1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
9 Leo India Films Limited, No. CV-19-04803-PHX-DLR
10 Plaintiff, ORDER
11 v.
12 GoDaddy.com LLC,
13 Defendant. 14 15 16 Defendant GoDaddy.com LLC (“GoDaddy”) renews its motions to dismiss Plaintiff 17 Leo India Films Limited’s (“Leo”) Complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and 18 failure to state a claim. (Docs. 55 and 56). For the following reasons, the Court denies the 19 motions. 20 I. Background 21 GoDaddy is an internet domain name registrar; Leo operates einthusian.tv, a 22 subscription website streaming Indian and other South Asian films. Leo entered into an 23 Agreement with GoDaddy, wherein Leo registered the einthusan.tv domain name 24 (“Domain”) with GoDaddy in February 2013 and agreed to GoDaddy’s Universal Terms 25 of Service (“UTOS”) in the process. In July 2019, GoDaddy suspended the Domain. Thus, 26 for a time, Leo’s subscribers were unable, to access the Domain and Leo was unable to 27 transfer it to a new domain registrar. Leo soon brought this lawsuit, alleging contract and 28 tort claims against GoDaddy based on its suspension of the Domain. 1 Based on the amount in controversy requirement for diversity jurisdiction, the Court 2 dismissed the complaint. The Ninth Circuit vacated the decision and remanded the matter 3 back to the district court “for further consideration in light of Geographic Expeditions.” 4 Leo India Films Ltd. v. GoDaddy.com, LLC, 840 F. App’x 227, 228 (9th Cir. 2021). 5 II. Analysis 6 A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction: Amount in Controversy 7 GoDaddy has moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), 8 arguing there is no federal jurisdiction because the UTOS explicitly limits GoDaddy's total 9 aggregate liability to $10,000. (Docs. 18 and 56.) Ordinarily, a good-faith allegation that 10 the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 satisfies the jurisdictional requirement. St. 11 Paul Mercury Indemnity Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 288-89 (1938). Dismissal is 12 appropriate, however, if it appears to a legal certainty that the claim really is for less than 13 the jurisdictional amount. Pachinger v. MGM Grande Hotel-Las Vegas, Inc., 802 F.2d 14 362, 363-64 (9th Cir. 1986) (citing St. Paul, 303 U.S. at 288-89). “Only three situations 15 clearly meet the legal certainty standard: 1) when the terms of a contract limit the plaintiff's 16 possible recovery; 2) when a specific rule of law or measure of damages limits the amount 17 of damages recoverable; and 3) when independent facts show that the amount of damages 18 was claimed merely to obtain federal court jurisdiction.” Id. at 364 (quoting 14A Wright, 19 Miller, and Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure, Jurisdiction, § 3702 at 48-50 (2d ed. 20 1985)). 21 GoDaddy argues that this case falls within the first of these situations—the UTOS 22 explicitly states, “in no event shall GoDaddy’s total aggregate liability exceed $10,000.00 23 U.S. dollars.” (Doc. 20-2 at 11.) Whether or not this argument would carry the day, 24 Arizona law renders limitation-of-liability clause inapplicable to claims alleging that the 25 party seeking to limit liability engaged in fraud or bad faith. Airfreight Exp. Ltd v. 26 Evergreen Air Ctr., Inc., 158 P.3d 232, 239-40 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2007). Because, as 27 determined below, Leo has sufficiently pled bad faith, it is not legally certain that the 28 amount in controversy is less than $75,000, and the Court thus has subject matter 1 jurisdiction over the claims. 2 B. Failure to State a Claim 3 To survive dismissal for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 4 Procedure 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain factual allegations sufficient to “raise a right 5 to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 6 (2007). The task when ruling on a motion to dismiss “is to evaluate whether the claims 7 alleged [plausibly] can be asserted as a matter of law.” See Adams v. Johnson, 355 F.3d 8 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2004); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). When 9 analyzing the sufficiency of a complaint, the well-pled factual allegations are taken as true 10 and construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Cousins v. Lockyer, 568 F.3d 11 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2009). The Court looks only to the four corners of the complaint and 12 any documents attached to the complaint. Durning v. First Boston Corp., 815 F.2d 1265, 13 1267 (9th Cir. 1987). 14 1. Claim One: Breach of Contract 15 In claim one, Leo argues that GoDaddy breached the agreement—in which “[Leo] 16 paid GoDaddy a fee to register a domain name with its registry”—when it suspended Leo’s 17 account and locked the domain without justification. (Doc. 1 at 7.) Citing a provision of 18 the UTOS,1 GoDaddy counters that it was authorized to take that action in response to a 19 letter from Indian law enforcement. Be that as it may, the complaint does not reference the 20 letter, nor is the letter attached to the complaint. In fact, the complaint doesn’t reference 21 this communique at all. Thus, the Court cannot consider it on a 12(b)(6) motion, and claim 22 one survives. 23 2. Claim Two: Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair 24 Dealing 25 Every contract includes an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and that
