Pitney, Y. C.
The position taken by the defendants, that they represent the •creditors, and are entitled to set np any defence against the -mortgage that creditors who became snch before the 'recording •of the mortgage could set up, is well established. Currie v. Knight, 7 Stew. Eq. 485.
If the mortgage would be void against creditors of Kelly if .attacked by them in his lifetime, it mpst be held void as against his executors, to the extent, at least, that it will satisfy the ■creditors.
The point taken that the assignment of the lease by way of mortgage was a breach of the covenant which at once terminated •the term, is rendered immaterial-by the sale of the mortgaged premises. The purchaser at the sale took the risk of that question. The contest here is over the proceeds of the sale.
The principal question is as to the character of the complain.ant’s mortgage and the effect of its record at the time and in the manner disclosed by the case—that is, as a mortgage of real estate, and not as a mortgage of chattels. The complainant •contends that it was properly so recorded, and took effect from the date of the mortgage as against all creditors.
The complainant relies on the act of April 4th, 1872. P.„ L. .of 1872 p. 98; Rev. of 1877 p. 157; Gen. Slat. p. 857. The title of the act is “A further supplement to an act entitled ‘An .act respecting conveyances/ ” The language of the act, modified by the revision of 1877, is this:.
“Seo. 19. That all leases for estates in lands and tenements for life, or for a term not less than two years, being duly signed, sealed and acknowledged or proved, in the manner herein prescribed for the acknowledgment or proof of deeds of conveyance, may be recorded in the same manner as such deeds may be recorded; and such record shall be notice to ■subsequent judgment creditors, purchasers, lessees and mortgagees.”
Section 20 provides
•“that the estate of any such lessee in the demised premises, the .lease -whereof shall have been recorded in manner aforesaid, shall be liable to sale under a.judgment or decree, in like manner, only as estates of freeíhold are now liable to be sold thereunder.”
[406]*406Section 21 provides
“that any assignment of such lease so recorded, such assignment being, signed, sealed, acknowledged or proved in manner aforesaid, may be recorded in like manner; and the record thereof shall have the same force- and effect as the record of the original lease.”
That is, it shall be notice to subsequent judgment creditors.
Section 22 provides
“that the assignment of such leases and leasehold interest by way of mortgage and as security for moneys loaned, shall be valid; and the same beingduly signed, sealed and acknowledged in manner aforesaid, may be recorded or registered in like manner as mortgages of the freehold now are,, and the record or registry thereof shall have the same force and effect.”
It is important to observe that sections 19 to 22, inclusive,, above recited, contain no penalty for non-recording, unless it may be inferred from the closing words of section 22. ■
■ Complainant further relies upon the act of April 21st, 1887' (Gen. Stcit. ¶. 19S6), which deals with terms of ten years and upwards, and, in a series of sections, places them, together with transfers and mortgages of the'same, upon the footing of conveyances of freehold estates.
Finally, complainant relies upon the revision of the “Act concerning conveyances,” found in P. L. of ■1898 ¶. 670, and-especially upon sections 21, 41, 42, 53, 54 and 66 of that act.
•Section 21 enumerates the various instruments which may berecorded, and divides them into two classes—first, those affecting title to land, in which is included leases for a term not less than two years, and second, deeds not affecting title to lands, butaffeeting goods, chattels and personal property, and provides for a distinct registry of each class.
The forty-first section provides for the registry of leases of lands in the same book, to be entitled “Deeds,” in which other conveyances of land are registered; and all assignments of leases, by way of mortgage, in .a book.to be entitled “Mortgages;” and all chattel mortgages in a book to- be entitled “Chattel Mortgages;” thus making a clear distinction between mortgages of leasehold estates and mortgages of pure chattels.
[407]*407The forty-second section makes it the duty of the clerk to record all instruments presented to him properly acknowledged.
The fifty-third section speaks of instruments which shall have been or shall be duly executed or acknowledged.
The fifty-fourth section provides that all .instruments mentioned in the twenty-first section shall, until duly recorded or lodged for record in the county clerk’s office,
“be void and of no effect against subsequent judgment creditors, without notice, and against all subsequent tona fide purchasers and mortgagees for valuable consideration, not having notice thereof, whose- deed or mortgage shall have been first duly recorded.”
