Opinion bt
Judge MacPhail,
James and Vilma Lennox (Petitioners), owners of the property in question, along with Margaret C. Albert and Christine King,1 adjoining property owners, appeal here from a denial of an occupancy permit by the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County. The Court of Common Pleas affirmed the decision of the Zoning Board of Adjustment of ,the City of Pittsburgh (Zoning Board), denying Petitioners’ application to occupy their property as a three family dwelling in a two family district.
The property has been zoned as an R-2 two family district since the enactment of the Zoning Ordinance of 1958 and under the prior Ordinance of 1923 the property was classified as a B residence district which permitted only one or two family occupancies.
From the record it appears that the building involved was originally erected in 1905 as a two story single family dwelling with three detached garages. Sometime later,2 the house was converted into a duplex with two sun porches, two gas and electric meters and two furnaces. It is not clear when the conversion to a three unit dwelling took place but Petitioners offered some evidence that since 1936, the property was used as a three unit dwelling and that it was used for that purpose when they purchased it in 1954. At that time and at the present the building is a .two and one-half story residential dwelling with the three detached garages, two sun porches, two gas and electric meters and two furnaces. At the time they purchased the [420] building, Petitioners did not check the zoning ordinance3 or attempt to secure a multifamily occupancy permit.
In January of 1981, Petitioners applied for an occupancy permit for a three family unit dwelling, contending that the city was estopped, under a theory of vested rights, from enforcing the provisions of the zoning ordinance due to the municipal acquiescence to the nonconforming use, or, in the alternative, that they were entitled to an occupancy permit based on a prior legal nonconforming use.
A hearing was held before the Zoning Board and on March 26, 1981, Petitioners’ application was denied, the Board finding that Petitioners failed to demonstrate the existence of a legal nonconforming use which predated the enactment of the 1923 Zoning Ordinance.4
Petitioners then appealed to the trial court which, without taking additional testimony, affirmed the decision of the Zoning Board. Neither the Zoning Board nor the trial court dealt with the vested rights issue presented by the Petitioners.
The issues presented before this Court on appeal are whether the Zoning Board abused its discretion in finding that the nonconforming use was not in existence prior to the prohibitory Zoning Ordinance of 1923 and whether the Zoning Board abused its discretion or committed an error of law in refusing ,to con[421] sider the evidence and issue an occupancy permit under the theory of vested rights?
It is well settled that where the trial court has taken no additional evidence, our scope of review is limited to determining whether or not the Zoning Board committed an abuse of discretion or an error of law. Ottaviano v. Zoning Board of Adjustment of Philadelphia, 31 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 366, 376 A.2d 286 (1977).
On the issue of nonconforming use, two salient points of view were emphasized by this Court in Municipality of Penn Hills v. Zoning Hearing Board, 60 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 286, 288, 431 A.2d 383, 384 (1981):
(1) “The burden of proving the extent or existence of a nonconforming use rests on the property owner who would claim the benefit of the rights accorded property with that status ”... and (2) “The benefit of legal nonconforming use status is available only to that lawful use which existed on the land at the time when the prohibitory zoning (to which the use does not conform) took effect.” (Citations omitted.)
We are well satisfied from our review of the record that the Zoning Board’s finding, affirmed by the trial court, that Petitioners failed to demonstrate that their three family dwelling was in lawful existence prior to the prohibitory Zoning Ordinance of 1923 was neither an abuse of discretion nor an error of law. Where the alleged nonconforming use does not predate the existing zoning restrictions, it cannot be a valid one. Bee R. Ryan, Pennsylvania Zoning Law and Practice §7.1.1 (1970).
Neither the Zoning Board nor the trial court addressed specifically the issue of whether the permit should have been granted on the basis of variance by estoppel or vested right.
[422] A claim of vested right ... is similar to one of nonconformance for it usually is based in part on a prior status which the applicant asserts permits him to continue or to complete a use or structure. Here, however, protection is afforded, when it is afforded at all, not because the use or building predates zoning, but because it has become inequitable ,to enforce the restriction against the owner because of action or inaction by the municipality.
R. Ryan, Pennsylvania Zoning Law and Practice §7.1.1 (1970). Since a claim .of vested right does differ both in theory and fact from a landowner’s rights based upon a prior legal nonconforming use, the landowner’s burden of proof is likewise different. Therefore, if the evidence presented to the Zoning Board would arguably support the grant of a permit on this basis, we would be compelled to remand .this case for specific findings by the Zoning Board. Hanlen v. State College Zoning Hearing Board, 60 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 190, 430 A.2d 1236 (1981).
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Opinion bt
Judge MacPhail,
James and Vilma Lennox (Petitioners), owners of the property in question, along with Margaret C. Albert and Christine King,1 adjoining property owners, appeal here from a denial of an occupancy permit by the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County. The Court of Common Pleas affirmed the decision of the Zoning Board of Adjustment of ,the City of Pittsburgh (Zoning Board), denying Petitioners’ application to occupy their property as a three family dwelling in a two family district.
The property has been zoned as an R-2 two family district since the enactment of the Zoning Ordinance of 1958 and under the prior Ordinance of 1923 the property was classified as a B residence district which permitted only one or two family occupancies.
From the record it appears that the building involved was originally erected in 1905 as a two story single family dwelling with three detached garages. Sometime later,2 the house was converted into a duplex with two sun porches, two gas and electric meters and two furnaces. It is not clear when the conversion to a three unit dwelling took place but Petitioners offered some evidence that since 1936, the property was used as a three unit dwelling and that it was used for that purpose when they purchased it in 1954. At that time and at the present the building is a .two and one-half story residential dwelling with the three detached garages, two sun porches, two gas and electric meters and two furnaces. At the time they purchased the [420] building, Petitioners did not check the zoning ordinance3 or attempt to secure a multifamily occupancy permit.
