PARKER, J.
Appellant’s first assignment of error presents the question whether the option here sued upon relates solely to defendant’s 1/6 undivided interest in the 214-acre home tract, which defendant received as one of the remainderman under Item Four of his grandfather’s will, as defendant contends, or whether in addition thereto it includes defendant’s 1/18 undivided interest in the 194-acre tract, which was originally devised to William Marshall Thomas for life by Item Two of said will, as plaintiff contends. On the admitted and stipulated facts, the trial court ruled as a matter of law that defendant’s 1/18 undivided interest in the 194-acre tract is not included in the option. We agree.
An option is a unilateral agreement by which the maker grants the optionee the contractual right to accept or reject a present offer within a limited or reasonable time. It is unilateral because only the maker is bound; the other party is not obligated in any way to perform by purchasing. Because options are unilateral, they are construed strictly in favor of the maker.
Ferguson v. Phillips,
268 N.C. 353, 150 S.E. 2d 518;
Carpenter v. Carpenter,
213 N.C. 36, 195 S.E. 5.
The option before us grants to plaintiff the right to purchase “the following described
tract
or
fared
of real estate,” not
tracts
or
parcels,
indicating that the subject matter would be a single tract of land. It also refers to the rights which the maker held or might thereafter acquire in the estate of his grandfather by
mil;
defendant acquired his 1/18 interest in the William Marshall Thomas 194-acre tract by inheritance from his mother, not by will of his grandfather. Furthermore, he acquired this interest almost seven years after the option agreement was prepared and only after the death of William Marshall Thomas without natural born children surviving, after a decision of the North Carolina Supreme Court, and after the subsequent death of his mother intestate without having previously disposed of the property. Finally, the option refers to the property as “being the same property in which the mother of both parties has a life interest.” The only property in which the mother had a life interest was the 214-acre home tract devised to her for life by Item Four of her father’s will.
Considering all of these factors together, and construing the option in favor of the maker, it is abundantly clear that the only property which the parties contemplated and which they intended to include in the option at the time it was executed in 1957, was the defendant’s interest under Item Four of his grandfather’s will in the 214-acre home tract in which his mother then held a life estate. Nothing in the language of the option indicates that the parties intended to include therein other tracts, devised by his grandfather to other persons, and in which defendant years later acquired an interest only as result of a series of fortuitous events.
The cases cited by appellant relating to the doctrine of after-acquired property are not apposite. These cases deal with the situation which arises when a grantor conveys rights in a definitely described tract of land, in which at the time of conveyance he has no title, but in which he thereafter acquires some title. Here we are concerned with the description of the tract itself.
While the trial court’s ruling was made on the basis of facts admitted and stipulated prior to trial, it may be noted that at the trial plaintiff himself testified on cross-examination that he “never made any claim for any property other than the homeplace until after the suit was filed,” and then when he filed suit he “asked for the home-place plus two other pieces- of property.” Plaintiff further testified that in a letter to defendant he had made a notation about a release on the Marshall Thomas property, and that “my option that I had with him only concerned my mother’s place and that I did not
know that these other two shares were included in it.” We think it abundantly clear that the option by its express provisions did not include any interest in the William Marshall Thomas 194-aere tract and that the parties never intended that it should. There is no merit in appellant’s first assignment of error.
Appellant assigns as error portions of the judge’s charge to the jury relating to the second issue. In this connection it had been established by the pleadings that on 30 March 1963 plaintiff had assigned his rights in the option to his uncle, C. L. Thomas, and that C. L. Thomas had died a resident of Hoke County later in the year 1963. Plaintiff introduced in evidence the will of C. L. Thomas, which had been duly admitted to probate. This instrument made no express mention of the option, but did devise and bequeath the residuary estate to testator’s wife and two children, 1/3 to each. The will directed that the wife’s 1/3 should be paid to her directly úpon settlement of the estate, and that the children’s shares should be placed in the hands of the wife, Marguerite F. Thomas, as trustee until the younger of the two children should reach 25 years of age. The will granted the trustee during continuance of the trust full power and authority “at her discretion, to sell at such price, upon such terms and in such manner as she may deem best, any property which at any time constitutes a part of this trust.” The will further provided that in event testator’s wife, Marguerite F. Thomas, should predecease him, “or otherwise be unwilling or unable to serve as trustee, as hereinabove set forth,” then J. L. McNeill should serve as first alternate trustee and J. W. McPhaul as second alternate trustee. The will also named the wife as executrix, with the same provisions that J. L. McNeill and J. W. McPhaul should serve as first and second alternates. Plaintiff introduced in evidence a written “Release and Reassignment of Options,” dated 28 February 1966, executed by Marguerite F. Thomas, both individually and in her capacity as trustee under the will of C. L. Thomas, and also executed by the son and daughter of C. L. Thomas, and joined in by the daughter’s husband. This instrument recites that the parties who executed it were the sole heirs at law and sole beneficiaries under the will of C. L. Thomas, deceased. By this instrument, which, was duly recorded, the parties who executed it reassigned to the plaintiff all rights they had in the option.