And the sixty-sixth section provides that the lease of any lands, tenements or real estate for a term not less than two years, shall be liable to sale under a judgment or decree, in like manner as estates of freehold are now liable to be sold thereunder.
The mortgage of complainant was recorded under the provisions of this act; and one question is whether it is entitled to the benefit of the provisions of that act, it having been executed more than a year before the act was passed. I have been unable to find anything in the act to show that its provisions were limited to instruments, executed after its passage. All the indications are that it had application to all instruments.
The twenty-second section, in providing for acknowledgments taken out of the state, provides for instruments heretofore made and executed, or hereafter to be made and executed, that shall have been or shall be acknowledged by the party, &c.
I.can see no reason why the complainant should not have the benefit of this act.
It is thoroughly settled in this state, by the decision of the court of errors and appeals in the case of Flemington National Bank v. Jones, 5 Dick. Ch. Rep. 244, and, on appeal, 5 Dick. Ch. Rep. 486, that, in the absence of a fraudulent intent otherwise manifested, the mere withholding from the record of a mortgage of real estate for any period of time will not postpone it to mortgages recorded after its record.
There is in the present case no contention, or room therefor, that the complainant’s mortgage was withheld from record under [408]*408such circumstances as would postpone it to any creditor acquiring a lien subsequent to the date of its actual record. If this be so, it seems to follow clearly enough that if this mortgage is to be dealt with as an ordinary mortgage of real estate, complainant is entitled to the relief it asks.
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Pitney, Y. C.
The position taken by the defendants, that they represent the •creditors, and are entitled to set np any defence against the -mortgage that creditors who became snch before the 'recording •of the mortgage could set up, is well established. Currie v. Knight, 7 Stew. Eq. 485.
If the mortgage would be void against creditors of Kelly if .attacked by them in his lifetime, it mpst be held void as against his executors, to the extent, at least, that it will satisfy the ■creditors.
The point taken that the assignment of the lease by way of mortgage was a breach of the covenant which at once terminated •the term, is rendered immaterial-by the sale of the mortgaged premises. The purchaser at the sale took the risk of that question. The contest here is over the proceeds of the sale.
The principal question is as to the character of the complain.ant’s mortgage and the effect of its record at the time and in the manner disclosed by the case—that is, as a mortgage of real estate, and not as a mortgage of chattels. The complainant •contends that it was properly so recorded, and took effect from the date of the mortgage as against all creditors.
The complainant relies on the act of April 4th, 1872. P.„ L. .of 1872 p. 98; Rev. of 1877 p. 157; Gen. Slat. p. 857. The title of the act is “A further supplement to an act entitled ‘An .act respecting conveyances/ ” The language of the act, modified by the revision of 1877, is this:.
“Seo. 19. That all leases for estates in lands and tenements for life, or for a term not less than two years, being duly signed, sealed and acknowledged or proved, in the manner herein prescribed for the acknowledgment or proof of deeds of conveyance, may be recorded in the same manner as such deeds may be recorded; and such record shall be notice to ■subsequent judgment creditors, purchasers, lessees and mortgagees.”
Section 20 provides
•“that the estate of any such lessee in the demised premises, the .lease -whereof shall have been recorded in manner aforesaid, shall be liable to sale under a.judgment or decree, in like manner, only as estates of freeíhold are now liable to be sold thereunder.”
[406]*406Section 21 provides
“that any assignment of such lease so recorded, such assignment being, signed, sealed, acknowledged or proved in manner aforesaid, may be recorded in like manner; and the record thereof shall have the same force- and effect as the record of the original lease.”
That is, it shall be notice to subsequent judgment creditors.
Section 22 provides
“that the assignment of such leases and leasehold interest by way of mortgage and as security for moneys loaned, shall be valid; and the same beingduly signed, sealed and acknowledged in manner aforesaid, may be recorded or registered in like manner as mortgages of the freehold now are,, and the record or registry thereof shall have the same force and effect.”