26 1 “GoDaddy expressly reserves the right to deny, cancel, terminate, suspend, lock, or modify access to (or control of) any Account or Services (including the right to cancel 27 or transfer any domain name registration) for any reason (as determined by GoDaddy in its sole and absolute discretion), including but not limited to the following: . . . (v) to comply 28 with requests of law enforcement [or] (vii) to defend any legal action or threatened legal action.” (Doc. 1-2 at 21.) 1 due requires a contracting party not to impair the other party’s rights flowing from the 2 contract. See Rawlings v. Apodaca, 726 P.2d 565, 569 (Ariz. 1986). Here, Leo alleges that 3 GoDaddy breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing when it “lock[ed] 4 the Domain for an indefinite period of time and prevent[ed] its transfer.” This claim 5 survives. 6 3. Claim Three: Tortious Interference with Contract and Business 7 Relations 8 Tortious interference requires demonstrating “(1) existence of a valid contractual 9 relationship, (2) knowledge of the relationship on the part of the interferor, (3) intentional 10 interference inducing or causing a breach, (4) resultant damage to the party whose 11 relationship has been disrupted, and (5) that the defendant acted improperly.” Wells Fargo 12 Bank v. Ariz. Laborers, Teamsters and Cement Masons Local No. 395 Pension Tr. Fund, 13 38 P.3d 12, 31 (2002). Leo alleges that GoDaddy knew of its business relationships with 14 advertisers and users on its website, disabled the Domain subject to the Agreement, causing 15 damage to Leo’s business relationships, and acted improperly in disabling the Domain. 16 Leo has stated a claim for Tortious Interference with Contract. 17 4.
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1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
9 Leo India Films Limited, No. CV-19-04803-PHX-DLR
10 Plaintiff, ORDER
11 v.
12 GoDaddy.com LLC,
13 Defendant. 14 15 16 Defendant GoDaddy.com LLC (“GoDaddy”) renews its motions to dismiss Plaintiff 17 Leo India Films Limited’s (“Leo”) Complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and 18 failure to state a claim. (Docs. 55 and 56). For the following reasons, the Court denies the 19 motions. 20 I. Background 21 GoDaddy is an internet domain name registrar; Leo operates einthusian.tv, a 22 subscription website streaming Indian and other South Asian films. Leo entered into an 23 Agreement with GoDaddy, wherein Leo registered the einthusan.tv domain name 24 (“Domain”) with GoDaddy in February 2013 and agreed to GoDaddy’s Universal Terms 25 of Service (“UTOS”) in the process. In July 2019, GoDaddy suspended the Domain. Thus, 26 for a time, Leo’s subscribers were unable, to access the Domain and Leo was unable to 27 transfer it to a new domain registrar. Leo soon brought this lawsuit, alleging contract and 28 tort claims against GoDaddy based on its suspension of the Domain. 1 Based on the amount in controversy requirement for diversity jurisdiction, the Court 2 dismissed the complaint. The Ninth Circuit vacated the decision and remanded the matter 3 back to the district court “for further consideration in light of Geographic Expeditions.” 4 Leo India Films Ltd. v. GoDaddy.com, LLC, 840 F. App’x 227, 228 (9th Cir. 2021). 5 II. Analysis 6 A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction: Amount in Controversy 7 GoDaddy has moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), 8 arguing there is no federal jurisdiction because the UTOS explicitly limits GoDaddy's total 9 aggregate liability to $10,000. (Docs. 18 and 56.) Ordinarily, a good-faith allegation that 10 the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 satisfies the jurisdictional requirement. St. 11 Paul Mercury Indemnity Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 288-89 (1938). Dismissal is 12 appropriate, however, if it appears to a legal certainty that the claim really is for less than 13 the jurisdictional amount. Pachinger v. MGM Grande Hotel-Las Vegas, Inc., 802 F.2d 14 362, 363-64 (9th Cir. 1986) (citing St. Paul, 303 U.S. at 288-89). “Only three situations 15 clearly meet the legal certainty standard: 1) when the terms of a contract limit the plaintiff's 16 possible recovery; 2) when a specific rule of law or measure of damages limits the amount 17 of damages recoverable; and 3) when independent facts show that the amount of damages 18 was claimed merely to obtain federal court jurisdiction.” Id. at 364 (quoting 14A Wright, 19 Miller, and Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure, Jurisdiction, § 3702 at 48-50 (2d ed. 20 1985)). 21 GoDaddy argues that this case falls within the first of these situations—the UTOS 22 explicitly states, “in no event shall GoDaddy’s total aggregate liability exceed $10,000.00 23 U.S. dollars.” (Doc. 20-2 at 11.) Whether or not this argument would carry the day, 24 Arizona law renders limitation-of-liability clause inapplicable to claims alleging that the 25 party seeking to limit liability engaged in fraud or bad faith. Airfreight Exp. Ltd v. 26 Evergreen Air Ctr., Inc., 158 P.3d 232, 239-40 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2007). Because, as 27 determined below, Leo has sufficiently pled bad faith, it is not legally certain that the 28 amount in controversy is less than $75,000, and the Court thus has subject matter 1 jurisdiction over the claims. 