Leonard Mike Penley v. State

Opinion

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-14-00462-CR

Leonard Mike Penley, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BELL COUNTY, 27TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. 67031, HONORABLE FANCY H. JEZEK, JUDGE PRESIDING

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appellant Leonard Mike Penley pleaded guilty to the offense of indecency with a

child by contact and was placed on deferred-adjudication community supervision for a period of

ten years.1 Subsequently, the State filed a motion to adjudicate, alleging that Penley had violated the

terms and conditions of his community supervision. The district court found the State’s allegations

to be true and, following a hearing on punishment, adjudicated Penley guilty of the indecency offense

and sentenced him to 15 years’ imprisonment. In a single issue on appeal, Penley asserts that the

judgment should be modified to delete in its assessment of costs a $250 “DNA record fee” required

by article 102.020 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure,2 a statutory provision that Penley claims

is facially unconstitutional. We will affirm the judgment adjudicating guilt.

1 See Tex. Penal Code § 21.11. 2 See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 102.020. Article 102.020 of the code of criminal procedure, entitled “Costs Related to

DNA Testing,” provides that “[a] person shall pay as a cost of court: (1) $250 on conviction of an

offense listed in Section 411.1471(a)(1), Government Code,” which includes the offense of

indecency with a child.3 Article 102.020 further provides that “the comptroller shall deposit

35 percent of the funds received under this article in the state treasury to the credit of the state

highway fund and 65 percent of the funds received under this article to the credit of the criminal

justice planning account in the general revenue fund.”4 According to Penley, this cost constitutes

an unconstitutional tax in violation of the separation of powers clause of the Texas Constitution.5

In Penley’s view, by requiring the courts to impose this cost for the benefit of the state highway fund

and the criminal justice planning account, the statute transforms the courts into a tax collector, a role

reserved for the executive branch.

As support for his position, Penley relies on Peraza v. State, a case in which the

First Court of Appeals agreed with a similar argument and held that article 102.020 was facially

unconstitutional.6 In contrast, the State relies on O’Bannon v. State, a case in which the

Fourteenth Court of Appeals considered a similar argument but reached the opposite conclusion,

holding that article 102.020 was not facially unconstitutional.7

3 See id. art. 102.020(a)(1); see also Tex. Gov’t Code § 411.1471(a)(1)(B). 4 See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 102.020(h). 5 See Tex. Const. art. II, § 1. 6 457 S.W.3d 134, 149 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014), rev’d, 467 S.W.3d 508, 2015 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 764 (Tex. Crim. App. July 1, 2015). 7 435 S.W.3d 378, 382 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.).

2 After the parties filed their briefs, the Court of Criminal Appeals resolved this split

of authority. In Pereza v. State, the Court of Criminal Appeals granted review “to address whether

the First Court of Appeals correctly determined that a cost of court ‘Related to DNA Testing,’

assessed pursuant to Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 102.020, is an unconstitutional tax

that violates the separation of powers clause under the Texas Constitution.”8 The Court of Criminal

Appeals concluded that it was not and reversed the decision of the First Court of Appeals.9 The

court reasoned that “if the statute under which court costs are assessed (or an interconnected statute)

provides for an allocation of such court costs to be expended for legitimate criminal justice purposes,

then the statute allows for a constitutional application that will not render the courts tax-gatherers

in violation of the separation of powers clause.”10 According to the high court, the allocation of

court costs to both the criminal justice planning account and the state highway fund are required

to be expended for legitimate criminal-justice purposes and, therefore, such costs “do not constitute

a tax” and “do not violate the separation of powers clause.”11 The court concluded that because

Pereza “has not established that Article 102.020 operates unconstitutionally in all possible

circumstances” or that “every application of the statute” would be unconstitutional, he failed to show

that the statute was unconstitutional on its face.12

8 2015 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 764, at *1. 9 Id. 10 Id. at *20-21. 11 Id. at *25-26, *28-29. 12 Id. at *26, *30.

3 As the Court of Criminal Appeals’s decision in Pereza is dispositive here, we

overrule Penley’s sole issue on appeal.

We affirm the judgment of the district court.

__________________________________________

Bob Pemberton, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton, and Bourland

Affirmed

Filed: November 6, 2015

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