IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-22-00056-CR
LEON DEMARCUS BARKER, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 52nd District Court Coryell County, Texas Trial Court No. 20-26394
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Leon Demarcus Barker was convicted of two counts of aggravated sexual assault
with a deadly weapon, a firearm, and sentenced to 60 years in prison on both counts. See
TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(A)(i)-(ii), (a)(2)(A)(iv). Because the evidence is sufficient
to support the deadly weapon element of the offenses, the trial court’s judgments as to
Counts One and Two are affirmed.
BACKGROUND
Barker and the victim had been in a dating relationship but were still friends. After socializing with others at the victim’s house, Barker remained after the others left. He
and the victim eventually began arguing about each other’s children who were no longer
being raised by either of them. Barker slapped the victim and pulled a gun out, pointed
it at her, and threatened her. He then choked her with one hand while holding the gun
in the other hand. Ultimately, Barker sexually assaulted the victim and placed the gun
next to her head on the bed during the assault.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
In one issue, Barker asserts the evidence is insufficient to support the deadly
weapon element for the two charges. Barker does not, however, challenge the sufficiency
of the evidence to support the other elements of the sexual assaults.
Standard of Review
The Court of Criminal Appeals has expressed our standard of review of a
sufficiency issue as follows:
When addressing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider whether, after viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Villa v. State, 514 S.W.3d 227, 232 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). This standard requires the appellate court to defer "to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts." Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. We may not re-weigh the evidence or substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder. Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The court conducting a sufficiency review must not engage in a "divide and conquer" strategy but must consider the cumulative force of all the evidence. Villa, 514 S.W.3d at 232. Although juries may not speculate about the meaning of facts or evidence, juries are permitted to draw any reasonable inferences from the facts so long as each inference is supported by the evidence presented at trial. Cary v. State, 507 S.W.3d 750, 757 (Tex.
Barker v. State Page 2 Crim. App. 2016) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319); see also Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We presume that the factfinder resolved any conflicting inferences from the evidence in favor of the verdict, and we defer to that resolution. Merritt v. State, 368 S.W.3d 516, 525 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). This is because the jurors are the exclusive judges of the facts, the credibility of the witnesses, and the weight to be given to the testimony. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Direct evidence and circumstantial evidence are equally probative, and circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to uphold a conviction so long as the cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction. Ramsey v. State, 473 S.W.3d 805, 809 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.
We measure whether the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to support a conviction by comparing it to "the elements of the offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge for the case." Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge is one that "accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State's burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State's theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried." Id.; see also Daugherty v. State, 387 S.W.3d 654, 665 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The "law as authorized by the indictment" includes the statutory elements of the offense and those elements as modified by the indictment. Daugherty, 387 S.W.3d at 665.
Zuniga v. State, 551 S.W.3d 729, 732-33 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018).
Barker’s argument
Notwithstanding this standard, Barker contends the authority governing the
review of the sufficiency of the evidence to prove specifically a deadly weapon is
antiquated, comparing it to the “Flat Earth” movement, and should be changed. He
argues that the law should require specific proof that the purported weapon is deadly,
such as when a knife is alleged as the deadly weapon, rather than accepting as sufficient
testimony that the weapon used is a “gun” as authorized by the Court of Criminal
Appeals in Wright v. State, 591 S.W.2d 458 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) This is not the law in
Barker v. State Page 3 Texas, and even if we had the authority or the power as an intermediate appellate court
of appeals to do so, we are not inclined to change the law regarding whether a firearm is,
per se, a deadly weapon. Certainly, even if the time is ripe to change the law, this is not
the place or the case in which to accomplish such a change.
Deadly Weapon Sufficiency
A deadly weapon is "a firearm or anything manifestly designed, made, or adapted
for the purpose of inflicting death or serious bodily injury." TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07
(a)(17)(A). A "firearm" is "any device designed, made, or adapted to expel a projectile
through a barrel by using the energy generated by an explosion or burning substance or
any device readily convertible to that use." Id. § 46.01(3).
"Testimony using any of the terms 'gun', 'pistol' or 'revolver'" is sufficient to
authorize a deadly weapon finding. Wright, 591 S.W.2d at 459; see Cruz v. State, 238
S.W.3d 381, 388-89 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref'd). The "term 'gun' may
be a much broader term than 'firearm' and may include such nonlethal instruments as BB
guns, blow guns, pop guns, and grease guns[,]" but "[a]bsent any specific indication to
the contrary at trial, the jury should be able to make the reasonable inference, from the
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IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-22-00056-CR
LEON DEMARCUS BARKER, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 52nd District Court Coryell County, Texas Trial Court No. 20-26394
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Leon Demarcus Barker was convicted of two counts of aggravated sexual assault
with a deadly weapon, a firearm, and sentenced to 60 years in prison on both counts. See
TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(A)(i)-(ii), (a)(2)(A)(iv). Because the evidence is sufficient
to support the deadly weapon element of the offenses, the trial court’s judgments as to
Counts One and Two are affirmed.
BACKGROUND
Barker and the victim had been in a dating relationship but were still friends. After socializing with others at the victim’s house, Barker remained after the others left. He
and the victim eventually began arguing about each other’s children who were no longer
being raised by either of them. Barker slapped the victim and pulled a gun out, pointed
it at her, and threatened her. He then choked her with one hand while holding the gun
in the other hand. Ultimately, Barker sexually assaulted the victim and placed the gun
next to her head on the bed during the assault.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
In one issue, Barker asserts the evidence is insufficient to support the deadly
weapon element for the two charges. Barker does not, however, challenge the sufficiency
of the evidence to support the other elements of the sexual assaults.