2 B. Failure to State a Claim 3 To survive dismissal for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 4 Procedure 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain factual allegations sufficient to “raise a right 5 to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 6 (2007). The task when ruling on a motion to dismiss “is to evaluate whether the claims 7 alleged [plausibly] can be asserted as a matter of law.” See Adams v. Johnson, 355 F.3d 8 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2004); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). When 9 analyzing the sufficiency of a complaint, the well-pled factual allegations are taken as true 10 and construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Cousins v. Lockyer, 568 F.3d 11 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2009). The Court looks only to the four corners of the complaint and 12 any documents attached to the complaint. Durning v. First Boston Corp., 815 F.2d 1265, 13 1267 (9th Cir. 1987). 14 1. Claim One: Breach of Contract 15 In claim one, Leo argues that GoDaddy breached the agreement—in which “[Leo] 16 paid GoDaddy a fee to register a domain name with its registry”—when it suspended Leo’s 17 account and locked the domain without justification. (Doc. 1 at 7.) Citing a provision of 18 the UTOS,1 GoDaddy counters that it was authorized to take that action in response to a 19 letter from Indian law enforcement. Be that as it may, the complaint does not reference the 20 letter, nor is the letter attached to the complaint. In fact, the complaint doesn’t reference 21 this communique at all. Thus, the Court cannot consider it on a 12(b)(6) motion, and claim 22 one survives. 23 2. Claim Two: Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair 24 Dealing 25 Every contract includes an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and that
26 1 “GoDaddy expressly reserves the right to deny, cancel, terminate, suspend, lock, or modify access to (or control of) any Account or Services (including the right to cancel 27 or transfer any domain name registration) for any reason (as determined by GoDaddy in its sole and absolute discretion), including but not limited to the following: . . . (v) to comply 28 with requests of law enforcement [or] (vii) to defend any legal action or threatened legal action.” (Doc. 1-2 at 21.) 1 due requires a contracting party not to impair the other party’s rights flowing from the 2 contract. See Rawlings v. Apodaca, 726 P.2d 565, 569 (Ariz. 1986). Here, Leo alleges that 3 GoDaddy breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing when it “lock[ed] 4 the Domain for an indefinite period of time and prevent[ed] its transfer.” This claim 5 survives. 6 3. Claim Three: Tortious Interference with Contract and Business 7 Relations 8 Tortious interference requires demonstrating “(1) existence of a valid contractual 9 relationship, (2) knowledge of the relationship on the part of the interferor, (3) intentional 10 interference inducing or causing a breach, (4) resultant damage to the party whose 11 relationship has been disrupted, and (5) that the defendant acted improperly.” Wells Fargo 12 Bank v. Ariz. Laborers, Teamsters and Cement Masons Local No. 395 Pension Tr. Fund, 13 38 P.3d 12, 31 (2002). Leo alleges that GoDaddy knew of its business relationships with 14 advertisers and users on its website, disabled the Domain subject to the Agreement, causing 15 damage to Leo’s business relationships, and acted improperly in disabling the Domain. 16 Leo has stated a claim for Tortious Interference with Contract. 17 4. Claim Four: Declaratory Judgment of Unconscionability2 18 Leo’s fourth claim arises under the Declaratory Judgment Act, which allows federal 19 courts to “declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party,” so long as 20 there is “a case of actual controversy.” 28 U.S.C. § 2201. Specifically, Leo alleges that 21 certain provisions of the Agreement with GoDaddy are unconscionable. 22 Unconscionability comes in two flavors: procedural unconscionability and 23 substantive unconscionability. Pac. Am. Leasing Corp. v. S.P.E. Bldg. Sys., Inc., 152 Ariz. 24 96, 103 (Ct. App. 1986). Substantive unconscionability—the sole basis for Leo’s 25 argument—concerns the actual terms of the contract and the relative fairness of the parties’ 26 obligations. Indicia of substantive unconscionability include one-sided terms that oppress 27 or unfairly surprise an innocent party, an overall imbalance in the obligations and rights
28 2 This claim is the fourth listed in the complaint, albeit under the header “Third Count.” 1 || imposed by the bargain, and significant cost-price disparity.” Nelson v. Rice, 198 Ariz. 2|| 563, 567-68 (Ct. App. 2000). Leo has sufficiently stated a claim by alleging that certain || portions of the UTOS are unconscionable because of an overbroad award of discretion to GoDaddy. (Doc. 1 at 9-10.) This claim survives. 5|| Il. Conclusion 6 It is not a legal certainty that the amount in controversy is less than $75,000; || therefore, the Court has subject matter jurisdiction over the complaint. The Court also 8 || finds that Leo’s complaint satisfies federal pleadings standards. 9 IT IS ORDERED that GoDaddy’s Motions to Dismiss (Docs. 18, 55, 56) are DENIED. 11 Dated this 18th day of March, 2022. 12 13 14 {Z, 15 _- Ch 16 Upited States Dictria Judge 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
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