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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-11298 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 5:18-cv-01085-MHH
LEON W. BRADLEY,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
ANA FRANKLIN, ROBERT WILSON, BLAKE ROBINSON, in their official and individual capacities,
Defendants - Appellants,
JUSTIN POWELL, in their official and individual capacities, et al.,
Defendants. Case: 19-11298 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 2 of 16
_______________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ________________________
(September 11, 2019)
Before WILSON, DUBINA, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
The defendants appeal the district court’s order denying their Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 12(b)6 motion to dismiss. The plaintiff alleges that the
defendants, all employees of the Morgan County, Alabama Sheriff’s Office,
mismanaged public resources, mistreated prisoners, violated ethical obligations,
engaged in unlawful hiring practices, and otherwise engaged in activities that could
fairly be classified as public corruption. The defendants sought dismissal of all 14
counts, claiming absolute immunity, qualified immunity, and state-agent
immunity. The district denied their motion as to each count. Under the collateral
order doctrine, the defendants have appealed the district court’s immunity findings.
After review, we affirm the district court’s memorandum opinion and order.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual history
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Because this appeal comes to us in the form of an interlocutory review of a
motion to dismiss, we follow the district court’s lead and accept the well-pled facts
in the complaint as true. Accordingly, we recite and construe the facts in the light
most favorable to the plaintiff.
Plaintiff/Appellee Leon W. Bradley (“Bradley”) is the former warden of the
Morgan County, Alabama jail. Defendant Ana Franklin (“Franklin”) is the former
Morgan County Sheriff, and defendants Robert Wilson, Blake Robinson, and
Justin Powell1 were all employees of the Sheriff’s Office at the time of the
pertinent events (collectively, “the defendants”). Bradley alleges that, during his
time as the warden, he observed Franklin misuse inmate labor, mistreat inmates,
engage in unlawful hiring practices, and misappropriate inmate food money. He
also alleges that Franklin siphoned funds intended for inmate food into personal
business projects. The other defendants, Franklin alleges, participated in these
business ventures with Franklin and received bribes, kickbacks, and other benefits.
Moreover, Bradley alleges that he began communicating these concerns with
a blogger who began publicizing these allegations in a blog called “Morgan
County Whistleblower.” The defendants, undoubtedly displeased with this turn of
1 Powell is not a party to this appeal. 3 Case: 19-11298 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 4 of 16
events, sought to identify and punish individuals who cooperated with the blogger.
To do so, they recruited the blogger’s grandson, Daniel Lockhart (“Lockhart,”) to
install a keylogger on his grandmother’s computer. 2 Using the information
furnished by the keylogger, combined with allegedly false information the
defendants provided to a state circuit judge, the defendants received and executed a
search warrant on Bradley’s residence. The search exceeded the scope of the
warrant. Eleven months later, Bradley was charged with misdemeanor tampering
with government records. This charge, however, was later dropped by the same
state circuit judge who had previously signed the search warrant. In dismissing the
charge, he found that some of the defendants had deliberately misled the court in
their efforts to secure a search warrant and had otherwise sought “to hide or cover
up their deception and criminal actions.” (R. Doc. 35 at 6 n. 4). In October 2016,
Franklin fired Bradley.
B. Procedural history
In July 2018, Bradley filed his 14-count complaint in the U.S. District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama. The complaint advanced a host of claims,
2 A keylogger is a form of software installed on a computer that can surreptitiously record the user’s keystrokes. For instance, it can intercept messages, passwords, and credit card information. 4 Case: 19-11298 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 5 of 16
including RICO violations, constitutional violations, and state law claims presented
under supplemental jurisdiction. He sued the defendants in their individual and
official capacities and sought both damages and reinstatement to his position. The
defendants moved to dismiss, arguing that the defendants were entitled to absolute
immunity from the state law claims seeking damages under the Alabama
Constitution. They also sought qualified immunity on the constitutional claims,
while defendants Wilson, Robinson, and Powell asserted state-agent immunity
against the state law claims. Furthermore, the defendants argued that all
conspiracy claims that Bradley advanced were barred by the intracorporate
conspiracy doctrine and that five of the 14 counts failed to state a cognizable claim.
They also requested a stay in this action pending the ongoing criminal
investigations.
