Gilbert spoke with the
individuals, Officer Lindsey approached the house to speak with the occupant in order to
determine if the individuals were trespassing. Officer Lindsey knocked twice on the door, but
received no response.
Officer Gilbert then noticed that Whitaker was on a bicycle riding away from the officers.
Whitaker proceeded to ride the bicycle around the corner. Officer Gilbert informed Officer
Lindsey, who followed Whitaker. Officer Lindsey then saw that Whitaker had abandoned the
bicycle and was running down the alley. Officer Lindsey gave chase on foot while Officers
Gilbert and Young attempted to follow Whitaker in the patrol car.
Whitaker proceeded to run down the alley, across a field and around houses, and jump
over several fences. During the chase, Officer Lindsey did not notice anything unusual about
Whitaker, other than the fact that he was running from police. Officers Gilbert and Young,
however, noticed that Whitaker was holding the right pocket of his jacket while he ran.
-2- Officer Lindsey chased Whitaker for about two blocks until Whitaker slipped on loose
gravel and fell to the ground in a parking lot. Officer Lindsey kneeled down on top of Whitaker
and was attempting to handcuff Whitaker when Officer Gilbert arrived. As the officers were
attempting to handcuff Whitaker, Officer Lindsey noticed that Whitaker was trying to reach
around to his (Whitaker’s) right jacket pocket. Officer Lindsey told Officer Gilbert to “watch his
right hand. He’s trying to get something out of his pockets.”
Whitaker then stated, “Sir, I’ve got a firearm in my pocket.” Officer Gilbert retrieved the
firearm, and Whitaker was arrested for possession of a concealed weapon. A search incident to
arrest revealed a small amount of crack cocaine and sixteen plastic bags containing marijuana.
Officer Lindsey testified that he chased and detained Whitaker because Whitaker fled
from the officers as they were talking to him and others about possible trespassing and blocking
the sidewalk. Additionally, Officer Lindsey testified that the fact that the area was a high crime
area with a lot of drug activity factored into his decision to detain Whitaker. Both Officer
Lindsey and Officer Gilbert testified that Whitaker was not under arrest until they found out that
he was carrying a concealed weapon.
The trial court denied Whitaker’s motion to suppress the evidence and subsequently
found Whitaker guilty on all charges. Additionally, Whitaker was found to have violated the
terms of previously suspended sentences. The trial court revoked the suspended sentences on the
basis of the new charges and ordered that Whitaker serve the previously suspended sentences
concurrent with the new sentences.
II. ANALYSIS
“[I]n reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, ‘the burden is upon [the
appellant] to show that the ruling . . . constituted reversible error.’” Robinson v.
Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 533, 544, 625 S.E.2d 651, 656 (2006) (en banc) (quoting McGee v.
-3- Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 197, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc) (additional citation
omitted)). “In performing such analysis, we are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical
fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them and we give due weight to the
inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.”
McGee, 25 Va. App. at 198, 487 S.E.2d at 261.
Appellant’s claim that evidence was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment
presents a mixed question of fact and law which this Court reviews de novo. Whitfield v.
Commonwealth, 265 Va. 358, 361, 576 S.E.2d 463, 464 (2003) (citing Murphy v.
Commonwealth, 264 Va. 568, 573, 570 S.E.2d 836, 838 (2002)). “In evaluating the claim, the
appellate court must give deference to the factual findings of the trial court and independently
determine whether the manner in which the evidence was obtained meets the requirements of the
Fourth Amendment.” Id.
“Fourth Amendment jurisprudence recognizes three categories of police-citizen
confrontations: (1) consensual encounters, (2) brief, minimally intrusive investigatory
detentions, based upon specific, articulable facts, commonly referred to as Terry stops, and
(3) highly intrusive arrests and searches founded on probable cause.” Wechsler v.
Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 162, 169, 455 S.E.2d 744, 747 (1995).