Marguerite F. Thomas, appearing as a witness for plaintiff, testified that her husband, C. L. Thomas, died on 29 May 1963; that she had never qualified as executrix under her husband’s will and that Mr. McNeill had qualified as executor; that at the time the instrument reassigning the option to plaintiff was executed on 28
February 1966, her husband’s estate was settled; that on that date her youngest child was 22 years old and would become 25 years old on 26 August 1968. The clerk of Superior Court of Hoke County was also called as a witness and testified to the qualification of J. L. McNeill as executor under the will of C. L. Thomas on 6 June' 1963 and further testified there had never been any separate order of appointment of any trustee under said will. The clerk also testified that he knew “that Mr. J. L. McNeill is acting in the capacity as trustee under the will of C. L. Thomas.” Marguerite F.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
PARKER, J.
Appellant’s first assignment of error presents the question whether the option here sued upon relates solely to defendant’s 1/6 undivided interest in the 214-acre home tract, which defendant received as one of the remainderman under Item Four of his grandfather’s will, as defendant contends, or whether in addition thereto it includes defendant’s 1/18 undivided interest in the 194-acre tract, which was originally devised to William Marshall Thomas for life by Item Two of said will, as plaintiff contends. On the admitted and stipulated facts, the trial court ruled as a matter of law that defendant’s 1/18 undivided interest in the 194-acre tract is not included in the option. We agree.
An option is a unilateral agreement by which the maker grants the optionee the contractual right to accept or reject a present offer within a limited or reasonable time. It is unilateral because only the maker is bound; the other party is not obligated in any way to perform by purchasing. Because options are unilateral, they are construed strictly in favor of the maker.
Ferguson v. Phillips,
268 N.C. 353, 150 S.E. 2d 518;
Carpenter v. Carpenter,
213 N.C. 36, 195 S.E. 5.
The option before us grants to plaintiff the right to purchase “the following described
tract
or
fared
of real estate,” not
tracts
or
parcels,
indicating that the subject matter would be a single tract of land. It also refers to the rights which the maker held or might thereafter acquire in the estate of his grandfather by
mil;
defendant acquired his 1/18 interest in the William Marshall Thomas 194-acre tract by inheritance from his mother, not by will of his grandfather. Furthermore, he acquired this interest almost seven years after the option agreement was prepared and only after the death of William Marshall Thomas without natural born children surviving, after a decision of the North Carolina Supreme Court, and after the subsequent death of his mother intestate without having previously disposed of the property. Finally, the option refers to the property as “being the same property in which the mother of both parties has a life interest.” The only property in which the mother had a life interest was the 214-acre home tract devised to her for life by Item Four of her father’s will.
Considering all of these factors together, and construing the option in favor of the maker, it is abundantly clear that the only property which the parties contemplated and which they intended to include in the option at the time it was executed in 1957, was the defendant’s interest under Item Four of his grandfather’s will in the 214-acre home tract in which his mother then held a life estate. Nothing in the language of the option indicates that the parties intended to include therein other tracts, devised by his grandfather to other persons, and in which defendant years later acquired an interest only as result of a series of fortuitous events.
The cases cited by appellant relating to the doctrine of after-acquired property are not apposite. These cases deal with the situation which arises when a grantor conveys rights in a definitely described tract of land, in which at the time of conveyance he has no title, but in which he thereafter acquires some title. Here we are concerned with the description of the tract itself.