The district court rejected each argument. Accepting all the facts in the
complaint as true for purposes of a Rule 12(b)6 motion, the district court rejected
the absolute immunity claim because Alabama law does not extend absolute
immunity to officials when they act outside the scope of their employment, as the
defendants appeared to be doing. The district court also rejected qualified
immunity along similar lines, finding that the defendants could not demonstrate
that their alleged acts fell within the scope of their discretionary authority as
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required to receive qualified immunity. Likewise, the district court found that the
defendants were not entitled to state-agent immunity, which tracks the same
analysis as qualified immunity. The district court further denied the defendants
immunity under the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine because, although
corporations cannot be held liable for conspiracies with their own employees or
agents, the doctrine only applies in civil causes of actions that do not arise out of
purportedly criminal conduct. Finally, the district court denied the defendants’
motion to dismiss five of the 14 counts because the court was satisfied with the
specificity of the complaint and because a partial dismissal would not impact the
scope of discovery. The court also denied the defendants’ motion to stay because
discovery had already begun.
II. ISSUES The defendants now present four immunity arguments on interlocutory appeal:
(1) Whether the district court erred in denying the defendants
absolute immunity.
(2) Whether the district court erred in denying the defendants
qualified immunity.
(3) Whether the district court erred in denying the defendants state-
agent immunity.
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(4) Whether the defendants are entitled to sovereign immunity
under the Eleventh Amendment.
III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
Defenses of absolute immunity and state-agent immunity are ones based in
Alabama law. A district court’s interpretation of state law is reviewed de novo.
Jones v. United Space Alliance, LLC, 494 F.3d 1306, 1309 (11th Cir. 2007).
The defendants’ qualified immunity defense may be addressed in a motion
to dismiss, which will be granted if the “complaint fails to allege the violation of a
clearly established constitutional right.” St. George v. Pinellas Cty., 285 F.3d
1334, 1337 (11th Cir. 2002) (quoting Chesser v. Sparks, 248 F.3d 1117, 1121 (11th
Cir. 2001)). This court reviews de novo whether the complaint alleges such a
violation, accepting the facts alleged in the complaint as true, drawing all
reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor, and limiting its review to the four
corners of the complaint. Id.
IV. DISCUSSION
Franklin, consistent with the limited jurisdiction we have on an interlocutory
appeal, only challenges the district court’s findings as they relate to immunity. She
argues that the district court erroneously denied absolute immunity, state-agent
immunity, qualified immunity, and Eleventh Amendment immunity for the federal
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law claims. The remaining defendants, as extensions of the sheriff, seek any
immunity to which the sheriff is entitled as well as state-agent immunity and
qualified immunity for the § 1983 claims. Finally, they argue that the court lacks
subject-matter jurisdiction under the Eleventh Amendment.
A. Absolute immunity
The central thrust of the defendants’ absolute immunity argument is that any
misconduct in the investigation, the execution of the search warrant, and the arrest
of Bradley would be within the scope of their employment as sheriff and sheriff’s
deputies, and therefore, no matter how egregious the alleged misconduct was, they
would be covered by the Alabama Constitution’s very broad absolute immunity
doctrine. ALA. CONST. art. I, § 14.
Although the doctrine is broad, it serves to protect the State, not the
individual. Ex parte Wilcox Cty. Bd. of Educ., 2018 WL 6715940 at *2 (Ala.
2018) (“It is well settled law that the State is generally immune from liability under
§ 14, Alabama Constitution of 1901. It is also well settled that the State cannot be
sued indirectly by suing an officer in his or her official capacity.”). Therefore, it
only protects the sheriff, or her deputies, as individuals when they are sued for
damages arising out of the performance of their duties, because such a suit is
“essentially a suit against the state.” Ex parte Walker, 97 So. 3d 747, 752 (Ala.
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2012) (quoting Parker v. Amerson, 519 So. 2d 442, 445 (Ala. 1987)). Thus, the
dispositive question in this inquiry becomes: Did the alleged misconduct in this
case occur within the scope of the defendants’ employment as sheriff and sheriff’s
deputies?