Standard of Review
The Court of Criminal Appeals has expressed our standard of review of a
sufficiency issue as follows:
When addressing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider whether, after viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Villa v. State, 514 S.W.3d 227, 232 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). This standard requires the appellate court to defer "to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts." Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. We may not re-weigh the evidence or substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder. Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The court conducting a sufficiency review must not engage in a "divide and conquer" strategy but must consider the cumulative force of all the evidence. Villa, 514 S.W.3d at 232. Although juries may not speculate about the meaning of facts or evidence, juries are permitted to draw any reasonable inferences from the facts so long as each inference is supported by the evidence presented at trial. Cary v. State, 507 S.W.3d 750, 757 (Tex.
Barker v. State Page 2 Crim. App. 2016) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319); see also Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We presume that the factfinder resolved any conflicting inferences from the evidence in favor of the verdict, and we defer to that resolution. Merritt v. State, 368 S.W.3d 516, 525 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). This is because the jurors are the exclusive judges of the facts, the credibility of the witnesses, and the weight to be given to the testimony. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Direct evidence and circumstantial evidence are equally probative, and circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to uphold a conviction so long as the cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction. Ramsey v. State, 473 S.W.3d 805, 809 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.
We measure whether the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to support a conviction by comparing it to "the elements of the offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge for the case." Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge is one that "accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State's burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State's theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried." Id.; see also Daugherty v. State, 387 S.W.3d 654, 665 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The "law as authorized by the indictment" includes the statutory elements of the offense and those elements as modified by the indictment. Daugherty, 387 S.W.3d at 665.
Zuniga v. State, 551 S.W.3d 729, 732-33 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018).
Barker’s argument
Notwithstanding this standard, Barker contends the authority governing the
review of the sufficiency of the evidence to prove specifically a deadly weapon is
antiquated, comparing it to the “Flat Earth” movement, and should be changed. He
argues that the law should require specific proof that the purported weapon is deadly,
such as when a knife is alleged as the deadly weapon, rather than accepting as sufficient
testimony that the weapon used is a “gun” as authorized by the Court of Criminal
Appeals in Wright v. State, 591 S.W.2d 458 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) This is not the law in
Barker v. State Page 3 Texas, and even if we had the authority or the power as an intermediate appellate court
of appeals to do so, we are not inclined to change the law regarding whether a firearm is,
per se, a deadly weapon. Certainly, even if the time is ripe to change the law, this is not
the place or the case in which to accomplish such a change.
Deadly Weapon Sufficiency
A deadly weapon is "a firearm or anything manifestly designed, made, or adapted
for the purpose of inflicting death or serious bodily injury." TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07
(a)(17)(A). A "firearm" is "any device designed, made, or adapted to expel a projectile
through a barrel by using the energy generated by an explosion or burning substance or
any device readily convertible to that use." Id. § 46.01(3).
"Testimony using any of the terms 'gun', 'pistol' or 'revolver'" is sufficient to
authorize a deadly weapon finding. Wright, 591 S.W.2d at 459; see Cruz v. State, 238
S.W.3d 381, 388-89 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref'd). The "term 'gun' may
be a much broader term than 'firearm' and may include such nonlethal instruments as BB
guns, blow guns, pop guns, and grease guns[,]" but "[a]bsent any specific indication to
the contrary at trial, the jury should be able to make the reasonable inference, from the
victim's testimony that the 'gun' [] used in the commission of a crime, was, in fact, a
firearm." Cruz, 238 S.W.3d at 388. In addition, if a weapon is not recovered, corroboration
of the complainant's description of the weapon in the form of expert testimony is not
required. Gomez v. State, 685 S.W.2d 333, 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); Porter v. State, 601
S.W.2d 721 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). Further, just as the introduction of the weapon into
evidence is not required to meet the legal sufficiency standard for a deadly weapon
Barker v. State Page 4 finding, there is likewise no requirement that a victim be able to distinguish one type of
firearm from another or even to describe the firearm used. See Price v. State, 227 S.W.3d
264, 267-68 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d untimely filed); see also Wright
v. State, 591 S.W.2d 458, 459.
Application
In this case, the words “gun,” “weapon,” “handgun,” and “firearm” were used by
the victim, law enforcement, and the prosecutor to describe the weapon used by Barker.
The record contains no evidence suggesting the weapon used by Barker was “a toy or
anything other than a firearm." Cruz, 238 S.W.3d at 389. The victim told the jury that
Barker got up from the table and slapped her in the face. He then “turned around and
loaded his gun and said I just killed somebody a week ago, and I’m about to kill you,
b[****], and I don’t give a f[***].” She explained that she knew the weapon was loaded
because Barker “picked up his weapon, he cocked it and pointed it at me.” The victim
knew Barker to carry a gun before this incident, so it was no surprise to her when he
revealed it. The surprise was that he “actually turned the weapon on me after promising
me that he would never let anything bad happen to me.” Although she was not
“educated in weapons,” she described the weapon Barker had as “ha[ving] a silver –
silver top with a black bottom and the handle was black.”
CONCLUSION
Based on the standards expressed, and not disavowed, by the Court of Criminal
Appeals, the jury could make the reasonable inference from the testimony that the
weapon Barker used in the commission of the two sexual assault offenses was, in fact, a
Barker v. State Page 5 firearm and thus, a deadly weapon. Accordingly the evidence was sufficient to support
the deadly weapon element, and Barker’s sole issue is overruled.
Having overruled Barker’s sole issue, the trial court’s judgments are affirmed.
TOM GRAY Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Johnson, and Justice Smith Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed July 19, 2023 Do not publish [CRPM]
Barker v. State Page 6