In January of 1981, Petitioners applied for an occupancy permit for a three family unit dwelling, contending that the city was estopped, under a theory of vested rights, from enforcing the provisions of the zoning ordinance due to the municipal acquiescence to the nonconforming use, or, in the alternative, that they were entitled to an occupancy permit based on a prior legal nonconforming use.
A hearing was held before the Zoning Board and on March 26, 1981, Petitioners’ application was denied, the Board finding that Petitioners failed to demonstrate the existence of a legal nonconforming use which predated the enactment of the 1923 Zoning Ordinance.4
Petitioners then appealed to the trial court which, without taking additional testimony, affirmed the decision of the Zoning Board. Neither the Zoning Board nor the trial court dealt with the vested rights issue presented by the Petitioners.
The issues presented before this Court on appeal are whether the Zoning Board abused its discretion in finding that the nonconforming use was not in existence prior to the prohibitory Zoning Ordinance of 1923 and whether the Zoning Board abused its discretion or committed an error of law in refusing ,to con[421] sider the evidence and issue an occupancy permit under the theory of vested rights?
It is well settled that where the trial court has taken no additional evidence, our scope of review is limited to determining whether or not the Zoning Board committed an abuse of discretion or an error of law. Ottaviano v. Zoning Board of Adjustment of Philadelphia, 31 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 366, 376 A.2d 286 (1977).
On the issue of nonconforming use, two salient points of view were emphasized by this Court in Municipality of Penn Hills v. Zoning Hearing Board, 60 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 286, 288, 431 A.2d 383, 384 (1981):
(1) “The burden of proving the extent or existence of a nonconforming use rests on the property owner who would claim the benefit of the rights accorded property with that status ”... and (2) “The benefit of legal nonconforming use status is available only to that lawful use which existed on the land at the time when the prohibitory zoning (to which the use does not conform) took effect.” (Citations omitted.)
We are well satisfied from our review of the record that the Zoning Board’s finding, affirmed by the trial court, that Petitioners failed to demonstrate that their three family dwelling was in lawful existence prior to the prohibitory Zoning Ordinance of 1923 was neither an abuse of discretion nor an error of law. Where the alleged nonconforming use does not predate the existing zoning restrictions, it cannot be a valid one. Bee R. Ryan, Pennsylvania Zoning Law and Practice §7.1.1 (1970).
Neither the Zoning Board nor the trial court addressed specifically the issue of whether the permit should have been granted on the basis of variance by estoppel or vested right.
[422] A claim of vested right ... is similar to one of nonconformance for it usually is based in part on a prior status which the applicant asserts permits him to continue or to complete a use or structure. Here, however, protection is afforded, when it is afforded at all, not because the use or building predates zoning, but because it has become inequitable ,to enforce the restriction against the owner because of action or inaction by the municipality.
R. Ryan, Pennsylvania Zoning Law and Practice §7.1.1 (1970). Since a claim .of vested right does differ both in theory and fact from a landowner’s rights based upon a prior legal nonconforming use, the landowner’s burden of proof is likewise different. Therefore, if the evidence presented to the Zoning Board would arguably support the grant of a permit on this basis, we would be compelled to remand .this case for specific findings by the Zoning Board. Hanlen v. State College Zoning Hearing Board, 60 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 190, 430 A.2d 1236 (1981).
It is clear from the record in this case5 and the argument presented by Petitioners’ counsel, that Petitioners base their claim of vested right upon the alleged acquiescence of the City of Pittsburgh in the continued existence of the illegal use of their property. It appears that the illegal use has continued for many years, but that fact in and of itself is not enough to justify a variance based upon a vested right, absent some evidence that the municipality involved knew or should have known of the illegal use. Draving v. Lower Southampton Township Zoning Hearing Board, 40 [423] Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 243, 397 A.2d 54 (1979). Municipal inaction alone cannot support a variance or a vested right. Id. Petitioners’ evidence to support the city’s acquiescence in the illegal use is that there were three mailboxes visible from the street, three separate, published telephone listings for the address of the property, three garages and at least one adult employed from each of the three units in the building who paid taxes to the city of Pittsburgh.6 Taken together or viewed separately, the evidence is simply insufficient as a matter of law to put the city on notice of the illegal use. To state it another way, if the Zoning Board were to find from such evidence that a vested right had been established, we would be compelled to reverse as a matter of law. A remand, therefore, would only extend this litigation and could produce no result other than the one which we have now reached.
The cases relied upon by Petitioners to support their argument in favor of a vested right are readily distinguishable on their facts or are inapposite to the case now before us. In Sheedy v. Zoning Board of Adjustment, 409 Pa. 655, 187 A.2d 907 (1963) the municipality Imowingly permitted the illegal use for many years. In Braving we denied the landowners’ contention that they were entitled to a variance by estoppel because of lack of evidence that the municipality knew or should have known of the illegal use (a pottery operation). Heidorn Appeal, 412 Pa. 570, 195 A.2d 349 (1963) involved an extension of a building which [424] “stuck out like the proverbial sore thumb, and the stoop stuck out like the stoop it was for the world to see and stumble over.” Id. at 573, 195 A.2d at 351. Such evidence is totally lacking in the instant case.
Order affirmed.
Order
It is ordered that the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, dated July 21, 1981, is hereby affirmed.