An Alabama statute defines the duties of the sheriff and her deputies which,
pertinent to this case, include “ferret[ting] out crime, apprehend[ing] and
arrest[ing] criminals and, insofar as within their power, secur[ing] evidence of
crimes in their counties and present[ing] a report of the evidence so secured to the
district attorney or assistant district attorney for the county.” ALA. CODE § 36-22-
3(a)(4) (2011). The Alabama Supreme Court has further expounded on this “scope
of employment” requirement for absolute immunity, explaining that employees act
within their scope when their acts are “so closely connected with what the servant
is employed to do and so fairly and reasonably incidental to it, that they may be
regarded as methods, even though quite improper ones, of carrying out the
objectives of the employment.” Dolgencorp, LLC v. Spence, 224 So. 3d 173, 180
(Ala. 2016) (quoting PROSSER & KEETON, THE LAW OF TORTS 503 (5th ed. 1984)).
Additionally, the Alabama Supreme Court has hinted that, in addition to five
long-recognized exceptions to absolute immunity for granting injunctive relief, that
an improper personal motive could change the immunity analysis:
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[Plaintiff] does not allege that Deputy Davis’s actions were undertaken for some personal motive to further some personal interest and not as a part of his duties as a deputy sheriff. Instead, in his answer to Deputy Davis’s mandamus petition, [plaintiff] concedes that Deputy Davis came to his property on March 3, 2003, (during the course of his duties).
Ex parte Davis, 930 So. 2d 497, 501 (2005).
According to the defendants, even if their activities were ill-intended, the
actions occurred during the course of police investigations, evidence seizures, and
the like, such that absolute immunity still applies. This view requires an
extraordinarily broad view of absolute immunity that would effectively immunize
any conduct when the sheriff flashes his or her badge. The district court correctly
rejected this view because Alabama law does not provide such infinite immunity.
The allegations in the complaint extend well beyond the negligent mishandling of
an investigation or sloppiness in executing a search warrant, or any other number
of activities that could fairly advance the objectives of the sheriff, even if the
sheriff’s actions suffered from procedural defects. Rather, the alleged activities
paint a picture of a lengthy conspiracy to defraud the taxpayer, use public funds for
personal gain, and punish anyone who threatened to publicize their activities. As
the district court noted, the defendants cannot explain how these allegations would
fit within the scope of their employment. In terms of Dolgencorp, LLC, the
defendants’ actions are well outside the territory of those that could be 10 Case: 19-11298 Date Filed: 09/11/2019 Page: 11 of 16
characterized as “incidental to . . . the objectives of the employment.” Id. at 180.
Accordingly, we conclude that the district court properly rejected the defendants’
absolute immunity argument.
B. Qualified immunity
The defendants urge us to find that Bradley’s Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth
Amendment claims are barred under the doctrine of qualified immunity. The
district court rejected this argument, finding that the defendants were unable to
meet their burden of showing that their alleged acts fell within the scope of their
discretionary authority. Rather, Bradley alleged that the defendants had engaged in
extortion to collect information on him, then knowingly violated the law by lying
to a judge to secure a search warrant.
On appeal, the defendants advance two lines of argument. First, they argue
that the district court neglected to use the standard of objective reasonableness to
determine whether the defendants could have believed their actions were lawful
and thus subject to qualified immunity. The district court, they argue, improperly
considered the defendants’ malicious intent in denying qualified immunity.
Second, the defendants assert a variety of merits arguments in urging this court to
dismiss certain constitutional claims. This latter category of arguments is more
easily disposed of: Under the collateral order doctrine, we are limited to reviewing
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orders that “conclusively determine the disputed question,” resolve important
issues “completely separate from the merits of the action,” and are “effectively
unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.” Will v. Hallock, 546 U.S. 345,
349, 126 S. Ct. 952, 957 (2006) (quoting Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Auth. v.
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 506 U.S. 139, 144, 113 S. Ct. 684, 688 (1993)). The
defendants’ merits arguments, which may be subject to a later appeal after the
summary judgment stage of these proceedings, are thus unripe for our
consideration.
The defendants’ former argument similarly misses the mark. First, their
argument is unworkable in practice. If qualified immunity applies to these
allegations, then it is difficult to envision any limiting principle, similar to the
problem noted in the absolute immunity analysis, where any malfeasance does not
receive immunity owing to the presence of a sheriff’s badge. Second, the
defendants fail to explain how the test of objective reasonableness alters the
outcome. Qualified immunity is designed to protect officials engaged in their
discretionary duties when their conduct does not violate clearly established
statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.
