De Angelis, J.:
The plaintiff recovered damages for personal injuries sustained in being thrown from a wagon by the collision of one of defendant’s street cars with the wagon. Defendant operates a double-track surface railroad in Niagara street in the city of Buffalo. The plaintiff was sitting on the front seat of a wagon, loaded with window frames, drawn by a single horse driven by him northerly on Niagara street. The load made by the window frames was about thirteen or fourteen feet in length, ten feet in width and high enough so that the plaintiff could not see the railroad tracks behind the wagon without standing. Both vehicles were moving northerly. At a point bout the middle of the block northerly from Albany street a stake wagon loaded with lumber was standing between the easterly track and the easterly curb, the team of horses attached to which wagon were, headed northerly. In order to pass this stake wagon plaintiff drove onto the easterly track, and while his wagon was in the pathway of the car the car collided with the rear of the plaintiff’s wagon, he was thrown upon the pavement, his horse ran away, his feet got tangled in the reins and he was dragged some distance.
The plaintiff’s proof tended to show that he arose from his seat and looked to the south (where the view along the tracks was unobstructed for a distance of 1,000 feet) before he turned onto the easterly track, and he saw no car approaching. Some of the witnesses called by the plaintiff testified that when he turned upon the railroad track the car was approaching him rapidly some 300 or 400 feet away.
[777] Plaintiff’s testimony further tended to show that his horse was passing from the railroad track when the collision occurred.
The defendant’s proof tended to show that the plaintiff did not look for the approaching car, drove in front of the approaching car when it was so close to him that the motorman, although he did his best, could not stop the car in time to prevent a collision, and the motorman’s affidavit introduced by the defendant by consent was to the effect that the plaintiff drove onto the track in the pathway of the car when the car was only thirty feet away from him.
This being the state of the case, the court in the body of the charge said: “ It is the duty of any person coming upon such a track to use reasonable care to see that it is safe for him, to do so, and reasonable care is such care that a person of ordinary prudence, the everyday man who uses ordinary care for himself, would use for his own safety. He cannot go on blindly and take the chance and lose and then complain successfully in a court.' If he looks he is held responsible for knowing what was within the field of vision when he looked, because there is no impairment of eyesight, no claim here but what his eyes were normal and of average strength and accuracy. Therefore it becomes important in this case to know at what point he did look, if he looked at all, and if he did _ not look at all he was negligent, because he is chargeable if he looked with what was in sight. What is the distance then within which this car would have been visible ? Was there an obstacle as shown by the evidence here between the wagon and the approaching car ? There is no evidence here that there was. Therefore, if he looked you must find he saw the car where it was at the time he looked. Then the question should arise whether it was reasonably prudent under such conditions to attempt to approach the track so as to be within striking distance of the car as it came on. If it was not he would be negligent. If he is negligent and that negligence contributed or helped bring upon him the injury, under the law in the State of Hew York he has no cause of action, and the defendant is entitled to a verdict as a matter of right. ”
The counsel for the plaintiff took an exception to the charge [778] as follows: “ I except to that portion of your Honor’s charge in which you said the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence unless he looked. I think that is a matter of fact.” The court thereupon said: “ I leave it to the jury to say whether a person of reasonable prudence could go on a track with notice from the tracks being there, without looking, and he free from negligence. I will leave that to the jury.”
The counsel for the defendant" took an exception to this ruling.
We think the ruling of the lealned trial'judge was fatal to the verdict. He should have said that before driving into the fixed pathway of the street cars (especially in the middle of the block where the right of way of the street cars is paramount to that of other vehicles) it was the duty of the plaintiff to look for approaching cars unless the evidence was such as to show that looking would be of no avail. (Knapp v. Barrett, 216 N. Y. 226, 230.) It was not necessary that the counsel for the defendant should have gone further and asked for a ruling on a definite request to charge upon the subject. (Freund v. Paten, 10 Abb. N. C. 311, 316.)
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De Angelis, J.:
The plaintiff recovered damages for personal injuries sustained in being thrown from a wagon by the collision of one of defendant’s street cars with the wagon. Defendant operates a double-track surface railroad in Niagara street in the city of Buffalo. The plaintiff was sitting on the front seat of a wagon, loaded with window frames, drawn by a single horse driven by him northerly on Niagara street. The load made by the window frames was about thirteen or fourteen feet in length, ten feet in width and high enough so that the plaintiff could not see the railroad tracks behind the wagon without standing. Both vehicles were moving northerly. At a point bout the middle of the block northerly from Albany street a stake wagon loaded with lumber was standing between the easterly track and the easterly curb, the team of horses attached to which wagon were, headed northerly. In order to pass this stake wagon plaintiff drove onto the easterly track, and while his wagon was in the pathway of the car the car collided with the rear of the plaintiff’s wagon, he was thrown upon the pavement, his horse ran away, his feet got tangled in the reins and he was dragged some distance.
The plaintiff’s proof tended to show that he arose from his seat and looked to the south (where the view along the tracks was unobstructed for a distance of 1,000 feet) before he turned onto the easterly track, and he saw no car approaching. Some of the witnesses called by the plaintiff testified that when he turned upon the railroad track the car was approaching him rapidly some 300 or 400 feet away.