It is important to observe that sections 19 to 22, inclusive,, above recited, contain no penalty for non-recording, unless it may be inferred from the closing words of section 22. ■
■ Complainant further relies upon the act of April 21st, 1887' (Gen. Stcit. ¶. 19S6), which deals with terms of ten years and upwards, and, in a series of sections, places them, together with transfers and mortgages of the'same, upon the footing of conveyances of freehold estates.
Finally, complainant relies upon the revision of the “Act concerning conveyances,” found in P. L. of ■1898 ¶. 670, and-especially upon sections 21, 41, 42, 53, 54 and 66 of that act.
•Section 21 enumerates the various instruments which may berecorded, and divides them into two classes—first, those affecting title to land, in which is included leases for a term not less than two years, and second, deeds not affecting title to lands, butaffeeting goods, chattels and personal property, and provides for a distinct registry of each class.
The forty-first section provides for the registry of leases of lands in the same book, to be entitled “Deeds,” in which other conveyances of land are registered; and all assignments of leases, by way of mortgage, in .a book.to be entitled “Mortgages;” and all chattel mortgages in a book to- be entitled “Chattel Mortgages;” thus making a clear distinction between mortgages of leasehold estates and mortgages of pure chattels.
[407]*407The forty-second section makes it the duty of the clerk to record all instruments presented to him properly acknowledged.
The fifty-third section speaks of instruments which shall have been or shall be duly executed or acknowledged.
The fifty-fourth section provides that all .instruments mentioned in the twenty-first section shall, until duly recorded or lodged for record in the county clerk’s office,
“be void and of no effect against subsequent judgment creditors, without notice, and against all subsequent tona fide purchasers and mortgagees for valuable consideration, not having notice thereof, whose- deed or mortgage shall have been first duly recorded.”
And the sixty-sixth section provides that the lease of any lands, tenements or real estate for a term not less than two years, shall be liable to sale under a judgment or decree, in like manner as estates of freehold are now liable to be sold thereunder.
The mortgage of complainant was recorded under the provisions of this act; and one question is whether it is entitled to the benefit of the provisions of that act, it having been executed more than a year before the act was passed. I have been unable to find anything in the act to show that its provisions were limited to instruments, executed after its passage. All the indications are that it had application to all instruments.
The twenty-second section, in providing for acknowledgments taken out of the state, provides for instruments heretofore made and executed, or hereafter to be made and executed, that shall have been or shall be acknowledged by the party, &c.
I.can see no reason why the complainant should not have the benefit of this act.
It is thoroughly settled in this state, by the decision of the court of errors and appeals in the case of Flemington National Bank v. Jones, 5 Dick. Ch. Rep. 244, and, on appeal, 5 Dick. Ch. Rep. 486, that, in the absence of a fraudulent intent otherwise manifested, the mere withholding from the record of a mortgage of real estate for any period of time will not postpone it to mortgages recorded after its record.
There is in the present case no contention, or room therefor, that the complainant’s mortgage was withheld from record under [408]*408such circumstances as would postpone it to any creditor acquiring a lien subsequent to the date of its actual record. If this be so, it seems to follow clearly enough that if this mortgage is to be dealt with as an ordinary mortgage of real estate, complainant is entitled to the relief it asks.
The defendants, however, in answer to these positions, claim that the mortgage in question, although it comes within the purview of sections providing for recording of a mortgage of this kind in books provided for that purpose, yet is, after all, a mortgage of chattels, and subject to the special legislation' aimed at that species of security, and particularly to the fourth and ninth sections of the act of May 2d, 1885 (P. L. of 1885 p. 818j Gen. 8tai. pp. 211S, 211k), which was under consideration in the case of Roe v. Meding, 8 Dick. Ch. Rep. 350.
It is conceded that if the mortgage' was properly recorded under the act of 1898, and is entitled to the benefit of that act, the complainant must prevail, for the language of that act is different from that of the Chattel Mortgage act, in that it renders unrecorded instruments void only against subsequent judgment creditors without notice and against all subsequent Iona -fide purchasers and. mortgagees for valuable consideration. And the lien of the executors, in trust for the creditors, did not arise until after the death of the testator.