As the district court noted, this explains why the doctrine is alternatively referred
to as “good faith” immunity. However, it “does not offer protection if an official
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knew or reasonably should have known that the action he took within his sphere of
official responsibility would violate the constitutional rights of the plaintiff.”
Melton v. Abston, 841 F.3d 1207, 1220–21 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting Holmes v.
Kucynda, 321 F.3d 1069, 1077 (11th Cir. 2003)). This standard accounts for the
fact that an official is not entitled to immunity even when acting in the course of
her job duties when the conduct unambiguously violates a plaintiff’s constitutional
rights.
It is harder to think of a better example of knowingly violating a plaintiff’s
constitutional rights than the allegation, which we are bound to accept as true, that
the defendants facilitated the installation of an unauthorized keylogger on
Bradley’s computer, misled a judge to secure an invalid search warrant, then raided
Bradley’s home. Said another way, these allegations are the antithesis of the type
for which one might be entitled to “good faith” immunity. As such, the district
court properly denied qualified immunity to the defendants.
C. State-agent immunity
Defendants Wilson, Robinson, and Powell next urge this court to reverse the
district court’s findings with regard to state-agent immunity. State agent immunity
follows a parallel analysis as federal qualified immunity. Thus, for the same
reasons it denied qualified immunity, the district court also denied state-agent
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immunity. On appeal, these defendants have advanced no new arguments
explaining how the district court erred in denying them state-agent immunity. The
district court found that Bradley’s allegations placed the defendants outside the
scope of their employment. With the benefit of the Dolgencorp, LLC standard,
quoted supra, we agree that the district court correctly denied state-agent immunity
to these defendants.
Franklin, for her part, advances a two-part appeal in this respect. She seeks
both state-agent immunity, as her former subordinates did, and she seeks state-law
discretionary-function immunity. Though stylistically different – state-agent
immunity arises out of common law, while discretionary-function immunity arises
from statute – both require determining whether the officer was acting within the
scope of her discretionary duties. See Brown v. City of Huntsville, Ala., 608 F.3d
724, 741 (11th Cir. 2010); ALA. CODE § 6-5-338(a) (1994). Thus, for the same
reasons discussed above, Franklin’s appeal fails as well.
Assuming, arguendo, that Franklin could prevail on the merits, her argument
comes too late. She never raised this defense in her motion to dismiss, nor did the
district court consider it. Accordingly, this argument is waived. Access Now, Inc.
v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (noting that this court
has repeatedly held that “an issue not raised in the district court and raised for the
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first time in an appeal will not be considered by this court”) (quoting Walker v.
Jones, 10 F.3d 1569, 1572 (11th Cir. 1994)).
D. Eleventh Amendment immunity
Finally, the defendants argue that they are partially protected by Eleventh
Amendment sovereign immunity. Under the Pennhurst doctrine, federal courts
have no jurisdiction over states, or jurisdiction over official-capacity claims against
state officials, when those defendants are accused of violating state law and the
relief sought will have an impact directly on the state itself. See generally
Pennhurst State Sch. and Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 104 S. Ct. 900 (1984).
Franklin failed to raise this argument in her motion to dismiss. (R. Doc. 9.)
The deputy-defendants raised it in the district court, albeit very briefly. (R. Doc. 8
at 15.) This defense, however, presents a potential jurisdictional bar, and thus is
not subject to waiver. Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 677–78, 94 S. Ct. 1347,
1363 (1974).
For whatever reason, the district court did not address this argument in its
order. Because of this, we decline to address this argument in the first instance.
On this interlocutory appeal, we are only permitted to address limited issues under
the collateral order doctrine because we lack a final judgment as normally required
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Under this doctrine, we use a three-part test to determine
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the propriety of deciding questions on interlocutory appeal: first, the district court’s
order must conclusively determine the disputed question; second, the order must
resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits of the action; third,
the resolution must be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.
Plaintiff A v. Schair, 744 F.3d 1247, 1253 (11th Cir. 2014).
In this case, the shortcoming is obvious: The district court never made a
finding regarding Eleventh Amendment immunity. Because of this, we presently
lack the necessary jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine to adjudicate this
final argument and defer to a future ruling from the district court after remand.
V. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order denying the defendants’
motion to dismiss on absolute immunity, qualified immunity, and state-agent
immunity. We decline to address the Eleventh Amendment immunity argument
and remand that issue to the district court to decide in the first instance.
AFFIRMED and REMANDED.