[777] Plaintiff’s testimony further tended to show that his horse was passing from the railroad track when the collision occurred.
The defendant’s proof tended to show that the plaintiff did not look for the approaching car, drove in front of the approaching car when it was so close to him that the motorman, although he did his best, could not stop the car in time to prevent a collision, and the motorman’s affidavit introduced by the defendant by consent was to the effect that the plaintiff drove onto the track in the pathway of the car when the car was only thirty feet away from him.
This being the state of the case, the court in the body of the charge said: “ It is the duty of any person coming upon such a track to use reasonable care to see that it is safe for him, to do so, and reasonable care is such care that a person of ordinary prudence, the everyday man who uses ordinary care for himself, would use for his own safety. He cannot go on blindly and take the chance and lose and then complain successfully in a court.' If he looks he is held responsible for knowing what was within the field of vision when he looked, because there is no impairment of eyesight, no claim here but what his eyes were normal and of average strength and accuracy. Therefore it becomes important in this case to know at what point he did look, if he looked at all, and if he did _ not look at all he was negligent, because he is chargeable if he looked with what was in sight. What is the distance then within which this car would have been visible ? Was there an obstacle as shown by the evidence here between the wagon and the approaching car ? There is no evidence here that there was. Therefore, if he looked you must find he saw the car where it was at the time he looked. Then the question should arise whether it was reasonably prudent under such conditions to attempt to approach the track so as to be within striking distance of the car as it came on. If it was not he would be negligent. If he is negligent and that negligence contributed or helped bring upon him the injury, under the law in the State of Hew York he has no cause of action, and the defendant is entitled to a verdict as a matter of right. ”
The counsel for the plaintiff took an exception to the charge [778] as follows: “ I except to that portion of your Honor’s charge in which you said the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence unless he looked. I think that is a matter of fact.” The court thereupon said: “ I leave it to the jury to say whether a person of reasonable prudence could go on a track with notice from the tracks being there, without looking, and he free from negligence. I will leave that to the jury.”
The counsel for the defendant" took an exception to this ruling.
We think the ruling of the lealned trial'judge was fatal to the verdict. He should have said that before driving into the fixed pathway of the street cars (especially in the middle of the block where the right of way of the street cars is paramount to that of other vehicles) it was the duty of the plaintiff to look for approaching cars unless the evidence was such as to show that looking would be of no avail. (Knapp v. Barrett, 216 N. Y. 226, 230.) It was not necessary that the counsel for the defendant should have gone further and asked for a ruling on a definite request to charge upon the subject. (Freund v. Paten, 10 Abb. N. C. 311, 316.)
It is true that the learned trial judge charged later at the request of the counsel for the defendant that if the jury found that the plaintiff started to turn his horse from the path of safety outside the street car track into the path of danger when the street car was approaching within fifty feet of him the verdict must be no cause of action. But we do not think this was any modification of the ruling complained of, as we shall now attempt to show. Assuming that the car was running at the rate of fifteen miles an hour, which perhaps is less than its actual speed, it ran twenty-two feet in a second. The plaintiff states that his horse was going at a slow walk, say three or four miles an hour or less than six feet a second. In such case the car would run fifty feet in about two and a quarter seconds and the horse would take over eight seconds to cover that distance. The proposition of the court was that if the plaintiff turned his horse onto the track when the car was fifty feet away (whether the plaintiff looked for the approaching car or not) he would have been negligent. Whether that was a correct exposition of the law or not, the defendant had the benefit of it and can[779] not complain. Still the jury might have found that the car was sixty feet away when the plaintiff turned upon the track, and in that case the court’s instruction left the jury to say that if they found that the plaintiff did not look for the approaching car, they might find as a fact, nevertheless, that he was free from negligence. Just where the court would have drawn the line is problematical. As was said in the Knapp case: “A wayfarer is not at liberty to close his eyes in crossing a city street. His duty is to use his eyes, and thus protect himself from danger. * * * The law does not say how often he must look, or precisely how far, or when or from where. If, for example, he looks as he starts to cross, and the way seems clear, he is not bound as a matter of law to look again. The law does not even say that because he sees a wagon approaching, he must stop till it has passed. He may go forward unless it is close upon him; and whether he is negligent in going forward will be a question for the jury. If he has used his eyes, and has miscalculated the danger, he may still be free from fault. * * * But it is a very different thing to say that he is not bound to look at all.” It must be remembered that the court was dealing with the situation where the rights of the plaintiff, a pedestrian, and those of the owner of the wagon were equal, while in the case under consideration the car had the paramount right of way. Certainly if the plaintiff started to drive onto the track when the car was sixty feet away, it could not be said that his looking would have been of no avail, and, therefore, the court would have been compelled to charge that if he failed to look for the approaching car he would have been guilty of negligence as a matter of law.
We think that the judgment and order appealed from should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant to abide the event.
All concurred.
Judgment and order reversed and new trial granted, with costs to appellant to abide event.