While the trial court’s ruling was made on the basis of facts admitted and stipulated prior to trial, it may be noted that at the trial plaintiff himself testified on cross-examination that he “never made any claim for any property other than the homeplace until after the suit was filed,” and then when he filed suit he “asked for the home-place plus two other pieces- of property.” Plaintiff further testified that in a letter to defendant he had made a notation about a release on the Marshall Thomas property, and that “my option that I had with him only concerned my mother’s place and that I did not
know that these other two shares were included in it.” We think it abundantly clear that the option by its express provisions did not include any interest in the William Marshall Thomas 194-aere tract and that the parties never intended that it should. There is no merit in appellant’s first assignment of error.
Appellant assigns as error portions of the judge’s charge to the jury relating to the second issue. In this connection it had been established by the pleadings that on 30 March 1963 plaintiff had assigned his rights in the option to his uncle, C. L. Thomas, and that C. L. Thomas had died a resident of Hoke County later in the year 1963. Plaintiff introduced in evidence the will of C. L. Thomas, which had been duly admitted to probate. This instrument made no express mention of the option, but did devise and bequeath the residuary estate to testator’s wife and two children, 1/3 to each. The will directed that the wife’s 1/3 should be paid to her directly úpon settlement of the estate, and that the children’s shares should be placed in the hands of the wife, Marguerite F. Thomas, as trustee until the younger of the two children should reach 25 years of age. The will granted the trustee during continuance of the trust full power and authority “at her discretion, to sell at such price, upon such terms and in such manner as she may deem best, any property which at any time constitutes a part of this trust.” The will further provided that in event testator’s wife, Marguerite F. Thomas, should predecease him, “or otherwise be unwilling or unable to serve as trustee, as hereinabove set forth,” then J. L. McNeill should serve as first alternate trustee and J. W. McPhaul as second alternate trustee. The will also named the wife as executrix, with the same provisions that J. L. McNeill and J. W. McPhaul should serve as first and second alternates. Plaintiff introduced in evidence a written “Release and Reassignment of Options,” dated 28 February 1966, executed by Marguerite F. Thomas, both individually and in her capacity as trustee under the will of C. L. Thomas, and also executed by the son and daughter of C. L. Thomas, and joined in by the daughter’s husband. This instrument recites that the parties who executed it were the sole heirs at law and sole beneficiaries under the will of C. L. Thomas, deceased. By this instrument, which, was duly recorded, the parties who executed it reassigned to the plaintiff all rights they had in the option.
Marguerite F. Thomas, appearing as a witness for plaintiff, testified that her husband, C. L. Thomas, died on 29 May 1963; that she had never qualified as executrix under her husband’s will and that Mr. McNeill had qualified as executor; that at the time the instrument reassigning the option to plaintiff was executed on 28
February 1966, her husband’s estate was settled; that on that date her youngest child was 22 years old and would become 25 years old on 26 August 1968. The clerk of Superior Court of Hoke County was also called as a witness and testified to the qualification of J. L. McNeill as executor under the will of C. L. Thomas on 6 June' 1963 and further testified there had never been any separate order of appointment of any trustee under said will. The clerk also testified that he knew “that Mr. J. L. McNeill is acting in the capacity as trustee under the will of C. L. Thomas.” Marguerite F. Thomas, the widow, had also testified that Mr. McNeill “also qualified as trustee under the will of my husband and is at this time acting as trustee for both of my children and will act in that capacity until my youngest reaches 25 years of age and that will be August 26.” Marguerite F. Thomas also testified that her attorneys, one of whom was Mr. McNeill, had advised her and prepared the papers for her at the time she executed the reassignment of the option to plaintiff.
When charging the jury on the second issue, the court stated the contentions of the parties, including the defendant’s contention that no one had qualified as trustee of the C. L. Thomas estate. The court then charged the jury as follows:
“Now, members of the jury, if the plaintiff has satisfied you by the greater weight of the evidence that the plaintiff was the owner of the option contract in issue in this case from February 28, 1966, to April 19, 1966, it would be your duty to answer this issue Yes. If the plaintiff has failed to satisfy you of these facts by the greater weight of the evidence, it would be your duty to answer the issue No.”