When law enforcement officers encounter a group of citizens and merely identify
themselves and state that they are conducting an investigation, this is a consensual encounter and
not a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. See McGee, 25 Va. App. at 199,
487 S.E.2d at 262.
A consensual encounter may evolve into a Terry stop. “In order to justify the brief
seizure of a person by such an investigatory stop, the police officer must ‘have a reasonable
suspicion, based on objective facts, that the individual is involved in criminal activity.’”
-4- Whitfield, 265 Va. at 361, 576 S.E.2d at 464-65 (quoting Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 51
(1979)). “To determine whether a police officer had a particularized and objective basis for
suspecting that the person stopped may be involved in criminal activity, a court must consider
the totality of the circumstances.” Id. (citation omitted).
In determining what objective facts an officer may rely upon in developing a reasonable
suspicion, the United States Supreme Court has held that:
Headlong flight -- wherever it occurs -- is the consummate act of evasion: it is not necessarily indicative of wrongdoing, but it is certainly suggestive of such. . . . Flight, by its very nature, is not “going about one’s business”; in fact, it is just the opposite. Allowing officers confronted with such flight to stop the fugitive and investigate further is quite consistent with the individual’s right to go about his business or to stay put and remain silent in the face of police questioning.
Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124-25 (2000); see also Whitfield, 265 Va. at 362, 576 S.E.2d
at 465; Washington v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 5, 13, 509 S.E.2d 512, 516 (1999) (en banc)
(“A single instance of attempted flight or furtive behavior by a suspect is suggestive of
guilt . . . .”).
Additionally, in Wardlow, the Supreme Court recognized that “nervous, evasive behavior
is a pertinent factor in determining reasonable suspicion.” 528 U.S. at 124. Further, “officers
are not required to ignore the relevant characteristics of a location in determining whether the
circumstances are sufficiently suspicious to warrant further investigation. Accordingly, we have
previously noted the fact that the stop occurred in a ‘high crime area’ among the relevant
contextual considerations in a Terry analysis.” Id.
Whitaker first argues that the officers were not justified in seizing him because the
officers had no reasonable, articulable suspicion that he was involved in any criminal activity.
We disagree. While the encounter between Whitaker and police began as a consensual
encounter, Whitaker’s unprovoked attempt to flee the scene, in a high crime area with a high -5- incidence of drug activity, provided Officer Lindsey with a reasonable suspicion that Whitaker
was involved in illegal activity. As such, Officer Lindsey’s seizure of Whitaker was justified.
Whitaker next argues that Officer Gilbert’s “hunch” about Whitaker being armed was an
insufficient reason to justify the search of Whitaker. Again, we must disagree. Whitaker is
correct that “an officer must be able to articulate more than an unparticularized suspicion or
‘hunch’ that criminal activity is afoot” to justify a search. McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va.
546, 552, 659 S.E.2d 512, 516 (2008) (citing Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 123-24). However, the fact
that Officer Gilbert had a “hunch” about Whitaker being armed is irrelevant. Officer Lindsey
observed Whitaker reaching for his pocket and commented on this fact prior to being informed
of any “hunch” that Officer Gilbert may have had. There is nothing in the record to indicate that
Officer Lindsey relied upon or was even aware of Officer Gilbert’s “hunch.” Additionally,
Whitaker’s spontaneous admission that he was armed, before any search was instigated, provided
ample justification for the officers to retrieve the weapon.
III. CONCLUSION
An examination of the totality of the circumstances demonstrates that Officer Lindsey had a
reasonable suspicion that Whitaker was involved in illegal activity. Furthermore, Whitaker’s
admission that he was armed justified the officers’ actions in retrieving the firearm and their
subsequent arrest of Whitaker. Therefore, the trial court did not err in denying the motion to
suppress the evidence.
Furthermore, as Whitaker’s underlying convictions were upheld, this Court need not
further examine whether the trial court erred in revoking Whitaker’s suspended sentences.
For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
-6-