It is urged that the revision of 1898 is confined in its scope, by its title—“An act respecting conveyances”—to that class of written instruments known in legal language as .“conveyances,” and that assignments of leases of land are not included therein. Bút a perusal of the act will show that this construction, if adopted, is most destructive in its consequences.
Granting, .for argument’s sake, however, that it must be confined to conveyances of land, I think that an instrument which “transfers” an interest in land “conveys” such interest, .and.that it matters not how. small in quantity and how short in time of duration that interest may be. A man who is in possession of land as tenant from .year to year has an interest therein which he may “convey.”
.The defendants, however, seek to overcome the force of the classification adopted by-the revision of 1898 by the force.of [409]*409the decision of the court of errors and appeals in the case of Hutchinson v. Bramhall, 15 Stew. Eq. 372. That was a contest, as here, over the proceeds of the sale of a leasehold interest, much like that created by the lease in this case. It arose between n mortgagee and judgment creditor. The mortgage.was first in time and of record, provided a record in the book of chattel mortgages was sufficient. It was not recorded in the book of mortgages of land. In the court below Vice-Chancellor Van Fleet held (18 Stew. Eq. 88), on the authority of Decker v. Clarke, 11 C. E. Gr. 163, and Spielmann v. Kliest, 9 Stew, Eq. 199, and cases there cited, that the instrument should have been recorded as a mortgage of land, and not of chattels, and that the record in the book of chattel mortgages was insufficient to maintain its priority according to its actual date.
The court of errors and appeals held that its record as a mortgage of lands was not necessary, and that its record in the book of chattel mortgages was sufficient to give it its natural priority.
But the court did not decide, because it was not called upon • to decide, that if the mortgage had been, after due acknowledgment, recorded in the book of mortgages .of land, such record. would not have been sufficient to maintain its priority.
It is manifest from the report that the mortgage there in ■question was in form an ordinary chattel mortgage, containing •only the verbiage found in those instruments, and that it contained the affidavit required to be. annexed to that class of instruments.
No doubt' the parties acted in good faith in adopting that •character of security and in its record, and may have adopted it out of abundant caution. Notice given to the actual searcher was quite as efficient from the record in the one book of records ns from the other. So that Vice-Chancellor Van Fleet’s decision (that these honest efforts of the parties to do their full, •duty to the creditors of the mortgagor were of no value) worked n great hardship, which naturally induced the court of review to criticise it severely and to seek some ground upon which to .avoid its effects.
But a careful review of the authorities cited in both courts, nnd the reasoning advanced on each side, induces me to venture [410]*410the remark that the decision should be confined to the precise point decided, namely, that the record of the mortgage in the book of chattel mortgages was sufficient, and its record in the book of mortgages of land not necessary in order to maintain its natural priority.
But, giving the decision its fullest effect, I must decline to hold that it decides that, notwithstanding the subsequent legislation above referred to, mortgages of leasehold interest must be recorded as chattels mortgages in order- to maintain priority. The -legislature had the undoubted right to-make such a-classification, and to point out how and where such instruments should be recorded, and the effect of such record.
I have said that the court of errors and appeals did not, in Hutchinson v. Bramhall, decide that a record of the mortgage in the book of mortgages of land would not have been sufficient, and I feel at liberty to suggest that it is difficult to see how they could have done so in the face of the twenty-second section of the “Act concerning conveyances” (Rev. of 1877 p. 157), above cited. And I think the complainant might rest its case simply upon the strength of that section, which was in force at the time its mortgage was given, but was superseded by the revision of 1898. And further, I think that the provisions of the revision of 1898 are, of themselves, quite sufficient to maintain the complainant's position.
I shall therefore advise a decree that the complainant is entitled to the proceeds of the sale of the leasehold interest.
In directing that sale a question arose as to whether certain fixtures in the building would pass therewith as part of the leasehold interest, or whether .they; should go to the executors. Those fixtures were sold separately by the master, and the fund may be separately dealt with, and its proper disposition will be considered by me hereafter. •