This charge completely failed to “declare and explain the law arising on the evidence,” as required by G.S, 1-180. The jury was given no guidance as to what facts, if found by them to be true, would justify them in answering the issue either in the affirmative or the negative. The jury may well have been left with the impression that if the trustee named in the will had failed to “qualify” as trustee in the office of the clerk of superior court, her execution of the instrument purporting to reassign the option to plaintiff was thereby rendered void. In this connection the court gave no explanation of the legal effect of G.S. 28-53 which provides:
“Trustees appointed in any will admitted to probate in this State, into whose hands assets come under the provisions of the will, shall first qualify under the laws applicable to executors, and shall file in the office of the clerk of the county where the will is probated inventories of the assets which come into his
hands and annual and final accounts thereof, such as are required of executors and administrators. The power of the clerk to enforce the filing and his duties in respect to audit and record shall be the same as in such cases. This section shall not apply to the extent that any will makes a different provision.”
The requirement that a testamentary trustee shall “first qualify under the laws applicable to executors,” became part of this statute effective 1 July 1961 by amendment enacted by Chap. 619 of the 1961 Session Laws. By Chap. 1176 of the 1965 Session Laws this requirement was made inapplicable to trustees appointed by will executed prior to 1 July 1961, unless the will had been admitted to probate prior to the effective date of that chapter, which was 1 July 1965.
An otherwise valid conveyance by a testamentary trustee is not made void by reason of his failure to first qualify as now required by G.S. 28-53. The statute does not so provide. A trustee derives his title, powers, and duties from the instrument creating the trust which names him trustee and conveys title to the trust properties to him. See 2 .Wiggins, Wills and Administration of Estates in North Carolina, §§ 293, 300. His legal existence is derived from the instrument creating the trust, not from adminicular proceedings relating to qualification, posting bond, etc. “(T)he Trustee takes his position by virtue of the donative acts of the grantor and not from the authority of the court'."
In re Neill’s Estate,
195 Misc. 690, 89 N.Y.S. 2d 394; see also, Bogert, Trusts and Trustees 2d, § 151. Nor can the court prevent the transmission and vesting of title to property devised in trust in the trustee named in the will.
Riggs v. Moise,
344 Mo. 177, 128 S.W. 2d 632, citing
Parker v. Sears,
117 Mass. 513;
Monk v. Everett,
277 Mass. 65, 177 N.E. 797;
Mullanny v. Nangle,
212 Ill. 247, 72 N.E. 385;
LaForge v. Binns,
125 Ill. App. 527;
In re Goulden,
102 Misc. 642, 170 N.Y.S. 154;
City Council of Augusta v. Walton, 77
Ga. 517, 1 S.E. 214.
It is true that since the duties of a trustee may not be imposed upon one without his consent, he may disclaim if he has not theretofore in some way, by word or conduct, manifested his consent to act. Lee, North Carolina Law of Trusts 3rd, § 4c; Bogert, Trusts and Trustees 2d, § 150, p. 64,
et seq.
However, a trustee’s acceptance of the trust is presumed until he declines,
Benevolent Society v. Orrell,
195 N.C. 405, 142 S.E. 493, and the evidence here is such that the jury could have found that
at the time of the execution of the reassignment
in 1966 Marguerite F. Thomas had done nothing to indicate her unwillingness to serve. On the contrary, her
execution of the reassignment would tend to indicate her acceptance of the trusteeship, particularly in view of her evidence that the papers were prepared for her by attorneys who advised her, one of them being Mr. McNeill. There is no evidence of any act of anyone as trustee other than this, occurring prior to the time the reassignment was executed. The testimony of the cleric of superior court as to who was serving as trustee related to the time of trial, some two years after the execution of the reassignment. Mrs. Thomas’s statement that Mr. McNeill “is still serving” related to the time of the trial. Nor would the fact that Mrs. Thomas had failed to qualify as executrix of her husband’s will and had apparently acquiesced in the qualification by Mr. McNeill as successor executor, evidence a disclaimer on her part to act as trustee. “Unless a different intention of the settlor is properly manifested, if the same person is appointed both executor and trustee under a will, he may accept as executor and disclaim as trustee, and conversely he may disclaim as executor and accept as trustee.” Restatement of the Law of Trusts 2d, § 102. Nothing in the will of C. L. Thomas manifests any intention of the testator that his wife could not disclaim as executrix and yet still act as trustee.
The court’s instruction as given was misleading in that the jury could have understood therefrom that unless Marguerite F. Thomas “qualified” as trustee in the office of the clerk of superior court, she could not validly execute the reassignment and that without such qualification there was no trustee who could act in any capacity. This constituted prejudicial error and entitles plaintiff to a
New trial.
Bbooic and Beitt, JJ., concur.